The SP1-Induced Long Noncoding RNA, LINC00339, Promotes Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Cancer via the miR-378a-3p/MED19 Axis

Participation of Long Noncoding RNA FOXP4-AS1 in the Development and Progression of Endometrioid Carcinoma with Epigenetically Silencing DUSP5

Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), as emerging regulators of a wide variety of biological processes via diverse mechanisms, have been demonstrated to be of increasing importance in biology. Genome-wide association studies of tumor samples have identified several lncRNAs as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in various types of cancers. In recent years, the importance of lncRNAs, especially in endometrioid cancer (EEC), has become increasingly well understood. The lncRNA Forkhead box P4 antisense RNA 1 (FOXP4-AS1) has been reported to fulfill roles in several types of cancers; however, the main biological function and associated underlying molecular mechanism of FOXP4-AS1 in EEC have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study therefore aimed to investigate how RNA FOXP4-AS1 may participate in the development and progression of endometrioid carcinoma tissues. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the expression level of FOXP4-AS1 was investigated in endometrioid carcinoma tissues and matching nearby normal endometrial tissues collected from patients receiving surgery at the hospital. A series of molecular biological assays were performed to investigate the effect of FOXP4-AS1 on cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell invasion. Results: An increased concentration of FOXP4-AS1 was identified in endometrioid carcinoma samples and cell lines compared with the corresponding controls, and this lncRNA was found to be positively correlated with advanced FIGO stages in patients with endometrial cancer. Furthermore, knocking down endogenous FOXP4-AS1 led to a significant reduction in the colony formation number and a significant inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell invasion in endometrioid carcinoma cells. Moreover, dual-specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5), which is lowly expressed in endometrioid carcinoma tissues cells and negatively modulated by FOXP4-AS1, was identified as the downstream target molecule of FOXP4-AS1. Subsequently, the mechanistic experiments confirmed that, through binding to enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2; one of the catalytic subunits of polycomb repressive complex 2 [PRC2]), FOXP4-AS1 could epigenetically suppress the expression of DUSP5. Finally, the oncogenic function of the FOXP4-AS1/EZH2/DUSP5 axis in endometrioid carcinoma was confirmed via rescue assays. Conclusions: The findings of the present study have highlighted how FOXP4-AS1 fulfills an oncogenic role in endometrioid carcinoma, and targeting FOXP4-AS1 and its pathway may provide new biomarkers for patients with endometrioid carcinoma.

Pathological role of long non-coding (lnc) RNA in the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

The term "epithelial-mesenchymal transition" (EMT) describes a biological process wherein epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal cell characteristics. This process enables the metastatic cells to migrate and invasion. Recent studies have established the connections between the EMT process and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer. Key cellular functions such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, genetic stability, apoptosis, and stem cell renewal are modulated via Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway. Up-regulation of this evolutionarily conserved signal pathway leads to EMT. On the other hand, recent investigations have indicated that non-coding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) are involved in regulating of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. A high level of lncRNAs mainly has a positive correlation with EMT. However, lncRNA down-regulation has been observed in promoting EMT. It seems that depending on the specific targets, up-or down-regulation of lncRNAs can stimulate EMT by activating the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway. The evaluation of interactions between lncRNAs and the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway in the regulation of EMT during metastasis can be fascinating. Herein, for the first time, the crucial role of lncRNAs-mediated regulation of the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway in the EMT process of human tumors has been summarized.

A lncRNA-disease association prediction model based on the two-step PU learning and fully connected neural networks

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play a regulatory role in various processes of human diseases. However, lncRNA experiments are inefficient, time-consuming and highly subjective, so that the number of experimentally verified associations between lncRNA and diseases is limited. In the era of big data, numerous machine learning methods have been proposed to predict the potential association between lncRNA and diseases, but the characteristics of the associated data were seldom explored. In these methods, negative samples are randomly selected for model training and the model is prone to learn the potential positive association error, thus affecting the prediction accuracy. In this paper, we proposed a cyclic optimization model of predicting lncRNA-disease associations (COPTLDA in short). In COPTLDA, the two-step training strategy is adopted to search for the samples with the greater probability of being negative examples from unlabeled samples and the determined samples are treated as negative samples, which are combined together with known positive samples to train the model. The searching and training steps are repeated until the best model is obtained as the final prediction model. In order to evaluate the performance of the model, 30% of the known positive samples are used to calculate the model accuracy and 10% of positive samples are used to calculate the recall rate of the model. The sampling strategy used in this paper can improve the accuracy and the AUC value reaches 0.9348. The results of case studies showed that the model could predict the potential associations between lncRNA and malignant tumors such as colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and breast cancer. The predicted top 20 associated lncRNAs included 10 colorectal cancer lncRNAs, 2 gastric cancer lncRNAs, and 8 breast cancer lncRNAs.

