Long Non-Coding RNA LINC00313 Accelerates Cervical Carcinoma Progression by miR-4677-3p/CDK6 Axis

LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes as potential biomarkers in cervical cancer: a comprehensive overview

Despite the recent advances in vaccination and treatment strategies, cervical cancer continues to claim numerous lives every year. Owing to the fact that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) interact with coding transcripts, and effectuate key roles in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of cervical cancer, there has been extensive research in recent years to explore their potential as biomarkers for early detection, or as therapeutic targets. Through this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in discoveries about cervical cancer-associated lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes, their dysregulation, and their roles in various signaling pathways associated with the growth, survival, invasion, and metastasis of cervical cancer cells. We further discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to utilize the dysregulated lncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic targets to ameliorate the prognosis of cervical cancer.

Biomarker Potential of LINC00313 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Immune Cell Infiltration

Although LINC00313 is dysregulated in several tumors, its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of LINC00313 in HNSC. The clinical information and LINC00313 expression data of HNSC were mined from the TCGA/GEO/cbioportal database. The correlation between LINC00313 expression and immune cell infiltration in HNSC tumors was analyzed by bioinformatics and gene enrichment analysis was performed. LINC00313 was silenced in HNSC cell lines, and changes at the genetic and molecular levels were verified through qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The researchers also validated its functional phenotype through a series of cell function experiments. The results showed that overexpression and copy number variation of LINC00313 in HNSC were associated with poorer prognosis. In addition, LINC00313 expression was significantly negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration. Silencing of LINC00313 in HNSC cells significantly reduced the rate of cell migration. LINC00313 may affect the progression of HNSC by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, LINC00313 is a potential biomarker of HNSC prognosis and a potential target for immunotherapy.

TGFβ-induced long non-coding RNA LINC00313 activates Wnt signaling and promotes cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating liver cancer characterized by high aggressiveness and therapy resistance, resulting in poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNAs and signals imposed by oncogenic pathways, such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), frequently contribute to cholangiocarcinogenesis. Here, we explore novel effectors of TGFβ signalling in cholangiocarcinoma. LINC00313 is identified as a novel TGFβ target gene. Gene expression and genome-wide chromatin accessibility profiling reveal that nuclear LINC00313 transcriptionally regulates genes involved in Wnt signalling, such as the transcriptional activator TCF7. LINC00313 gain-of-function enhances TCF/LEF-dependent transcription, promotes colony formation in vitro and accelerates tumour growth in vivo. Genes affected by LINC00313 over-expression in CCA tumours are associated with KRAS and TP53 mutations and reduce overall patient survival. Mechanistically, ACTL6A and BRG1, subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, interact with LINC00313 and affect TCF7 and SULF2 transcription. We propose a model whereby TGFβ induces LINC00313 in order to regulate the expression of hallmark Wnt pathway genes, in co-operation with SWI/SNF. By modulating key genes of the Wnt pathway, LINC00313 fine-tunes Wnt/TCF/LEF-dependent transcriptional responses and promotes cholangiocarcinogenesis.

Cell Cycle-Related lncRNAs as Innovative Targets to Advance Cancer Management

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) longer than 200nt. They have complex biological functions and take part in multiple fundamental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Recent studies suggest that lncRNAs modulate critical regulatory proteins involved in cancer cell cycle, such as cyclin, cell cycle protein-dependent kinases (CDK) and cell cycle protein-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI) through different mechanisms. To clarify the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of cell cycle will provide new ideas for design of antitumor therapies which intervene with the cell cycle progression. In this paper, we review the recent studies about the controlling of lncRNAs on cell cycle related proteins such as cyclin, CDK and CKI in different cancers. We further outline the different mechanisms involved in this regulation and describe the emerging role of cell cycle-related lncRNAs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Identification and validation of a novel long non-coding RNA (LINC01465) in ovarian cancer

