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Mao J, He Y, Chu J, Hu B, Yao Y, Yan Q, Han S. Analysis of clinical characteristics of mismatch repair status in colorectal cancer: a multicenter retrospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2024; 39:100. [PMID: 38967814 PMCID: PMC11226506 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-024-04674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) caused by DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is of great significance in the occurrence, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). AIM This study aimed to analyze the relationship between mismatch repair status and clinical characteristics of CRC. METHODS The histopathological results and clinical characteristics of 2029 patients who suffered from CRC and underwent surgery at two centers from 2018 to 2020 were determined. After screening the importance of clinical characteristics through machine learning algorithms, the patients were divided into deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) and proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) groups based on the immunohistochemistry results and the clinical feature data between the two groups were observed by statistical methods. RESULTS The dMMR and pMMR groups had significant differences in histologic type, TNM stage, maximum tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, differentiation grade, gross appearance, and vascular invasion. There were significant differences between the MLH1 groups in age, histologic type, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor location, and depth of invasion. The MSH2 groups were significantly different in age. The MSH6 groups had significant differences in age, histologic type, and TNM stage. There were significant differences between the PMS2 groups in lymph node metastasis and tumor location. CRC was dominated by MLH1 and PMS2 combined expression loss (41.77%). There was a positive correlation between MLH1 and MSH2 and between MSH6 and PMS2 as well. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of mucinous adenocarcinoma, protruding type, and poor differentiation is relatively high in dMMR CRCs, but lymph node metastasis is rare. It is worth noting that the expression of MMR protein has different prognostic significance in different stages of CRC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 92, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuwen Han
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
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Choi Y, Kim N. Sex Difference of Colon Adenoma Pathway and Colorectal Carcinogenesis. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:256-282. [PMID: 37652658 PMCID: PMC10949019 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer morbidity in both sexes but shows sex differences. First, sex-specific differences in tumor recurrence and survival rates have been reported. For example, the development of CRC is found about 1.5 times higher and 4-8 years earlier in males compared to females, suggesting the protective role of estrogen in the disease. Furthermore, female patients have a higher risk of developing right-sided (proximal) colon cancer than male patients, which is known to have more aggressive clinical character compared to left-sided (distal) colon cancer. That is, left and right CRCs show differences in carcinogenic mechanism, that the chromosomal instability pathway is more common in left colon cancer while the microsatellite instability and serrated pathways are more common in right colon cancer. It is thought that there are sex-based differences on the background of carcinogenesis of CRC. Sex differences of CRC have two aspects, sexual dimorphism (biological differences in hormones and genes) and gender differences (non-biological differences in societal attitudes and behavior). Recently, sex difference of colon adenoma pathway and sexual dimorphism in the biology of gene and protein expression, and in endocrine cellular signaling in the CRC carcinogenesis have been accumulated. In addition, behavioral patterns can lead to differences in exposure to risk factors such as drinking or smoking, diet and physical activity. Therefore, understanding sex/gender-related biological and sociocultural differences in CRC risk will help in providing strategies for screening, treatment and prevention protocols to reduce the mortality and improve the quality of life. In this review, sex/gender differences in colon adenoma pathway and various aspects such as clinicopathological, biological, molecular, and socio-cultural aspects of CRC were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Gülşen T, Ergenç M, Şenol Z, Emirzeoğlu L, Güleç B. Clinicopathological outcomes of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:103-111. [PMID: 38554306 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1560_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to evaluate the histopathological features and prognostic parameters of tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI) compared with those without MSI in patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). SETTING AND DESIGN Follow-up for CRC at Istanbul Sultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital was retrospectively evaluated between March 2017 and March 2021. METHODS AND MATERIAL The patients were divided into two groups: those with and without MSI. Groups were compared in survival parameters. As a secondary result, groups were compared in pathological parameters such as stage, tumor diameter, degree of differentiation, and lymphovascular, and perineural invasion. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Survival calculations were performed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis method. The effects of various prognostic factors related to tumor and patient characteristics on disease-free and overall survival (OS) were investigated by log-rank test. RESULTS Two hundred fourteen patients were analyzed. The median age of the patients was 66 (30-89), and 59.3% (n = 127) were male. There were 25 patients in the MSI group and 189 patients in the non-MSI group. We found that MSI tumors had a significantly higher differentiation degree than non-MSI tumors and larger tumor diameters. MSI tumors frequently settled in the proximal colon, and more lymph nodes were removed in the resection material. MSI tumors had longer disease-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS By diagnosing microsatellite instability, CRCs can be divided into two groups. The histopathological features of the tumor and the prognosis of the disease differ between these groups. MSI can be a predictive marker in the patient's follow-up and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taygun Gülşen