The ceRNA network regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that transforms epithelial cells into a mesenchymal phenotype, conferring cell migration and invasion capabilities. EMT is involved in the progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, emerging evidence has shown dysregulation of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) was linked to EMT. ncRNAs, including long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), regulate the transcription of downstream target genes (mRNA) through interaction with microRNAs (miRNAs); these are termed competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. CeRNA dysregulation-induced EMT, which is linked to the progression and prognosis of CRC, has attracted wide attention. However, understanding the role of the regulation of the ceRNA network in the EMT of CRC remains limited. We discuss the molecular functions of lncRNA, the ceRNA networks related to miRNAs and mRNAs in EMT, as well as EMT transcription factors, such as the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1/2 (ZEB1/2), SNAIL, SLUG, and TWIST1/2. In addition, miRNAs and lncRNAs that directly target genes, thereby initiating different signaling pathways to promote EMT in CRC, were summarized. Clarifying the role of these molecules in EMT is critical for understanding molecular mechanisms and exploring the potential therapeutic targets of CRC.

CXCL11 negatively regulated by MED19 favours antitumour immune infiltration in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Through microarray results, we found that the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11) was negatively regulated by mediator complex subunit 19 (MED19), a protumour factor. However, the biological role and potential mechanism of CXCL11 need to be explored in breast cancer (BRCA).

METHODS

The BRCA dataset was obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Our microarray data and the BRCA dataset of TCGA were analysed and visualized using the R software package. The mRNA and protein levels were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting.

RESULTS

Inhibition of MED19 in MDA-MB-231 cells caused CXCL11 upregulation. The relative positive regulation of cytokine pathways was enriched after MED19 knockdown. High CXCL11 was determined to be positively correlated with immune response activation, increased antitumour immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint molecule expression, and enhanced sensitivity to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Collectively, CXCL11 promoted antitumour immunity and was regulated by MED19 in BRCA. Clarifying the prognostic value and underlying mechanism of CXCL11 in BRCA could provide a theoretical basis to find new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

MiR-378a-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer via directly targeting RAB31 and inhibiting the Hedgehog pathway proteins GLI1/2

OBJECTIVE

To improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC), more effective therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Increasing evidence indicates that miRNAs are involved in the progression of various tumors, and RAS-associated protein in the brain 31 (RAB31) is upregulated and promotes the progression of multiple malignant tumors. Here, we focused on identifying RAB31-targeted miRNAs and elucidating their potential mechanism in the progression of GC.

METHODS

RAB31 and miR-378a-3p expression levels were detected in paired fresh GC tissues and GC cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the miRNAs targeting RAB31 and the relationships between RAB31 and other genes. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to verify the targeted interaction relationship. CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, and Transwell assays were performed to assess the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of GC cells. Tumorsphere formation assays were performed to assess the stemness of gastric cancer stem cells. Related proteins were detected by Western blot. Xenograft assays in nude mice were performed to explore the effect of miR-378a-3p in vivo.

RESULTS

We report the first evidence that miR-378a-3p is downregulated in GC, whereas its overexpression inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration as well as promotes apoptosis in GC cells. Mechanistically, miR-378a-3p inhibits the progression of GC by directly targeting RAB31. Restoring RAB31 expression partially offsets the inhibitory effect of miR-378a-3p. Further research revealed that miR-378a-3p inhibits GLI1/2 in the Hedgehog signaling pathway and attenuates the stemness of gastric cancer stem cells. Finally, xenograft assays showed that miR-378a-3p inhibits GC tumorigenesis in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-378a-3p inhibits GC progression by directly targeting RAB31 and inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway proteins GLI1/2.

