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Xu J, Jiao X, Bayat R. Outcomes of physical exercises on initiation, progression, and treatment of breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:260. [PMID: 38715015 PMCID: PMC11075339 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance is a substantial obstacle to the effective management of breast cancer, which is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. To facilitate the development of targeted therapies that can effectively overcome drug resistance, it is crucial to possess a comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that underpin resistance to breast cancer treatment. So far, considerable progress has been made in the field of exercise-oncology research and overcome drug resistance, specifically about breast cancer. Evidence has suggested that participation in physical activity is correlated with a decrease in reappearance and fatality rates of breast cancer patients. It has been reported that participation in physical activity can yield favorable outcomes in the prevention, treatment, and post-treatment of breast cancer. An increasing body of empirical evidence suggests that participation in physical activity can alter diverse biological mechanisms, potentially augmenting breast cancer treatments' efficacy. Comparing increased physical activity versus reduced physical activity in breast cancer patients who received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery supported the significance of exercise in comprehensive care strategies to enhance overall health and treatment efficacy. Furthermore, previous studies have reported that physical activity can enhance the efficacy of breast cancer treatments. This review provides the current literature regarding the influence of physical activity on the occurrence and progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Xu
- Physical education institute, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiance Jiao
- College of Continuing Education, Henan Quality Polytechnic, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Reyhaneh Bayat
- Department of General Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science and Health Services, Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Yang Y, Pullisaar H, Stunes AK, Nogueira LP, Syversen U, Reseland JE. Irisin reduces orthodontic tooth movement in rats by promoting the osteogenic potential in the periodontal ligament. Eur J Orthod 2023; 45:842-853. [PMID: 37209709 PMCID: PMC10687601 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Positive effects of irisin on osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells have been identified previously, this study aims to examine its effect on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maxillary right first molars of male Wistar rats (n = 21) were moved mesially for 14 days, with submucosal injection of two dosages of irisin (0.1 or 1 μg) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) every third day. OTM was recorded by feeler gauge and micro-computed tomography (μCT). Alveolar bone and root volume were analysed using μCT, and plasma irisin levels by ELISA. Histological characteristics of PDL tissues were examined, and the expression of collagen type I, periostin, osteocalcin (OCN), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in PDL was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Repeated 1 μg irisin injections suppressed OTM on days 6, 9, and 12. No significant differences were observed in OTM in the 0.1 μg irisin group, or in bone morphometric parameters, root volume or plasma irisin, compared to control. Resorption lacunae and hyalinization were found at the PDL-bone interface on the compression side in the control, whereas they were scarce after irisin administration. The expression of collagen type I, periostin, OCN, vWF, and FNDC5 in PDL was enhanced by irisin administration. LIMITATIONS The feeler gauge method may overestimate OTM. CONCLUSIONS Submucosal irisin injection reduced OTM by enhancing osteogenic potential of PDL, and this effect was more significant on the compression side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helen Pullisaar
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Kamilla Stunes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Cebulski K, Piotrowska A, Kmiecik A, Haczkiewicz-Leśniak K, Ciesielska U, Grzegrzółka J, Jabłońska K, Romanowicz H, Smolarz B, Dzięgiel P, Podhorska-Okołów M, Nowińska K. The Role of Irisin/FNDC5 Expression and Its Serum Level in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108628. [PMID: 37239973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin (Ir) is an adipomyokine formed from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), which can be found in various cancer tissues. Additionally, FNDC5/Ir is suspected of inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. This relationship has been poorly studied for breast cancer (BC). The ultrastructural cellular localizations of FNDC5/Ir were examined in BC tissues and BC cell lines. Furthermore, we compared serum levels of Ir with FNDC5/Ir expression in BC tissues. