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Wang Y, Tsai M, Chen Y, Hsieh P, Hung C, Lin H, Hsu Y, Yeh J, Hsiao P, Su Y, Ma C, Lee C, Lin C, Shu C, Li Y, Tsai M, Lin JY, Peng W, Yu M, Lin C. NPRL2 down-regulation facilitates the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma via the mTOR pathway and autophagy suppression. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:3563-3577. [PMID: 36321403 PMCID: PMC9701468 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly invasive malignancy. Recently, GATOR1 (Gap Activity TOward Rags 1) complexes have been shown to play an important role in regulating tumor growth. NPRL2 is a critical component of the GATOR1 complex. Therefore, this study used NPRL2 knockdown to investigate how GATORC1 regulates the prognosis and development of HCC via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and autophagy signaling pathways. We established HepG2 cells with NPRL2 knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) systems. The siRNA-mediated and shRNA-mediated NPRL2 down-regulation significantly reduced the expression of NPRL2 and two other GATPOR1 complex components, NPRL3 and DEPDC5, in HepG2 cells; furthermore, the efficient down-regulation of NPRL2 protein expression by both the shRNA and siRNA systems enhanced the proliferation, migration, and colony formation in vitro. Additionally, the NPRL2 down-regulation significantly increased HCC growth in the subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft mouse models. The NPRL2 down-regulation increased the Rag GTPases and mTOR activation and inhibited autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the NPRL2 level in the tumors was significantly associated with mortality, recurrence, the serum alpha fetoprotein level, the tumor size, the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, and the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage. Low NPRL2, NPRL3, DEPDC5, and LC3, and high p62 and mTOR protein expression in the tumors was significantly associated with disease-free survival and overall survival in 300 patients with HCC after surgical resection. Conclusion: The efficient down-regulation of NPRL2 significantly increased HCC proliferation, migration, and colony formation in vitro, and increased HCC growth in vivo. Low NPRL2 protein expression in the tumors was closely correlated with poorer clinical outcomes in patients with HCC. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of HCC and aid the development of treatments for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Chin Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyE‐Da Dachang HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Chao Tsai
- Division of Hepato‐GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalChang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yaw‐Sen Chen
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of SurgeryE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Pei‐Min Hsieh
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of SurgeryE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Ming Hung
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of SurgeryE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of SurgeryE‐Da Cancer HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Yu Lin
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of SurgeryE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of SurgeryE‐Da Cancer HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yao‐Chun Hsu
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Jen‐Hao Yeh
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyE‐Da Dachang HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Pojen Hsiao
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyE‐Da Dachang HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Cheih Su
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Division of Hematology‐OncologyDepartment of MedicineE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ching‐Hou Ma
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Yuan Lee
- Department of SurgeryNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Che Lin
- Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Wen Shu
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Chan Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyE‐Da Dachang HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Mei‐Hsing Tsai
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - James Yu Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyE‐Da Dachang HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Kaohsiung American SchoolKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Hao Peng
- School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hepatitis CenterKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research CenterCollege of Medicine and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort ResearchKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Wen Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyE‐Da Dachang HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,School of MedicineCollege of MedicineI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineE‐Da HospitalI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,School of Chinese MedicineCollege of Chinese Medicine, Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine China Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
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Loissell-Baltazar YA, Dokudovskaya S. SEA and GATOR 10 Years Later. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102689. [PMID: 34685669 PMCID: PMC8534245 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SEA complex was described for the first time in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ten years ago, and its human homologue GATOR complex two years later. During the past decade, many advances on the SEA/GATOR biology in different organisms have been made that allowed its role as an essential upstream regulator of the mTORC1 pathway to be defined. In this review, we describe these advances in relation to the identification of multiple functions of the SEA/GATOR complex in nutrient response and beyond and highlight the consequence of GATOR mutations in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Li Z, Chen L, He C, Han Y, Han M, Zhang Y, Qi L, Xing X, Huang W, Gao Z, Xing J. Improving anti-tumor outcomes for colorectal cancer therapy through in situ thermosensitive gel loading harmine. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1658-1671. [PMID: 32509167 PMCID: PMC7270021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor that seriously endangers human health. Harmine (HM), a natural product, has been shown to have a significant inhibitory effect on various cancers. However, systemic injection of HM can cause central nervous toxicity, which limits its clinical application. Local administration of HM overcomes this problem to a certain extent. In this study, we prepared an in situ thermosensitive HM gel preparation (HM gel), and used it to treat colon cancer with reduced toxic side effects and prolonged residence time of HM at the tumor site. We employed a central composite design and response surface methodology to optimize the formulation, and evaluated the physicochemical properties, rectal retention capacity, and in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of HM gel on colon 26 tumor cells. The results showed that HM gel had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of colon 26 cells in vitro. In an orthotopic tumor-bearing mouse model, HM gel exhibited an obvious inhibitory effect on tumor growth and metastasis, and significantly prolonged the survival period. In conclusion, HM gel exhibited significant anti-tumor effects on colon cancer, and therefore presents a promising formulation for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicines, Xinjiang Institute of Materia MedicaUrumqi 830004, China
| | - Liqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
| | - Chenghui He
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicines, Xinjiang Institute of Materia MedicaUrumqi 830004, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
| | - Mingfeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
| | - Lingling Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
| | - Xuezhong Xing
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100050, China
| | - Jianguo Xing
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicines, Xinjiang Institute of Materia MedicaUrumqi 830004, China
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