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous disease usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Therefore, early detection is crucial for better survival. Despite the advances in ovarian research, mechanisms underlying EOC carcinogenesis are not elucidated. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify genes regulated by E2F5, a transcription factor involved in ovarian carcinogenesis. Results revealed several putative candidate genes (115 protein-coding genes, 20 lncRNAs, 6 pseudogenes, and 4 miRNAs). A literature review and bioinformatics analysis of these genes revealed a novel lncRNA candidate (LINC01465) in EOC. We validated LINC01465 by quantifying its expression in EOC cell lines and selected OVSAHO and SKOV3 as a model with high LINC01465 levels. We silenced LINC01465 and performed proliferation, wound healing, invasion, and drug resistance assays. Knocking-down LINC01465 resulted in reduced migration, suggesting potential involvement in EOC. Furthermore, to identify the significance of LINC01465 in chemoresistance, we assessed the LINC01465 levels in A2780 S cells treated with malformin, which revealed higher LINC01465 expression as compared to untreated A2780S cells implying the involvement of LINC01465 in cell death. Thus, this study unraveled the repertoire of E2F5 regulated candidate genes and suggested a putative role of LINC01465 in malformin-induced cell death in EOC.

LINC00313 promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of chondrocytes via regulating miR-525-5p/GDF5 axis

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to explore the potentials of lncRNA LINC00313 in osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of LINC00313 in OA tissues and cells. CCK-8 and EDU were used to detect cell proliferation. The ELISA test kit was conducted to detect the expression of inflammatory factors. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rates. Western blot was applied to measure the protein expression. The luciferase reporter gene test was carried out to verify the relationship between miR-525-5p and LINC00313 or GDF5.

RESULTS

The data showed that the expression of LINC00313 was significantly down-regulated in OA tissues and cells. Functionally, LINC00313 promoted the proliferation of chondrocytes and suppressed the secretion of inflammatory factors and cell apoptosis. Moreover, LINC00313 functioned as a ceRNA to up-regulate the expression of GDF5 via sponging miR-525-5p. Luciferase and RNA pull-down assays further verified the interaction between miR-525-5p and LINC00313 (or GDF5). Moreover, overexpression of miR-525-5p or down-regulated GDF5 degraded the cellular functions of chondrocyte. Rescue experiments showed that the overexpression of miR-525-5p reversed the increase in cell viability and the decrease in pro-inflammatory factors and apoptosis rate mediated by LINC00313. The knockdown of GDF5 reversed the promotion of miR-525-5p knockdown on cell viability and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors and apoptosis rate.

CONCLUSIONS

LINC00313 inhibited the development of OA through regulating miR-525-5p/GDF5 axis. LncRNA LINC00313 can be used as a potential target for the treatment of OA.

LncRNA-miRNA axis in tumor progression and therapy response: An emphasis on molecular interactions and therapeutic interventions

Epigenetic factors are critical regulators of biological and pathological mechanisms and they could interact with different molecular pathways. Targeting epigenetic factors has been an idea approach in disease therapy, especially cancer. Accumulating evidence has highlighted function of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as epigenetic factors in cancer initiation and development and has focused on their association with downstream targets. microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most well-known targets of lncRNAs and present review focuses on lncRNA-miRNA axis in malignancy and therapy resistance of tumors. LncRNA-miRNA regulates cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis and autophagy in cancers. This axis affects tumor metastasis via regulating EMT and MMPs. Besides, lncRNA-miRNA axis determines sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Based on the studies, lncRNAs can be affected by drugs and genetic tools in cancer therapy and this may affect expression level of miRNAs as their downstream targets, leading to cancer suppression/progression. LncRNAs have both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressor functions in cancer and this unique function of lncRNAs has complicated their implication in tumor therapy. LncRNA-miRNA axis can also affect other signaling networks in cancer such as PI3K/Akt, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin and EZH2 among others. Notably, lncRNA/miRNA axis can be considered as a signature for diagnosis and prognosis in cancers.

Cancer cell-derived exosomal LINC00313 induces M2 macrophage differentiation in non-small cell lung cancer

PURPOSE

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major subtype of lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the main non-tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we investigated the effect of cancer cell-derived exosomal LINC00313 on the M2 macrophage differentiation in NSCLC and clarified its underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Flow cytometry, Western blotting, ELISA and immunohistochemical staining were performed to identify the macrophage phenotype by detecting the expression of M2 markers. The expression levels of LINC00313 and miR-135a-3p were measured by qRT-PCR, and luciferase reporter assay was used to validate the binding of lncRNA to miRNA, and miRNA to the target gene STAT6. The mouse-xenograft models were established by subcutaneous injection of the NCl-H1299 cells with stable overexpression or knockdown of LINC00313. GW4869 was injected intra-tumorally after tumor implantation.