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of EMT markers, such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, SNAIL, SLUG, and TWIST, and to compare their expression levels with FNDC5/Ir in BC tissues. Tissue microarrays with 541 BC samples were used to perform immunohistochemical reactions. Serum levels of Ir were assessed in 77 BC patients. We investigated FNDC5/Ir expression and ultrastructural localization in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468 BC cell lines and in the normal breast cell line (Me16c), which was used as the control. FNDC5/Ir was present in BC cell cytoplasm and tumor fibroblasts. FNDC5/Ir expression levels in BC cell lines were higher compared to those in the normal breast cell line. Serum Ir levels did not correlate with FNDC5/Ir expression in BC tissues but were associated with lymph node metastasis (N) and histological grade (G). We found that FNDC5/Ir correlated moderately with E-cadherin and SNAIL. Higher Ir serum level is associated with lymph node metastasis and increased grade of malignancy. FNDC5/Ir expression is associated with E-cadherin expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Cebulski
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kmiecik
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Urszula Ciesielska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Grzegrzółka
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Jabłońska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Romanowicz
- Department of Pathology, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Smolarz
- Department of Pathology, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowińska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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García-Chico C, López-Ortiz S, Peñín-Grandes S, Pinto-Fraga J, Valenzuela PL, Emanuele E, Ceci C, Graziani G, Fiuza-Luces C, Lista S, Lucia A, Santos-Lozano A. Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15010324. [PMID: 36612320 PMCID: PMC9818971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that, among the different molecular/cellular pathophysiological mechanisms associated with cancer, there are 14 hallmarks that play a major role, including: (i) sustaining proliferative signaling, (ii) evading growth suppressors, (iii) activating invasion and metastasis, (iv) enabling replicative immortality, (v) inducing angiogenesis, (vi) resisting cell death, (vii) reprogramming energy metabolism, (viii) evading immune destruction, (ix) genome instability and mutations, (x) tumor-promoting inflammation, (xi) unlocking phenotypic plasticity, (xii) nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming, (xiii) polymorphic microbiomes, and (xiv) senescent cells. These hallmarks are also associated with the development of breast cancer, which represents the most prevalent tumor type in the world. The present narrative review aims to describe, for the first time, the effects of physical activity/exercise on these hallmarks. In summary, an active lifestyle, and particularly regular physical exercise, provides beneficial effects on all major hallmarks associated with breast cancer, and might therefore help to counteract the progression of the disease or its associated burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia García-Chico
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Susana López-Ortiz
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Saúl Peñín-Grandes
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Pinto-Fraga
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Ceci
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simone Lista
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 promotes autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, contributing to nab-paclitaxel chemoresistance. Med Oncol 2022; 40:53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Implication of Irisin in Different Types of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179971. [PMID: 36077366 PMCID: PMC9456043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a set of diseases characterized by several hallmark properties, such as increased angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The increased angiogenic activity constantly supplies the tumors with nutrients and a plethora of cytokines to ensure cell survival. Along these cytokines is a newly discovered protein, called irisin, which is released into the circulation after physical exercise. Irisin is the product of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) proteolytic cleavage. Recently it has been the topic of investigation in several types of cancer. In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate its implication in different types of cancer. Our results suggest that irisin expression is decreased in cancer patients, thus it can be used as a valid biomarker for the diagnosis of several types of cancer. In addition, our results indicate that irisin may have an important role in tumor progression and metastasis since it is involved in multiple signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and migration.