Depicting the Implication of miR-378a in Cancers

MicroRNA-378a (miR-378a), including miR-378a-3p and miR-378a-5p, are encoded in PPARGC1B gene. miR-378a is essential for tumorigenesis and is an independent prognostic biomarker for various malignant tumors. Aberrant expression of miR-378a affects several physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, cancer invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Interestingly, miR-378a has a dual functional role in either promoting or inhibiting tumorigenesis, independent of the cancer type. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the role and regulatory mechanisms of miR-378a in cancer development, hoping to provide a direction for its potential use in cancer therapy.

Targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis by flavonoids: A promising therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer

Despite the dramatic advances in our understanding of the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) in recent decades, effective therapeutic strategies are still urgently needed. Oncogenic mutations in the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway are hallmarks of CRC. Moreover, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as molecular managers are involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of CRC. Therefore, it is important to further explore the interaction between lncRNAs and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway for targeted therapy of CRC. Natural phytochemicals have not toxicity and can target carcinogenesis-related pathways. Growing evidences suggest that flavonoids are inversely associated with CRC risk. These bioactive compounds could target carcinogenesis pathways of CRC and reduced the side effects of anti-cancer drugs. The review systematically summarized the progress of flavonoids targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis in the investigations of CRC, which will provide a promising therapeutic approach for CRC and develop nutrition-oriented preventive strategies for CRC based on epigenetic mechanisms. In the field, more epidemiological and clinical trials are required in the future to verify feasibility of targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis by flavonoids in the therapy and prevention of CRC.

LINC00339: An emerging major player in cancer and metabolic diseases

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a series of RNA molecules without ability to code proteins. LncRNAs have emerged as significant players in almost all aspects of gene function and regulation and play crucial roles in many human diseases. Particular lncRNAs are deemed to be promising molecular biomarkers used for diagnosing diseases and determining patient prognoses and treatment efficacies. LINC00339 is a new budding lncRNA and much of evidence shows that it is abnormally expressed in multifarious diseases, including endometriosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, osteoporosis, digestive-system tumors, respiratory-system tumors, nervous-system tumors, and diseases involving other systems. Additionally, LINC00339 is remarkably associated with different clinical features, such as tumor size, TNM stage, and pathological grade. LINC00339 expression has been proved to upregulate in the aforementioned diseases and has been identified to promote disease occurrence and development. It is also reported that LINC00339 is associated with various cellular events, such as tumor cell proliferation, motility and invasiveness, the expression has also been proved that it is closely related to clinical symptoms in cancer patients. This review summarizes the relationships among expression levels, biological features, clinical symptoms, and regulatory mechanisms of LINC00339 in several diseases and discusses the clinical applications of LINC00339 as a cancer diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy biomarker.

Neuropeptide Y in the amygdala contributes to neuropathic pain-like behaviors in rats via the neuropeptide Y receptor type 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase axis

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved endogenous peptide in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which has been implicated in nociceptive signaling in neuropathic pain. However, downstream mechanistic actions remain uncharacterized. In this study, we sought to investigate the mechanism of NPY and its receptor NPY2R in the amygdala in rats with neuropathic pain-like behaviors induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. The expression of NPY and NPY2R was found to be aberrantly up-regulated in neuropathic pain-related microarray dataset. Further, NPY was found to act on NPY2R in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). As reflected by the decrease in mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) as well as the increase of NPY expression in the amygdala of rats with neuropathic pain-like behaviors, NPY was closely related to the effect of amygdala nerve activity in neuropathic pain. Subsequently, mechanistic investigations indicated that NPY2R activated the MAPK signaling pathway in the amygdala. NPY2R-induced decrease of MWT and TWL were also restored in the presence of MAPK signaling pathway antagonist. Moreover, it was revealed that NPY2R overexpression promoted the viability while inhibiting the apoptosis of microglia. Taken together, NPY in the amygdala interacts with NPY2R to activate the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby promoting the occurrence of neuropathic pain.