RESULTS

It was found that the cancer cells promoted M2 macrophage differentiation by secreting exosomes. LINC00313 was overexpressed in H1299-derived exosomes, and its knockdown abolished the effect of H1299-induced M2 macrophage differentiation. LINC00313 sponged miR-135a-3p to increase the STAT6 expression, resulting in the M2 macrophage differentiation. LINC00313 promoted tumor progression and promoted the expression of M2 markers in isolated tumor macrophages. A novel regulatory mechanism of M2 macrophage differentiation in NSCLC was revealed. It was found that cancer cell-derived exosomal LINC00313 promoted M2 macrophage differentiation in NSCLC by up-regulating STAT6 as miR-135a-3p sponge.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides a new mechanism and direction to prevent the M2 macrophage differentiation in NSCLC.

LINC00313 regulates the metastasis of testicular germ cell tumors through epithelial-mesenchyme transition and immune pathways

Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is a relatively rare entity tumor, accounting for only 1% of all male cancers. However, it is the most common solid tumor in young men between 15 and 34 years old. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the functions of lncRNAs in TGCT have only rarely been investigated. LncRNAs associated with TGCT were identified using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and UCSC XENA database data mining. The effects of LINC00313 on NCCIT cell migration and invasion were evaluated in transwell assays. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT)-related proteins in cells knockdown of LINC00313 were analyzed by Western blot. Correlation analyses between lncRNA LINC00313 expression and copy number variation (CNV) and immune cell infiltration were carried out using The Cancer Genome Atl as (TCGA) data. The effect of Panobinostatin targeting LINC00313 in TGCT cells was investigated. We observed higher LINC00313 expression in TGCT. The migratory and invasive properties of TGCT cells were augmented by LINC00313, likely via its effects on modulating the expression of epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT) related proteins: CTNNB1, ZEB1, CDH2, Snail and VIM. Moreover, LINC00313 expression and CNV correlated negatively with the infiltration of immune cells. In addition, Panobinostat might be a possible candidate drug to target LINC00313 in TGCT. LINC00313 performs important pro-migration and invasion functions in the pathogenesis of TGCT. LINC00313 could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, immune marker and therapeutic target to develop effective treatment of TGCT.

LncRNA FLVCR1-AS1 mediates miR-23a-5p/SLC7A11 axis to promote malignant behavior of cervical cancer cells

Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common gynecological malignant tumor in the world. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) plays an important role in cell activities of various cancers including CC. This study aims to reveal the biological function of FLVCR1-AS1 in CC and clarify its possible mechanism of action. The findings suggest that the expression of FLVCR1-AS1 was elevated in CC tissues and cell lines, and that high expression of FLVCR1-AS1 was associated with poor prognosis of CC patients. In addition, knockdown of FLVCR1-AS1 could inhibit the proliferation and migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of CC cells, as well as accelerating apoptosis, to inhibit the development of CC. In addition, via the dual-luciferase reporting assay and RIP assay were confirmed that FLVCR1-AS1 acted as a competitive endogenous RNA to inhibit the expression of microRNA (miR)-23a-5p, and miR-23a-5p targeted the 3’-untranslated region site of Solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and negatively regulated the expression of SLC7A11. Functional rescue experiments showed that miR-23a-5p inhibitors reversed the inhibitory effect of FLVCR1-AS1-silencing on proliferation, EMT, migration and invasion, and the promoting impact of apoptosis of CC cells. In addition, SLC7A11 rescued the effect of miR-23a-5p overexpression on progression of CC cells. In conclusion, FLVCR1-AS1 is involved in the malignant phenotype of CC cells through miR-23a-5p/SLC7A11 axis, which may provide a beneficial direction for the treatment of CC.