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Chen T, Peng Y, Hu W, Shi H, Li P, Que Y, Qiu J, Qiu X, Gao B, Zhou H, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Li S, Liang A, Gao W, Huang D. Irisin enhances chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells via Rap1/PI3K/AKT axis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:392. [PMID: 35922833 PMCID: PMC9351134 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been proven to have inherent chondrogenic differentiation potential, which appears to be used in cartilage regeneration. Increasing evidence suggests that irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation of MSCs, but little is known about its potential on chondrogenic differentiation. Methods In the study, we investigated the effects of irisin on chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs using a high-density pellet culture system. The cartilage pellets were evaluated by morphology, and the metabolism of cartilage matrix was detected by qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Next, RNA-seq was performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, using the transduction of plasmid, miRNAs mimics and inhibitor, the activation of Rap1/PI3K/AKT axis, the expression level of SIPA1L2, and the functional verification of miR-125b-5p were detected on day 7 of chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Results Compared with the controls, we found that irisin treatment could significantly enhance the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs, enlarge the induced-cartilage tissue and up-regulate the expression levels of cartilage markers. RNA-seq indicated that irisin activated the Rap1 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and the lower expression level of SIPA1L2 and the higher expression level of miR-125b-5p were found in irisin-treated group. Further, we found that irisin treatment could up-regulate the expression level of miR-125b-5p, targeting SIPA1L2 and consequently activating the Rap1/PI3K/AKT axis on the process of chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Conclusions Collectively, our study reveals that irisin can enhance chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs via the Rap1/PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting that irisin possesses prospects in cartilage regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03092-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huihong Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yichen Que
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jincheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianjian Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anjing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Liu H, Zhao L, Wang M, Yang K, Jin Z, Zhao C, Shi G. FNDC5 Causes Resistance to Sorafenib by Activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852095. [PMID: 35392237 PMCID: PMC8980859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to reveal the resistance mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to sorafenib by exploring the effect of FNDC5 on sorafenib-induced ferroptosis in HCC cells. We compared the expression level of FNDC5 between sorafenib-resistant and sorafenib-sensitive HCC cell lines and the level of ferroptosis between the groups after treatment with sorafenib. We knocked down FNDC5 in drug-resistant cell lines and overexpressed it in sorafenib-sensitive HCC cell lines to further demonstrate the role of FNDC5 in sorafenib-induced ferroptosis. Using PI3K inhibitors, we revealed the specific mechanism by which FNDC5 functions. In addition, we verified our findings obtained in in vitro experiments using a subcutaneous tumorigenic nude mouse model. The findings revealed that FNDC5 inhibits sorafenib-induced ferroptosis in HCC cells. In addition, FNDC5 activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, which in turn promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and increased the intracellular antioxidant response, thereby conferring resistance to ferroptosis. Our study provides novel insights for improving the efficacy of sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengya Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhipeng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengjian Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangjun Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Irisin Activates M1 Macrophage and Suppresses Th2-Type Immune Response in Rats with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5215915. [PMID: 35186099 PMCID: PMC8853798 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5215915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the mechanism of irisin to treat rats with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (APID). Methods Female rats were established as APID. Firstly, the content of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-kB was tested in rats' serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-4 in the supernatant of pelvic homogenates were also detected. The mRNA expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), arginase-1(Arg1), and chitinase-3-like-3 (Chi313) genes in the pelvic cavity was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). IFN-γ and IL-4 secreted by spleen CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells were counted by flow cytometry, and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 in CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells in the spleen was also detected by flow cytometry. Results Irisin reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-kB in serum. Compared with the APID group, the expression level of IL-4 in the APID + Irisin group was reduced in the homogenate. At the same time, Irisin promotes the activation of M1 macrophages in the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes of rats with APID. Irisin also inhibited Th2-type immune response. Conclusions Irisin activates M1 macrophage and suppresses Th2-type immune response in APID rats.
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Zhu T, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Lu E, Liu H, Liu X, Yin S, Zhang P. Irisin/FNDC5 inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of epithelial ovarian cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022; 306:841-850. [PMID: 35156135 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored the role of irisin/fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in epithelial ovarian cancer and investigated its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of irisin/FNDC5 in epithelial ovarian cancer and normal ovarian tissues. Cell Counting Kit-8, transwell, and wound-healing assays were performed to examine the effect of irisin on the viability, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway proteins. Ovarian cancer cells were treated in vitro with the PI3K agonist (740Y-P) in combination with irisin to explore the mechanism of irisin in ovarian cancer. RESULTS The expression of irisin/FNDC5 in epithelial ovarian cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal ovarian tissues, and the expression in late stage patients with lymph node metastasis was lower than that in early stage patients without metastasis. Irisin inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of epithelial ovarian cancer cells, down-regulated phosphorylated Akt, and inhibited EMT progression. The PI3K agonist, 740Y-P, partially reversed the effects of irisin on the invasion, migration, and EMT of ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION These findings show that irisin/FNDC5 was highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissues, which may regulate the EMT through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Institute of Biology, Heze Institute of Food and Drug Inspection and Testing, Heze, 274000, People's Republic of China
| | - Enbang Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayuan Liu
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwei Yin
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China.