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultanbeyli State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammer Ergenç
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultanbeyli State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Şenol
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultan 2, Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Emirzeoğlu
- Department of Oncology, Istanbul Sultan 2, Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Güleç
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultan 2, Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Osman S, Kahraman Çetin N, Erdoğdu İH, Meteoğlu İ. Mutation Profile via Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients with Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Its Clinicopathological Correlation. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 34:1124-1133. [PMID: 37737217 PMCID: PMC10724784 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2023.22682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recent studies that reveal the molecular profiles of colorectal carcinomas have demonstrated tumor heterogeneity. Characterization of colorectal carcinoma-specific genomic alterations is essential for developing more successful and targeted treat- ment protocols. Moreover, it is vital in elucidating the pathogenesis and mechanisms of resistance against treatment and predicting prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 73 cases diagnosed with colorectal carcinomas and subjected to molecular analysis by the next-generation sequencing. The association between the clinicopathologic parameters and pathogenic mutations detected in 32 genes was evaluated. RESULTS Pathogenic mutations were determined in a total of 24 genes. The Cell Division Cycle 27 (CDC27), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral proto-oncogene (KRAS), serine/threonine protein kinase B-raf (BRAF), phosphatase and tensin homolog, breast cancer 2 (BRCA2), and phosphotidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA) mutations were determined at higher rates, with the adenomatous polypo- sis coli mutation determined at a lower rate than in the literature. There were significant positive correlations between CDC27 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), PTEN and BRCA2, and PTEN and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) concomitant muta- tions, whereas negative correlations were present between BRAF and KRAS. Statistically significant relationships were present between KRAS exon 2 and mucinous morphology, PIK3CA and absence of perineural invasion, BRAF and tumor differentiation/localization, MutS homolog 3 (MSH3) and tumor diameter, and BRCA2 and absence of lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION It is necessary to have a comprehensive database of genomic alterations of colorectal carcinomas to interpret mutations more accurately clinically. There are no studies on the frequency of mutations in colorectal carcinomas in the Turkish population; thus, follow-up and treatment protocols are organized following the European and American databases and guidelines. A comprehensive study of the colorectal carcinoma patients' mutation profile in the Turkish patient cohort by the next-generation sequencing method will help to provide significant therapeutic, prognostic, and predictive data and design more successful treatment and follow-up strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Osman
- Department of Pathology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Nesibe Kahraman Çetin
- Department of Pathology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Halil Erdoğdu
- Department of Pathology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Meteoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
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Hashmi AA, Bukhari U, Rizwan R, Faisal F, Kumar R, Malik UA, Zia S, Khan AR, Sham S, Irfan M. Mismatch Repair Deficient (dMMR) Colorectal Carcinoma in a Pakistani Cohort: Association With Clinical and Pathological Parameters. Cureus 2023; 15:e42781. [PMID: 37664303 PMCID: PMC10469632 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microsatellite instability (MSI) is an important pathway in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) pathogenesis. MSI occurs due to mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes that include MutL protein homolog 1 (MLH1), postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2), MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), and MutS homolog 6 (MSH6). CRC with MSI is termed MMR deficient (dMMR) CRC. Conversely, CRC with intact MMR genes is called microsatellite stable (MSS) or MMR proficient (pMMR). In this study, we compared the clinicopathological features of dMMR CRC with pMMR CRC. Methods It was a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from March 2020 to February 2022, over a duration of two years. Biopsy-proven cases of CRC with upfront surgical resection were included in the study. Microscopic examination was performed to evaluate tumor type, grade, and extent of invasion, presence of necrosis, perineural invasion (PNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), peritumoral lymphocytes (PTL), intratumoral lymphocytes (ITL), and