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Young KA, Wojdyla K, Lai T, Mulholland KE, Aldaz Casanova S, Antrobus R, Andrews SR, Biggins L, Mahler-Araujo B, Barton PR, Anderson KR, Fearnley GW, Sharpe HJ. The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRK promotes intestinal repair and catalysis-independent tumour suppression. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261914. [PMID: 38904097 PMCID: PMC11298714 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PTPRK is a receptor tyrosine phosphatase that is linked to the regulation of growth factor signalling and tumour suppression. It is stabilized at the plasma membrane by trans homophilic interactions upon cell-cell contact. PTPRK regulates cell-cell adhesion but is also reported to regulate numerous cancer-associated signalling pathways. However, the signalling mechanism of PTPRK remains to be determined. Here, we find that PTPRK regulates cell adhesion signalling, suppresses invasion and promotes collective, directed migration in colorectal cancer cells. In vivo, PTPRK supports recovery from inflammation-induced colitis. In addition, we confirm that PTPRK functions as a tumour suppressor in the mouse colon and in colorectal cancer xenografts. PTPRK regulates growth factor and adhesion signalling, and suppresses epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Contrary to the prevailing notion that PTPRK directly dephosphorylates EGFR, we find that PTPRK regulation of both EGFR and EMT is independent of its catalytic function. This suggests that additional adaptor and scaffold functions are important features of PTPRK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiffany Lai
- Signalling programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | | | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Laura Biggins
- Bioinformatics, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Philippa R. Barton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Keith R. Anderson
- Molecular biology department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Hayley J. Sharpe
- Signalling programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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2
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Hendriks WJAJ, van Cruchten RTP, Pulido R. Hereditable variants of classical protein tyrosine phosphatase genes: Will they prove innocent or guilty? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1051311. [PMID: 36755664 PMCID: PMC9900141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases, together with protein tyrosine kinases, control many molecular signaling steps that control life at cellular and organismal levels. Impairing alterations in the genes encoding the involved proteins is expected to profoundly affect the quality of life-if compatible with life at all. Here, we review the current knowledge on the effects of germline variants that have been reported for genes encoding a subset of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily; that of the thirty seven classical members. The conclusion must be that the newest genome research tools produced an avalanche of data that suggest 'guilt by association' for individual genes to specific disorders. Future research should face the challenge to investigate these accusations thoroughly and convincingly, to reach a mature genotype-phenotype map for this intriguing protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks,
| | | | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Yang Y, Meng WJ, Wang ZQ. The origin of gastric cancer stem cells and their effects on gastric cancer: Novel therapeutic targets for gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:960539. [PMID: 36185219 PMCID: PMC9520244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies and the most common causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Furthermore, the prognosis of advanced GC remains poor even after surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy. As a small group of cells with unlimited differentiation and self-renewal ability in GC, accumulating evidence shows that GC stem cells (GCSCs) are closely associated with the refractory characteristics of GC, such as drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. With the extensive development of research on GCSCs, GCSCs seem to be promising therapeutic targets for GC. However, the relationship between GCSCs and GC is profound and intricate, and its mechanism of action is still under exploration. In this review, we elaborate on the source and key concepts of GCSCs, systematically summarize the role of GCSCs in GC and their underlying mechanisms. Finally, we review the latest information available on the treatment of GC by targeting GCSCs. Thus, this article may provide a theoretical basis for the future development of the novel targets based on GCSCs for the treatment of GC.
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4
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Rao X, Zhang C, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Wu X. Targeting Gastric Cancer Stem Cells to Enhance Treatment Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182828. [PMID: 36139403 PMCID: PMC9496718 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) was the fourth deadliest cancer in the world in 2020, and about 770,000 people died from GC that year. The death of patients with GC is mainly caused by the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of GC cells. The cancer stem cell theory defines cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a key factor in the metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance of cancer. It considers targeting gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) to be an effective method for the treatment of GC. For GCSCs, genes or noncoding RNAs are important regulatory factors. Many experimental studies have found that some drugs can target the stemness of gastric cancer by regulating these genes or noncoding RNAs, which may bring new directions for the clinical treatment of gastric cancer. Therefore, this review mainly discusses related genes or noncoding RNAs in GCSCs and drugs that target its stemness, thereby providing some information for the treatment of GC.