The Regulatory Functions and the Mechanisms of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death in gynecology cancer worldwide. High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the major etiological agents for cervical cancer. Still, other factors also contribute to cervical cancer development because these cancers commonly arise decades after initial exposure to HPV. So far, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cervical cancer are still quite limited, and a knowledge gap needs to be filled to help develop novel strategies that will ultimately facilitate the development of therapies and improve cervical cancer patient outcomes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly shown to be involved in gene regulation, and the relevant role of lncRNAs in cervical cancer has recently been investigated. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in ascertaining the biological functions of lncRNAs in cervical cancer from the perspective of cervical cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, we provide the current state of knowledge by discussing the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation and emerging role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Comprehensive and deeper insights into lncRNA-mediated alterations and interactions in cellular events will help develop novel strategies to treat patients with cervical cancer.

LINC00265 promotes the viability, proliferation, and migration of bladder cancer cells via the miR-4677-3p/FGF6 axis

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common genitourinary malignancy with higher incidence in males. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 265 (LINC00265) is identified as an oncogene in many malignancies, while its role in BCa development remains unknown.

PURPOSE

To explore the functions and mechanism of LINC00265 in BCa.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to examine LINC00265 expression in BCa cells. Cell counting kit-8 assays, colony formation assays, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling assays, and Transwell assays were conducted to examine BCa cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Luciferase reporter assays and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to explore the binding capacity between miR-4677-3p and messenger RNA fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) (or LINC00265). Xenograft tumor model was established to explore the role of LINC00265 in vivo.

RESULTS

LINC00265 was highly expressed in BCa cells. LINC00265 knockdown inhibited xenograft tumor growth and BCa cell viability, proliferation and migration while enhancing cell apoptosis. Moreover, LINC00265 interacted with miR-4677-3p to upregulate the expression of FGF6. FGF6 overexpression reversed the suppressive effect of LINC00265 knockdown on malignant phenotypes of BCa cells.

CONCLUSIONS

LINC00265 promotes the viability, proliferation, and migration of BCa cells by binding with miR-4677-3p to upregulate FGF6 expression.

Long Non-Coding RNA LINC01569 Promotes Proliferation and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer by miR-381-3p/RAP2A Axis

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) display regulatory function flexibly in tumor onset and developments. Our study aimed to delve into the roles of lncRNA LINC01569 (LINC01569) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression to study the potential mechanisms.

Methods

The genetic expression profiles of miR-381-3p and LINC01569 were measured by RT-PCR. The subcellular localization of LINC01569 in CRC cells was identified using subcellular fractionation location. Loss-of-function assays were performed to explore the potential effects of LINC01569 on CRC progression. Dual-luciferase reporter analysis was employed to verify the binding connections among LINC01569, miR-381-3p, and RAP2A.

Results

LINC01569 expression was distinctly increased in CRC. Curiously, if LINC01569 is removed, CRC cells will not migrate, proliferate, and invade remarkably. Molecular mechanism exploration uncovered that LINC01569 acted as a ceRNA competing with RAP2A to bind with miR-381-3p. Furthermore, rescue experiments corroborated the fact that miR-381-3p suppression reversed the inhibitory actions of LINC01569 knockdown on the expression of RAP2A and CRC progression.

Conclusion

Overall, our findings indicate that LINC01569 plays a key role in CRC development by means of aiming at the miR-381-3p/RAP2A axis and can be equivalent to an underlying medicinal target to save CRC patients.

GLIDR promotes the progression of glioma by regulating the miR-4677-3p/MAGI2 axis

Gliomas are the most common and fatal primary brain tumors. Growing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute novel and potential therapeutic targets for glioma. However, the biological role of glioblastoma down-regulated RNA (GLIDR) in glioma remains largely elusive. In the current study, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect GLIDR expression in glioma cells. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, JC-1 staining, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the role of GLIDR in proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. Western blotting was performed to assess the effect of GLIDR on the level of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, bioinformatics prediction, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter gene assays were used to study the regulatory mechanisms of GLIDR in glioma. GLIDR was found to be highly expressed in glioma cells and silencing of GLIDR inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Functionally, GLIDR bound to miR-4677-3p that directly targeted membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW, and PDZ domain-containing protein 2 (MAGI2). Our data showed that GLIDR affects the proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells by targeting miR-4677-3p to regulate the expression of MAGI2. In conclusion, our study determined the oncogenic role of GLIDR in glioma, which may provide a new perspective for the treatment of glioma.