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Irisin and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 10:488-494. [PMID: 34981027 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.3.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a common gastrointestinal tumor biomarker. Irisin is adipo-myokines that has been suggested to have a potential role in cancer development. However, limited studies test irisin as biomarker in gastric and colorectal cancers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether CEA and irisin could be a potential diagnostic biomarker in gastric and colorectal cancer. Methods A case-control study consists of 90 subjects, 21 gastric cancer patients, 49 colorectal cancer patients and 20 control. Serum CEA was detected by fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) kit. Serum irisin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results Serum CEA increases significantly and serum irisin decreases significantly in gastric and colorectal cancer patients. According to Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, in gastric cancer, the area under curve of CEA is 1.00 (95% CI, 1.000-1.000, p< 0.0001). The diagnostic cut-off of CEA is< 3.08 ng/ml with %100 sensitivity and 100% specificity. The area under curve of irisin is 0.94 (95% CI, 0.8177-1.000, p< 0.0001). The cut-off of irisin is> 30.2 ng/ml with %90 sensitivity and 100%, specificity. In colorectal cancer, the area under curve of CEA is 0.99 (95% CI, 0.9866-1.000, p< 0.0001) and the diagnostic value< 2.6 ng/ml with %98 sensitivity and %100 specificity. The area under curve of irisin is 0.96 (95% CI, 0.9155-1.000, p< 0.0001). The diagnostic cut-off of irisin is> 41.9 ng/ml with 88.1sensitivity and 90.5 specificity. Conclusion CEA and irisin could be powerful potential diagnostic biomarkers which would be use for early detection of gastric and colorectal cancers.
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The role of a recently discovered peptide—irisin—in physiological and pathological processes. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Irisin, a cleaved fragment of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), was originally described as a factor stimulating browning of white adipose tissue, produced during physical exercise by skeletal muscles. However, irisin is not only a new and promising biomarker of metabolism; its expression has been found in a wide variety of tissues and organs such as the peripheral nerves, stomach, pancreas, and skin, and recent data also indicate its role in cancer. Numerous studies focus on the protective role of this protein, which could become an important factor in predicting disease risk, disease prognosis, or possible metastases in cancer patients. Possible use of irisin in therapy is also worth considering. The aim of this paper is to systematize knowledge on the role of irisin in patients and to draw attention to its role in skin diseases including acne vulgaris, psoriasis vulgaris, and hidradenitis suppurativa.