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5
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Liu C, Liu D, Wang F, Xie J, Liu Y, Wang H, Rong J, Xie J, Wang J, Zeng R, Zhou F, Peng J, Xie Y. Identification of a glycolysis- and lactate-related gene signature for predicting prognosis, immune microenvironment, and drug candidates in colon adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:971992. [PMID: 36081904 PMCID: PMC9445192 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.971992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), a malignant gastrointestinal tumor, has the characteristics of high mortality and poor prognosis. Even in the presence of oxygen, the Warburg effect, a major metabolic hallmark of almost all cancer cells, is characterized by increased glycolysis and lactate fermentation, which supports biosynthesis and provides energy to sustain tumor cell growth and proliferation. However, a thorough investigation into glycolysis- and lactate-related genes and their association with COAD prognosis, immune cell infiltration, and drug candidates is currently lacking. Methods: COAD patient data and glycolysis- and lactate-related genes were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) databases, respectively. After univariate Cox regression analysis, a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm was used to identify glycolysis- and lactate-related molecular subtypes. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression identified twelve glycolysis- and lactate-related genes (ADTRP, ALDOB, APOBEC1, ASCL2, CEACAM7, CLCA1, CTXN1, FLNA, NAT2, OLFM4, PTPRU, and SNCG) related to prognosis. The median risk score was employed to separate patients into high- and low-risk groups. The prognostic efficacy of the glycolysis- and lactate-related gene signature was assessed using Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. The nomogram, calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC) were employed to improve the clinical applicability of the prognostic signature. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the high- and low-risk groups. Using CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, and single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) algorithms, the quantities and types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells were assessed. The tumor mutational burden (TMB) and cytolytic (CYT) activity scores were calculated between the high- and low-risk groups. Potential small-molecule agents were identified using the Connectivity Map (cMap) database and validated by molecular docking. To verify key core gene expression levels, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) assays were conducted. Results: We identified four distinct molecular subtypes of COAD. Cluster 2 had the best prognosis, and clusters 1 and 3 had poor prognoses. High-risk COAD patients exhibited considerably poorer overall survival (OS) than low-risk COAD patients. The nomogram precisely predicted patient OS, with acceptable discrimination and excellent calibration. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs revealed enrichment mainly in the “glycosaminoglycan binding,” “extracellular matrix,” “pancreatic secretion,” and “focal adhesion” pathways. Patients in the low-risk group exhibited a larger infiltration of memory CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells and a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group. The chemotherapeutic agent sensitivity of patients categorized by risk score varied significantly. We predicted six potential small-molecule agents binding to the core target of the glycolysis- and lactate-related gene signature. ALDOB and APOBEC1 mRNA expression was increased in COAD tissues, whereas CLCA1 and OLFM4 mRNA expression was increased in normal tissues. Conclusion: In summary, we identified molecular subtypes of COAD and developed a glycolysis- and lactate-related gene signature with significant prognostic value, which benefits COAD patients by informing more precise and effective treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Dingwei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Fangfei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianfang Rong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinliang Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinyun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianxiang Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xie,
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6
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Grad M, Nir A, Levy G, Trangle SS, Shapira G, Shomron N, Assaf Y, Barak B. Altered White Matter and microRNA Expression in a Murine Model Related to Williams Syndrome Suggests That miR-34b/c Affects Brain Development via Ptpru and Dcx Modulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010158. [PMID: 35011720 PMCID: PMC8750756 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a multisystem neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a de novo hemizygous deletion of ~26 genes from chromosome 7q11.23, among them the general transcription factor II-I (GTF2I). By studying a novel murine model for the hypersociability phenotype associated with WS, we previously revealed surprising aberrations in myelination and cell differentiation properties in the cortices of mutant mice compared to controls. These mutant mice had selective deletion of Gtf2i in the excitatory neurons of the forebrain. Here, we applied diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and fiber tracking, which showed a reduction in the number of streamlines in limbic outputs such as the fimbria/fornix fibers and the stria terminalis, as well as the corpus callosum of these mutant mice compared to controls. Furthermore, we utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of cortical small RNAs' expression (RNA-Seq) levels to identify altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), including two from the miR-34 cluster, known to be involved in prominent processes in the developing nervous system. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed the direct binding of miR-34c-5p to the 3'UTR of PTPRU-a gene involved in neural development that was elevated in the cortices of mutant mice relative to controls. Moreover, we found an age-dependent variation in the expression levels of doublecortin (Dcx)-a verified miR-34 target. Thus, we demonstrate the substantial effect a single gene deletion can exert on miRNA regulation and brain structure, and advance our understanding and, hopefully, treatment of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meitar Grad
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.G.); (A.N.); (G.L.); (N.S.); (Y.A.)