nodal metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using antibodies, namely, MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6. Any loss of nuclear expression in tumor cells was termed dMMR or microsatellite instable, whereas the intact nuclear expression in tumor cells was labeled as MSS or pMMR. Results A total of 135 cases of CRC were included in the study. The mean age at diagnosis was 46.76 ± 17.74 years, with female predominance (60.7%). The loss of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 expression was noted in 39.3%, 34.1%, 17.8%, and 16.3% cases, respectively. Overall, 59.3% of CRCs were pMMR, while 40.7% were dMMR. A significant association of MMR status was noted with respect to age, PNI, LVI, tumor grade, tumor (T) and nodal (N) stage, mucinous differentiation, and ITL. dMMR CRC was significantly above 50 years than pMMR CRC. The frequency of PNI and LVI was lower in dMMR CRC than in pMMR CRC. Conversely, the higher grade (grade 3) and higher T-stage (T4) were associated with dMMR CRC. Alternatively, the frequency of higher N stage (N2b) was more commonly seen in pMMR CRC. Moreover, mucinous differentiation and ITL were significantly associated with dMMR CRC. Conclusion A significant proportion of CRC patients in our population demonstrated dMMR status. dMMR CRC had a higher histological grade with a higher frequency of mucinous differentiation and higher T-stage. Conversely, the presence of LVI, PNI, and higher N stages were associated with pMMR CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif A Hashmi
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Ummara Bukhari
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Faiza Faisal
- General Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Internal Medicine, Chandka Medical College, Larkana, PAK
| | | | - Shamail Zia
- Pathology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Sunder Sham
- Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Statistics, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
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Mei WJ, Mi M, Qian J, Xiao N, Yuan Y, Ding PR. Clinicopathological characteristics of high microsatellite instability/mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer: A narrative review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1019582. [PMID: 36618386 PMCID: PMC9822542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1019582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) show molecular and clinicopathological characteristics that differ from those of proficient mismatch repair/microsatellite stable CRCs. Despite the importance of MSI-H/dMMR status in clinical decision making, the testing rates for MSI and MMR in clinical practice remain low, even in high-risk populations. Additionally, the real-world prevalence of MSI-H/dMMR CRC may be lower than that reported in the literature. Insufficient MSI and MMR testing fails to identify patients with MSI-H/dMMR CRC, who could benefit from immunotherapy. In this article, we describe the current knowledge of the clinicopathological features, molecular landscape, and radiomic characteristics of MSI-H/dMMR CRCs. A better understanding of the importance of MMR/MSI status in the clinical characteristics and prognosis of CRC may help increase the rates of MMR/MSI testing and guide the development of more effective therapies based on the unique features of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Mei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mi Mi
- Department of Medical Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER, Hangzhou, China,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ying Yuan, ; Pei-Rong Ding,
| | - Pei-Rong Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ying Yuan, ; Pei-Rong Ding,
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Development of novel models for predicting mismatch repair protein deficiency and relevant disease-free survival in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2022; 37:1449-1464. [PMID: 35482069 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-022-04150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein deficiency has attached more attention for its potential to be a biomarker of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, clinical models involving the expression status of MMR protein are rare. Herein, we sought to develop two clinical models (a diagnostic model for the prediction of MMR status and a prognostic model for the prediction of disease-free survival) for CRC patients. METHODS A total of 582 CRC patients were finally included. There were 53 patients with deficient expression of MMR protein. The differences between the deficient MMR (dMMR) group and the proficient MMR (pMMR) group were analyzed. RESULTS Compared to pMMR patients, those with dMMR status were younger and had better pathological features (depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, pathological stage, perineuronal invasion, and PLT level) and disease-free survival (DFS). The tumor location of the left colon, adenocarcinoma, and abnormal PLT level were identified as the independent predictors for pMMR. Based on these data, we developed the diagnostic model using Logistic regression analysis. It showed a satisfactory accuracy (AUC = 82.3% in the derivate set; AUC = 73.6% in the validation set). Furthermore, pMMR, poorer differentiation, perineuronal invasion, distant metastasis, lower hemoglobin level, and abnormal CEA level were established as the independent prognostic factors of poorer DFS. Based on them, a prognostic model with valuable performance (1-year AUC = 75.5%/3-year AUC = 76.9% in the derivate set; 1-year AUC = 72.3%/3-year AUC = 73.8% in the validation set) was developed. CONCLUSIONS Our diagnostic and prognostic models could identify CRC patients at risk for pMMR protein expression and disease recurrence. It may contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of CRC patients at an individual level.
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