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Pinkowska A, Nowinska K, Ciesielska U, Podhorska-Okolow M. Irisin Association with Ki-67, MCM3 and MT-I/II in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Larynx. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010052. [PMID: 35053200 PMCID: PMC8774284 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Current studies indicate irisin role in carcinogenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of irisin in LSCCs and to determine its association with clinicopathological factors, as well as recognized markers of proliferation, i.e., Ki-67 and MCM3,5,7 and MT-I/II proteins. Material and methods: The research material consisted of 140 cases of LSCCs, 57 cases of laryngeal papillomas (BLs) and 14 controls (benign hypertrophic changes). Tissue microarrays were used to perform IHC. Western blot and immunofluorescence were performed in laryngeal cancer cell lines and normal keratinocytes. Results: Irisin expression levels were significantly increased in LSCC compared to BLs (p < 0.0001) and controls (p = 0.001). We noted a positive moderate and weak correlation between irisin and Ki-67, MCM3 and MT-I/II. We observed an elevated level of irisin expression with increasing tumor size (T1–2 vs. T3–4; p = 0.0348). The levels of irisin were higher in N0 than in N1 and N2–3 (p = 0.0031 and p = 0.0457, respectively). Our in vitro study revealed a higher level of irisin in Larynx Epidermoid Carcinoma 2 (HEp-2) cells compared to the control Normal Human Keratinocyte (HaCat) cell line. Conclusions: Increased irisin expression levels in LSCC and its correlation with clinicopathological and proliferation factors may indicate the potential role of irisin as a biomarker in the diagnostic process of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pinkowska
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Nowinska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-13-54; Fax: +48-71-784-00-82
| | - Urszula Ciesielska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Liu H, Wang M, Jin Z, Sun D, Zhu T, Liu X, Tan X, Shi G. FNDC5 induces M2 macrophage polarization and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by affecting the PPARγ/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 582:77-85. [PMID: 34695754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of FNDC5 expression levels in hepatocellular carcinoma on the phenotypic changes of macrophages in tumor tissues. METHODS In this study, we established an in vitro co-culture system of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and macrophages. Then we performed overexpression or knockdown of FNDC5 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma cells to observe the effect of changes in FNDC5 expression level on the phenotypic changes of THP-1 macrophages. And the conclusions obtained in the in vitro assay were further validated by a subcutaneous tumorigenic nude mice model. RESULTS Our findings suggest that elevated FNDC5 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells lead to an increased M2 phenotype and decreased M1 phenotype in macrophages. This effect may be achieved by elevating PPARγ levels in macrophages while decreasing NF-κB and NLRP3 levels. These changes could be reversed by using PPARγ inhibitors. CONCLUSION We preliminarily demonstrated that FNDC5 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages by affecting the PPARγ/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, China
| | - Mengya Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Zhipeng Jin
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Dongxu Sun
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Xueying Tan
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Guangjun Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, China.
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Serum irisin is a novel biomarker for bladder cancer detection. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 54:55-61. [PMID: 34807348 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-03074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study intended to investigate irisin levels in bladder cancer patients and healthy controls. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate if serum irisin could be used as a diagnostic tool in bladder cancer and further, if it could differentiate muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. METHODS In this study, 90 primary bladder cancer patients in addition to 30 age-matched healthy individuals for the control group were prospectively included. Bladder cancer patients were divided into two subgroups as non-muscle-invasive (60 patients) and muscle-invasive (30 patients). Blood samples were obtained before the diagnosis of the disease. Serum irisin levels were measured using ELISA. Demographic data as well as tumor grade and stage were noted. RESULTS Mean serum irisin level was significantly lower in the bladder cancer patients compared to the control group (4.53 ± 2.55 vs. 16.5 ± 5.67, p < 0.001). Also, serum irisin level was statistically lower in the muscle-invasive bladder cancer group compared to the non-muscle-invasive counterparts (3.19 ± 1.47 vs. 5.18 ± 2.73, p < 0.001). Serum irisin could differentiate bladder cancer patients from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 86.2% and a specificity of 89.7% at a cut-off value of 8.689 (AUC = 0.859). Moreover, to discriminate between NMIBC and MIBC, the sensitivity was 75% and the specificity was 73.7% at a cut-off value of 3.97 (AUC = 0.732). CONCLUSION Our results showed that serum irisin levels can be used for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Also, it can help distinguish high-grade and stage tumor.