| | - Ariel Nir
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.G.); (A.N.); (G.L.); (N.S.); (Y.A.)
| | - Gilad Levy
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.G.); (A.N.); (G.L.); (N.S.); (Y.A.)
| | - Sari Schokoroy Trangle
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Guy Shapira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.G.); (A.N.); (G.L.); (N.S.); (Y.A.)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yaniv Assaf
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.G.); (A.N.); (G.L.); (N.S.); (Y.A.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Boaz Barak
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.G.); (A.N.); (G.L.); (N.S.); (Y.A.)
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Liang Y, Ding S, Wang X, Hu C, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Kong H, Xia W, Jing Q, Hu Y, Zhao C, Wu L. Adipose/Connective Tissue From Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Uncovers Interdependence Between Methylation and Disease Pathogenesis: A Genome-Wide Methylation Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716871. [PMID: 34568330 PMCID: PMC8457400 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to pathological stimulation, methylation status conversion of the genome drives changes of cell feature and is able to promote disease development. Yet the role of methylation in the development of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) remains to be evaluated. Overexpansion of orbital tissue is the key feature of TAO. In this study, the methylation profile of orbital adipose/connective tissue from TAO patients and normal individuals were compared. After screening 3,739 differentially methylated probes, the distribution and properties of these probes were analyzed. Furthermore, enriched biological functions of these genes associated with differential methylation and the relationship between their methylation status and expression profile were also identified, including PTPRU and VCAM-1. According to our results, methylation was involved in disregulated immune response and inflammation in TAO and might contribute to activation of fibroblast and adipogenesis, leading to the expansion of orbital tissue. Neuropathy and neurobehavioral symptoms were also potentially associated with methylation. These results may help to extend the understanding of methylation in TAO and provide more insights into diagnosis and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia Ding
- Department of Phase 1 Clinical Trial Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiying Wang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Hu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuye Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Kong
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Xia
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghe Jing
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianqun Wu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
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8
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Ngo MHT, Peng SW, Kuo YC, Lin CY, Wu MH, Chuang CH, Kao CX, Jeng HY, Lin GW, Ling TY, Chang TS, Huang YH. A Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF-1R) Signaling Loop Is Involved in Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3812. [PMID: 34359714 PMCID: PMC8345119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of a YAP-IGF-1R signaling loop in HCC resistance to sorafenib remains unknown. METHOD Sorafenib-resistant cells were generated by treating naïve cells (HepG2215 and Hep3B) with sorafenib. Different cancer cell lines from databases were analyzed through the ONCOMINE web server. BIOSTORM-LIHC patient tissues (46 nonresponders and 21 responders to sorafenib) were used to compare YAP mRNA levels. The HepG2215_R-derived xenograft in SCID mice was used as an in vivo model. HCC tissues from a patient with sorafenib failure were used to examine differences in YAP and IGF-R signaling. RESULTS Positive associations exist among the levels of YAP, IGF-1R, and EMT markers in HCC tissues and the levels of these proteins increased with sorafenib failure, with a trend of tumor-margin distribution in vivo. Blocking YAP downregulated IGF-1R signaling-related proteins, while IGF-1/2 treatment enhanced the nuclear translocation of YAP in HCC cells through PI3K-mTOR regulation. The combination of YAP-specific inhibitor verteporfin (VP) and sorafenib effectively decreased cell viability in a synergistic manner, evidenced by the combination index (CI). CONCLUSION A YAP-IGF-1R signaling loop may play a role in HCC sorafenib resistance and could provide novel potential targets for combination therapy with sorafenib to overcome drug resistance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Huong T. Ngo
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (C.-X.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (G.-W.L.)
| | - Sue-Wei Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (G.-W.L.)
- TMU Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (H.-Y.J.)
| | - Yung-Che Kuo
- TMU Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (H.-Y.J.)
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Ming-Heng Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Chuang
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-Y.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Cheng-Xiang Kao
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (C.-X.K.)
| | - Han-Yin Jeng
- TMU Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (H.-Y.J.)
| | - Gee-Way Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (G.-W.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Te-Sheng Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (M.-H.T.N.); (C.-X.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-W.P.); (G.-W.L.)
- TMU Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (H.-Y.J.)