Long Non-Coding RNAs MALAT1 and NEAT1 in Non-syndromic Orofacial Clefts

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to play important roles in non-syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFC). Clinical diagnosis was categorized as either non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P), or non-syndromic cleft palate-only (NSCPO). Tissues excised from the trimmed wound edge were reserved as experimental samples; adjacent normal control was used as a positive control, and tissue from healthy individuals was used as a blank control. Target lncRNAs in the collected tissues were identified using microarrays and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and RT-qPCR were used to verify the target mRNAs. Pathway, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, and TargetScan predictions were employed to construct competing endogenous RNA networks (ceRNA networks) and explore their potential functions. RNA-Seq revealed 24 upregulated and 43 downregulated lncRNAs; MALAT1 and NEAT1 were screened and validated using RT-qPCR. Common NSOFC risk factors were positively correlated with MALAT1 and NEAT1 expression. Bioinformatics predicted four ceRNA networks; GO enrichment focused on their potential functions. RT-qPCR and IHC data were consistent with respect to expression levels of proteins and the mRNAs that encode them. As MALAT1 and NEAT1 are associated with the severity of NSOFC, they represent potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers.

Long non-coding RNAs as the critical regulators of epithelial mesenchymal transition in colorectal tumor cells: an overview

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer mortality and a major health challenge worldwide. Despite advances in therapeutic and diagnostic methods, there is still a poor prognosis in CRC patients. Tumor recurrence and metastasis are the main causes of high mortality rate in these patients, which are due to late diagnosis in advanced tumor stages. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to be the most important cause of CRC metastasis, during which tumor cells obtain metastasis ability by losing epithelial features and gaining mesenchymal features. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pivotal regulators of EMT process. Regarding the higher stability of lncRNAs compared with coding RNAs in body fluids, they can be used as non-invasive diagnostic markers for EMT process. In the present review, we summarized all of the lncRNAs involved in regulation of EMT process during CRC progression and metastasis. It was observed that lncRNAs mainly induced the EMT process in CRC cells by regulation of EMT-related transcription factors, Poly comb repressive complex (PRC), and also signaling pathways such as WNT, NOTCH, MAPK, and Hippo.

LncRNA PSMA3-AS1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in ovarian cancer by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway via the miR-378a-3p/GALNT3 axis

The crucial roles of the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of ovarian cancer (OC) have been extensively studied. According to the prediction result from the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database, high expression of lncRNA proteasome subunit α type-3 antisense RNA1 (PSMA3-AS1) is associated with the poor prognosis in patients with OC. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA PSMA3-AS1 in OC. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that PSMA3-AS1 expression was significantly upregulated in OC cells and tissues. PSMA3-AS1 silencing inhibited OC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as shown by results of cell counting kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively. Additionally, PSMA3-AS1 deficiency suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, luciferase reporter and RNA pulldown assays implied that PSMA3-AS1 served as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-378a-3p to upregulate the expression of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3). GALNT3 was a target gene of miR-378a-3p in OC. Moreover, PSMA3-AS1 activated the PI3K/Akt pathway by upregulating GALNT3 expression. Overall, PSMA3-AS1 promotes OC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor growth by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway via the miR-378a-3p/GALNT3 axis.

Identification of potential biomarkers in ovarian carcinoma and an evaluation of their prognostic value

Background

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in female genital organs, and its incidence rate is high. However, the pathogenesis and prognostic markers of ovarian cancer are unclear. This study sought to screen potential markers of ovarian cancer and to explore their prognostic value.

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases were used in this study. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), multivariate Cox regression and stepwise regression analysis were chosen to screen genes and construct risk model. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and an immune-infiltration analysis were performed.

Results

One hundred thirty two co-expressed genes were found. They involved in metabolism, protein phosphorylation, mitochondria, and immune signaling pathways. Twelve genes significantly related to the survival of ovarian cancer were identified. Eight risk genes (i.e., CACNB1, FAM120B, HOXB2, MED19, PTPN2, SMU1, WAC.AS1, and BCL2L11) were further screened and used to construct the risk model. The risk status might be an independent prognostic factor of ovarian cancer, and most of the biological functions of genes expressed in high-risk ovarian cancer were related to synapse, adhesion, and immune-related functions. The clusters of CD4+ T cells and M2 macrophages were high in high-risk status samples.