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Mancinelli R, Checcaglini F, Coscia F, Gigliotti P, Fulle S, Fanò-Illic G. Biological Aspects of Selected Myokines in Skeletal Muscle: Focus on Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8520. [PMID: 34445222 PMCID: PMC8395159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, clear evidence has emerged that the cellular components of skeletal muscle are important sites for the release of proteins and peptides called "myokines", suggesting that skeletal muscle plays the role of a secretory organ. After their secretion by muscles, these factors serve many biological functions, including the exertion of complex autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects. In sum, myokines affect complex multi-organ processes, such as skeletal muscle trophism, metabolism, angiogenesis and immunological response to different physiological (physical activity, aging, etc.) or pathological states (cachexia, dysmetabolic conditions, chronic inflammation, etc.). The aim of this review is to describe in detail a number of myokines that are, to varying degrees, involved in skeletal muscle aging processes and belong to the group of proteins present in the functional environment surrounding the muscle cell known as the "Niche". The particular myokines described are those that, acting both from within the cell and in an autocrine manner, have a defined relationship with the modulation of oxidative stress in muscle cells (mature or stem) involved in the regulatory (metabolic or regenerative) processes of muscle aging. Myostatin, IGF-1, NGF, S100 and irisin are examples of specific myokines that have peculiar features in their mechanisms of action. In particular, the potential role of one of the most recently characterized myokines-irisin, directly linked to an active lifestyle-in reducing if not reversing senescence-induced oxidative damage is discussed in terms of its possible application as an agent able to counteract the deleterious effects of muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Mancinelli
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (R.M.); (S.F.)
- IIM-Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Franco Checcaglini
- Free University of Alcatraz, Santa Cristina di Gubbio, 06100 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Coscia
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Sport Physiology, University of Perugia, 39038 San Candido-Innichen, Italy; (F.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Paola Gigliotti
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Sport Physiology, University of Perugia, 39038 San Candido-Innichen, Italy; (F.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Stefania Fulle
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (R.M.); (S.F.)
- IIM-Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fanò-Illic
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (R.M.); (S.F.)
- IIM-Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Free University of Alcatraz, Santa Cristina di Gubbio, 06100 Perugia, Italy;
- A&C M-C Foundation for Translational Myology, 35100 Padova, Italy
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Venniyoor A, Al Farsi AA, Al Bahrani B. The Troubling Link Between Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Extrahepatic Cancers (EHC). Cureus 2021; 13:e17320. [PMID: 34557366 PMCID: PMC8449927 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fast-spreading epidemic across the globe and has serious implications far beyond that of a "benign" liver condition. It is usually an outcome of ectopic fat storage due to chronic positive energy balance leading to obesity and is associated with multiple health problems. While association with cardiovascular disease and hepatocellular cancer is well recognized, it is becoming clear the NAFLD carries with it an increased risk of cancers of extrahepatic tissues. Studies have reported a higher risk for cancers of the colon, breast, prostate, lung, and pancreas. Fatty liver is associated with increased mortality; there is an urgent need to understand that fatty liver is not always benign, and not always associated with obesity. It is, however, a reversible condition and early recognition and intervention can alter its natural history and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Venniyoor
- Medical Oncology, National Oncology Center, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, OMN
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López-Cortés R, Gómez BB, Vázquez-Estévez S, Pérez-Fentes D, Núñez C. Blood-based protein biomarkers in bladder urothelial tumors. J Proteomics 2021; 247:104329. [PMID: 34298186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most common cancer with a high prevalence rate. It is classically classified in two groups, namely non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle invasive (MIBC). NMIBC accounts for 75% of cases and has a better prognosis than MIBC. However, 30-50% of the NMIBC patients will show recurrences throughout their lives, and about 10-20% of them will progress to MIBC, with frequent metastasis and a reduced survival rate. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is confirmed by direct visualization of the tumour and other mucosal abnormalities with endoscopic excision using cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURBT). An adequate TURBT requires complete resection of all visible tumour with appropriate sampling of the bladder to assess the depth of invasion. However, for many years, researchers have attempted to identify and utilise urinary markers for bladder cancer detection. Voided urine cytology has been the mainstay of urine-based diagnosis of bladder cancer since originally described by Papanicolau and Marshall. Nonetheless, urine cytology has several drawbacks, including a poor sensitivity for low-grade/stage tumours, a lack of interobserver consistency and a variable range of readings (e.g., atypical, atypical-suspicious, non-diagnostic). These shortcomings have inspired the search for more sensitive bladder cancer biomarkers. To bring precision medicine to genitourinary oncology, the analysis of the plasma/serum wide genome and proteome offers promising possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Cortés