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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9
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Mattei AM, Smailys JD, Hepworth EMW, Hinton SD. The Roles of Pseudophosphatases in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136924. [PMID: 34203203 PMCID: PMC8269279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudophosphatases, atypical members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, have emerged as bona fide signaling regulators within the past two decades. Their roles as regulators have led to a renaissance of the pseudophosphatase and pseudoenyme fields, catapulting interest from a mere curiosity to intriguing and relevant proteins to investigate. Pseudophosphatases make up approximately fourteen percent of the phosphatase family, and are conserved throughout evolution. Pseudophosphatases, along with pseudokinases, are important players in physiology and pathophysiology. These atypical members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein tyrosine kinase superfamily, respectively, are rendered catalytically inactive through mutations within their catalytic active signature motif and/or other important domains required for catalysis. This new interest in the pursuit of the relevant functions of these proteins has resulted in an elucidation of their roles in signaling cascades and diseases. There is a rapid accumulation of knowledge of diseases linked to their dysregulation, such as neuropathies and various cancers. This review analyzes the involvement of pseudophosphatases in diseases, highlighting the function of various role(s) of pseudophosphatases involvement in pathologies, and thus providing a platform to strongly consider them as key therapeutic drug targets.
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10
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Zhou C, Jin H, Li W, Zhao R, Chen C. CTNNB1 S37C mutation causing cells proliferation and migration coupled with molecular mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:681. [PMID: 33987379 PMCID: PMC8106026 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the potential cytological effects and molecular mechanisms of β-catenin (CTNNB1) S37C mutation in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods CTNNB1 with S37C mutation were transfected into LUAD cell lines. The expression of β-catenin were determined using Western blot. Cell proliferation and migration were detected using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and wound healing assay, respectively. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on LUAD cells with CTNNB1 S37C mutation (CTNNB1 mutation group) and LUAD cells without treatment (Control group), followed by the screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed for the DEGs. Finally, the expression of key DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results CTNNB1 with S37C mutation was successful expressed in 2 cell lines. Cells proliferation and migration were significantly promoted in mutation group in comparison with that of Control group (P<0.05). A total of 180 DEGs were revealed between Control and CTNNB1 mutation groups. These DEGs were mainly enriched in extracellular matrix function and nicotine addiction pathway. PPI network contained 51 DEGs and 45 interactions. PTPRD, GNG7 and CNTN1 were hub genes in PPI network with higher degree. CGB5 interacted with PTPRU, while IGFBP3 showed interaction with MMP1. Results of qRT-PCR confirmed the expression of several key DEGs in transcriptome analysis. Conclusions CTNNB1 S37C mutation contributed the LUAD cells proliferation and migration. PTPRD, IGFBP-3, MMP1 and PTPRU might play roles in the effect of CTNNB1 S37C mutation in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Jin
- The Central Lab, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Hu Z, Xiao D, Qiu T, Li J, Liu Z. MicroRNA-103a Curtails the Stemness of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Binding OTUB1 via the Hippo Signaling Pathway. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820971643. [PMID: 33174524 PMCID: PMC7672774 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820971643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although microRNA-103a (miR-103a) dysfunction has been implicated in various cancers, its relevance to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been clarified. This study was conducted to examine the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory role of miR-103a in NSCLC. METHODS Kaplan-Meier analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between overall survival of NSCLC patients and miR-103a expression. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were applied to evaluate the expression of relevant genes in tissues and cells. Sphere formation, MTS, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays were performed to characterize stemness. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays were used to clarify the binding relationship between miR-103a and ovarian tumor domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde binding protein 1 (OTUB1). Finally, western blot analysis was used to assess the involvement of the Hippo pathway in NSCLC. RESULTS In NSCLC tissues and cells, miR-103a was expressed at low levels, whereas OTUB1 was expressed at high levels. Higher miR-103 expression levels were associated with a better prognosis for patients with NSCLC. When miR-103a was overexpressed, cell viability and stemness decreased, whereas apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were facilitated. The expression of phosphorylated YAP also decreased significantly. Opposite trends were observed after miR-103a silencing. OTUB1 expression and YAP phosphorylation decreased in the presence of miR-103a, and OTUB1 overexpression blocked the inhibitory effects of miR-103a on NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION The miR-103a/OTUB1/Hippo axis may play a role in modulating the malignant behavior and stemness of cancer stem cells and thus could be a potential therapeutic target for the management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology Ward 2, 146391Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology Ward 2, 146391Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology Ward 2, 146391Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology Ward 2, 146391Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhentian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology Ward 2, 146391Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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12