Conclusions

In ovarian cancer, the abnormal expression of 8 genes, including CACNB1, FAM120B, HOXB2, MED19, PTPN2, SMU1, WAC.AS1, and BCL2L11, is closely related to ovarian cancer progression, and these genes can serve as independent prognosis markers of ovarian cancer.

MiR-144-3p induced by SP1 promotes IL-1β-induced pyroptosis in chondrocytes via PTEN/PINK1/Parkin axis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often leads to functional disabilities and deformities. MiRNA plays a vital role in cell pyroptosis. Nevertheless, the function and underlying mechanism of miR-144-3p in pyroptosis during the progression of RA remains unclear. In this study, N1511 cells were stimulated with IL-1β to construct a RA model. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess the cell viability. Cell pyroptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-18) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship among specific protein 1 (SP1), microRNA-144-3p (miR-144-3p), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was explored by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), respectively. The level of miR-144-3p in N1511 cells was upregulated by IL-1β. MiR-144-3p knockdown inhibited IL-1β-induced pyroptosis in N1511 cells, and the expressions of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Cleaved caspase-1, Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and Cleaved caspase-3 in IL-1β-stimulated N1511 cells were increased. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in N1511 cells were increased by IL-1β, which were restored by miR-144-3p knockdown. MiR-144-3p knockdown abolished IL-1β-induced inactivation of putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein (Parkin) signalling. Moreover, transcription factor SP1 could upregulate miR-144-3p expression and miR-144-3p negatively regulated PTEN expression. In summary, MiR-144-3p induced by SP1 could promote IL-1β-induced chondrocyte pyroptosis via inhibiting PTEN expression and suppressing the activation of PINK1/Parkin signalling, which provided a new strategy against RA.

Genetic analyses of gynecological disease identify genetic relationships between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer, and a novel endometrial cancer genetic risk region at the WNT4 1p36.12 locus

Endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and uterine fibroids have been proposed as endometrial cancer risk factors; however, disentangling their relationships with endometrial cancer is complicated due to shared risk factors and comorbidities. Using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, we explored the relationships between these non-cancerous gynecological diseases and endometrial cancer risk by assessing genetic correlation, causal relationships and shared risk loci. We found significant genetic correlation between endometrial cancer and PCOS, and uterine fibroids. Adjustment for genetically predicted body mass index (a risk factor for PCOS, uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer) substantially attenuated the genetic correlation between endometrial cancer and PCOS but did not affect the correlation with uterine fibroids. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested a causal relationship between only uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer. Gene-based analyses revealed risk regions shared between endometrial cancer and endometriosis, and uterine fibroids. Multi-trait GWAS analysis of endometrial cancer and the genetically correlated gynecological diseases identified a novel genome-wide significant endometrial cancer risk locus at 1p36.12, which replicated in an independent endometrial cancer dataset. Interrogation of functional genomic data at 1p36.12 revealed biologically relevant genes, including WNT4 which is necessary for the development of the female reproductive system. In summary, our study provides genetic evidence for a causal relationship between uterine fibroids and endometrial cancer. It further provides evidence that the comorbidity of endometrial cancer, PCOS and uterine fibroids may partly be due to shared genetic architecture. Notably, this shared architecture has revealed a novel genome-wide risk locus for endometrial cancer.

The role of mediator complex subunit 19 in human diseases

Mediator is an evolutionarily conserved multi-protein complex that mediates the interaction between different proteins as a basic linker in the transcription mechanism of eukaryotes. It interacts with RNA polymerase II and participates in the process of gene expression. Mediator complex subunit 19 or regulation by oxygen 3, or lung cancer metastasis-related protein 1 is located at the head of the mediator complex; it is a multi-protein co-activator that induces the transcription of RNA polymerase II by DNA transcription factors. It is a tumor-related gene that plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis and is closely related to the occurrence and development of the cancers of the lung, bladder, skin, etc. Here, we used the structure of mediator complex subunit 19 to review its role in tumor progression, fat metabolism, drug therapy, as well as the novel coronavirus, which has attracted much attention at present, suggesting that mediator complex subunit 19 has broad application in the occurrence and development of clinical diseases. As a tumor-related gene, the role and mechanism of mediator complex subunit 19 in the regulation of tumor growth could be of great significance for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of mediator complex subunit 19 -related tumors.