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Benito Blanco Gómez
- Urology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Sergio Vázquez-Estévez
- Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Fentes
- Urology Division, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Tsiani E, Tsakiridis N, Kouvelioti R, Jaglanian A, Klentrou P. Current Evidence of the Role of the Myokine Irisin in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112628. [PMID: 34071869 PMCID: PMC8199282 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Regular exercise/physical activity is beneficial for the health of an individual and lowers the risk of getting different diseases, including cancer. How exactly exercise results in these health benefits is not known. Recent studies suggest that the molecule irisin released by muscles into the blood stream after exercise may be responsible for these effects. This review summarizes all the available in vitro/cell culture, animal and human studies that have investigated the relationship between cancer and irisin with the aim to shed light and understand the possible role of irisin in cancer. The majority of the in vitro studies indicate anticancer properties of irisin, but more animal and human studies are required to better understand the exact role of irisin in cancer. Abstract Cancer is a disease associated with extreme human suffering, a huge economic cost to health systems, and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Regular physical activity is associated with many health benefits, including reduced cancer risk. In the past two decades, exercising/contracting skeletal muscles have been found to secrete a wide range of biologically active proteins, named myokines. Myokines are delivered, via the circulation, to different cells/tissues, bind to their specific receptors and initiate signaling cascades mediating the health benefits of exercise. The present review summarizes the existing evidence of the role of the myokine irisin in cancer. In vitro studies have shown that the treatment of various cancer cells with irisin resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation, survival, migration/ invasion and induced apoptosis by affecting key proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling pathways. However, the effects of irisin in humans remains unclear. Although the majority of the existing studies have found reduced serum irisin levels in cancer patients, a few studies have shown the opposite. Similarly, the majority of studies have found increased levels of irisin in cancer tissues, with a few studies showing the opposite trend. Clearly, further investigations are required to determine the exact role of irisin in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicole Tsakiridis
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Rozalia Kouvelioti
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alina Jaglanian
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Pin F, Bonewald LF, Bonetto A. Role of myokines and osteokines in cancer cachexia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2118-2127. [PMID: 33899538 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211009213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced muscle wasting, i.e. cachexia, is associated with different types of cancer such as pancreatic, colorectal, lung, liver, gastric and esophageal. Cachexia affects prognosis and survival in cancer, and it is estimated that it will be the ultimate cause of death for up to 30% of cancer patients. Musculoskeletal alterations are known hallmarks of cancer cachexia, with skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness as the most studied. Recent evidence has shed light on the presence of bone loss in cachectic patients, even in the absence of bone-metastatic disease. In particular, we and others have shown that muscle and bone communicate by exchanging paracrine and endocrine factors, known as myokines and osteokines. This review will focus on describing the role of the most studied myokines, such as myostatin, irisin, the muscle metabolite β-aminoisobutyric acid, BAIBA, and IL-6, and osteokines, including TGF-β, osteocalcin, sclerostin, RANKL, PTHrP, FGF23, and the lipid mediator, PGE2 during cancer-induced cachexia. The interplay of muscle and bone factors, together with tumor-derived soluble factors, characterizes a complex clinical scenario in which musculoskeletal alterations are amongst the most debilitating features. Understanding and targeting the "secretome" of cachectic patients will likely represent a promising strategy to preserve bone and muscle during cancer cachexia thereby enhancing recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Okechukwu C, Okechukwu C, Agag A, Naushad N, Abbas S, Deb A. Hypothesized biological mechanisms by which exercise-induced irisin mitigates tumor proliferation and improves cancer treatment outcomes. MGM JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_67_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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