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Guo M, You C, Dong W, Luo B, Wu Y, Chen Y, Li J, Pan M, Li M, Zhao F, Dou J. The surface dominant antigen MUC1 is required for colorectal cancer stem cell vaccine to exert anti-tumor efficacy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110804. [PMID: 33017767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), initiated and maintained by colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs), ranks the third most common cancers and has drawn wide attentions worldwide. Therefore, targeting clearance of CCSCs has become an important strategy of CRC immunotherapy. Mucin1 (MUC1) is a tumor-associated cell surface antigen of CRC, but its role in CCSC vaccine remains unclear. In the study, we demonstrated that MUC1 may be a dominant antigen to exert antitumor immunity in CCSC vaccine. First, CCSCs were enriched from CT26 cell line via a serum-free sphere formation approach, and were identified by detecting expression of CD133, ALDH, and ALCAM. Then, the isolated CCSCs were frozen for 30 min and thawed for 30 min to prepare the cell lysate. The specific anti-MUC1 antibody was added to the cell lysate to neutralize the dominant antigen MUC1. Finally, mice were subcutaneously immunized with the cell lysate, followed by a challenge with CT26 cells at one week after final vaccination. Attractively, CCSC vaccine significantly activated the NK cells, T cells, and B cells, resulting in inhibiting the tumor growth via a target killing of CCSCs as evidenced by a decrease of CD133+cells in tumor compared to CCSC vaccine with specific anti-MUC1 antibody. In addition, CCSC vaccine reduced expression of inflammatory factors in vaccinated mice. As expected, neutralizing antibody against MUC1 significantly impaired the antitumor efficacy of CCSC vaccine. Overall, CCSC vaccine could serve as a potent vaccine for CRC immunotherapy. The surface dominant antigen MUC1 may play a key role in regulating immunogenicity of CCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chengzhong You
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuheng Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanuo Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng Pan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fengshu Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Dou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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13
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Xu J, Li N, Deng W, Luo S. Long noncoding RNA FER1L4 suppresses proliferation, invasion, migration and lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer cells through inhibiting the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5481-5495. [PMID: 33042432 PMCID: PMC7540128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant tumors in the world. Growing evidence has highlighted the crucial role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the tumorigenesis of GC. The aim of the research was to elucidate the effects of lncRNA Fer-1-like family member 4 (FER1L4) in GC and identify the potential mechanisms. The present study investigated FER1L4 controlling cell survival and migration of SGC-7901 cells. Results indicated that the expression level of FER1L4 was distinctly decreased in GC cells, as evidenced by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. By using cell proliferation assay, Transwell assay, wound healing assay and western blotting, we found out that overexpression of FER1L4 in SGC-7901 cells hindered the capacities of cell proliferation, invasion, migration and lymphatic metastasis. Furthermore, results of the western blotting and immunofluorescence assay unveiled that overexpression of FER1L4 led to a notable reduction in the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) in SGC-7901 cells. Besides, activation of Hippo pathway by upregulating Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression or treatment of CXCR4 inhibitor WZ811 reversed the inhibitory effects of FER1L4 on proliferation and metastasis of SGC-7901 cells. Moreover, co-transfection with YAP and FER1L4 overexpression plasmids abrogated the repressive effects of FER1L4 overexpression on proliferation and metastasis. Taken together, these results demonstrated that lncRNA FER1L4 suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, migration and lymphatic metastasis of GC cells by inactivation of the Hippo-YAP pathway, providing novel insights into regulatory mechanism under GC and new strategies for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhoukou Central HospitalZhoukou 466000, Henan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, China
| | - Wenying Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, China
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Reiterer V, Pawłowski K, Desrochers G, Pause A, Sharpe HJ, Farhan H. The dead phosphatases society: a review of the emerging roles of pseudophosphatases. FEBS J 2020; 287:4198-4220. [PMID: 32484316 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases are a diverse family of enzymes, comprising at least 10 distinct protein folds. Like most other enzyme families, many have sequence variations that predict an impairment or loss of catalytic activity classifying them as pseudophosphatases. Research on pseudoenzymes is an emerging area of interest, with new biological functions repurposed from catalytically active relatives. Here, we provide an overview of the pseudophosphatases identified to date in all major phosphatase families. We will highlight the degeneration of the various catalytic sequence motifs and discuss the challenges associated with the experimental determination of catalytic inactivity. We will also summarize the role of pseudophosphatases in various diseases and discuss the major challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillaume Desrochers
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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