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Mao L, Tian N, Wei C, Wang H, Yan H. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 3,9-Diazatetraasteranes as Novel EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Yeeravalli R, Das A. Molecular mediators of breast cancer metastasis. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021; 14:275-289. [PMID: 33744312 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has the highest incidence rate of malignancy in women worldwide. A major clinical challenge faced by patients with breast cancer treated by conventional therapies is frequent relapse. This relapse has been attributed to the cancer stem cell (CSC) population that resides within the tumor and possess stemness properties. Breast CSCs are generated when breast cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition resulting in aggressive, highly metastatic, and invasive phenotypes that exhibit resistance towards chemotherapeutics. Metastasis, a phenomenon that aids in the migration of breast CSCs, occurs through any of three different routes: hematogenous, lymphatic, and transcoelomic. Hematogenous dissemination of breast CSCs leads to metastasis towards distant unrelated organs like lungs, liver, bone, and brain causing secondary tumor generation. Activation of metastasis genes or silencing of metastasis suppressor genes often leads to the advancement of metastasis. This review focuses on various genes and molecular factors that have been implicated to regulate organ-specific breast cancer metastasis by defying the available therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Yeeravalli
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.
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3
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Takenaka T, Nakai S, Katayama M, Hirano M, Ueno N, Noguchi K, Takatani-Nakase T, Fujii I, Kobayashi SS, Nakase I. Effects of gefitinib treatment on cellular uptake of extracellular vesicles in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118762. [PMID: 31610280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (exosomes, EVs) are cell membrane particles (30-200 nm) secreted by virtually all cells. During intercellular communication in the body, secreted EVs play crucial roles by carrying functional biomolecules (e.g., microRNAs and enzymes) into other cells to affect cellular function, including disease progression. We previously reported that the macropinocytosis pathway contributes greatly to the efficient cellular uptake of EVs. The activation of growth factor receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), induces macropinocytosis. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR, on the cellular uptake of EVs. In EGFR-mutant HCC827 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, which are sensitive to gefitinib, macropinocytosis was suppressed by gefitinib treatment. However, the cellular uptake of EVs was increased by gefitinib treatment, whereas that of liposomes was reduced. In accordance with the results of the cellular uptake studies, the anti-cancer activity of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded EVs in HCC827 cells was significantly increased in the presence of gefitinib, whereas the activity of DOX-loaded liposomes was reduced. The digestion of EV proteins by trypsin did not affect uptake, suggesting that the cellular uptake of EVs might not be mediated by EV proteins. These results suggest that gefitinib can enhance cell-to-cell communication via EVs within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, EVs show potential as drug delivery vehicles in combination with gefitinib for the treatment of patients harboring EGFR-mutant NSCLC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takenaka
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakai
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Miku Katayama
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Mami Hirano
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ueno
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Kosuke Noguchi
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoka Takatani-Nakase
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujii
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Susumu S Kobayashi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
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4
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Yun XJ, Bai YH, Jing CC. Granular cell tumor of the esophagus: Report of one case and review of the Chinese literature. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:1167-1170. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i18.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a rare soft tissue tumor that has malignancy potential. Despite the lack of specific clinical manifestations, GCT has special gastroscopic and endoscopic ultrasonographic manifestations.
CASE SUMMARY A male patient was admitted because of epigastric pain for 20 d, and there were no positive signs of abdominal examination. Gastroscopy showed that there was a 0.5 cm × 0.7 cm submucous eminence on the right wall of the esophagus at 39 cm from the incisor, and the tumor had a yellowish and smooth surface, and was hard and movable on touch. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed that the lesion was slightly hyperechoic and originated from the submucosa. After endoscopic submucosal dissection, it was confirmed pathologically to be an esophageal GCT.
CONCLUSION Esophageal GCT is clinically rare and has specific endoscopic and pathological manifestations. Because of the malignancy potential, active endoscopic treatment is necessary. Surgical treatment is still needed for malignant lesions or lesions invading the muscle layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Huan Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chang-Chun Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252600, Shandong Province, China
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5
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Segovia-Mendoza M, González-González ME, Barrera D, Díaz L, García-Becerra R. Efficacy and mechanism of action of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib, lapatinib and neratinib in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2531-2561. [PMID: 26609467 PMCID: PMC4633889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of tumors, including breast cancer, overexpress proteins of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. The interaction between family members activates signaling pathways that promote tumor progression and resistance to treatment. Human epidermal growth factor receptor type II (HER2) positive breast cancer represents a clinical challenge for current therapy. It has motivated the development of novel and more effective therapeutic EGFR family target drugs, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). This review focuses on the effects of three TKIs mostly studied in HER2- positive breast cancer, lapatinib, gefitinib and neratinib. Herein, we discuss the mechanism of action, therapeutic advantages and clinical applications of these TKIs. To date, TKIs seem to be promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast tumors, either as monotherapy or combined with other pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Segovia-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránAvenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México, D. F., México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Interior, Cuidad UniversitariaAv. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, México D. F, México
| | - María E González-González
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránAvenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México, D. F., México
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránAvenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México, D. F., México
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránAvenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México, D. F., México
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránAvenida Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14080, México, D. F., México
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6
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Is there evidence for different effects among EGFR-TKIs? Systematic review and meta-analysis of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients harboring EGFR mutations. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 94:213-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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7
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Autophagosome-mediated EGFR down-regulation induced by the CK2 inhibitor enhances the efficacy of EGFR-TKI on EGFR-mutant lung cancer cells with resistance by T790M. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114000. [PMID: 25486409 PMCID: PMC4259313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 has diverse functions promoting and maintaining cancer phenotypes. We investigated the effect of CK2 inhibition in lung cancer cells with T790M-mediated resistance to the EGFR-TK inhibitor. Resistant sublines of PC-9 to gefitinib (PC-9/GR) and erlotinib (PC-9/ER) were established by previous study, and T790M secondary mutation was found in both resistant sublines. A decrease of EGFR by siRNA treatment effectively controlled the growth of resistant cells, thus suggesting that they still have EGFR-dependency. CX-4945, a potent and selective CK2 inhibitor, induced autophagy in PC-9/GR and PC-9/ER, and which was supported by the induction of autophagic vacuoles and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) expression, and the increase of punctate fluorescent signals in resistant cells pre-transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged LC3. However, the withdrawal of CX-4945 led to the recovery of cancer cells with autophagy. We found that the induction of autophagy by CX-4945 in both resistant cells was CK2 dependent by using small interfering RNA against CK2. The treatment with CX-4945 alone induced a minimal growth inhibition in resistant cells. However, combined treatment of CX-4945 and EGFR-TKI effectively inhibited cancer-cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. CX-4945 increased the translocation of EGFR from the cell surface into the autophagosome, subsequently leading to the decrease of EGFR while inhibition of autophagy by 3MA or Atg7-targeted siRNA pretreatment reduced the decrease of EGFR by CX-4945. Accordingly, apoptosis by a combination of CX-4945 and EGFR-TKI was suppressed by 3MA or Atg7-targeted siRNA pretreatment, thus suggesting that autophagosome-mediated EGFR down-regulation would have an important role regarding apoptotic cell death by EGFR-TKI. Combined treatment of the CK2 inhibitor and EGFR-TKI may be a promising strategy for overcoming T790M-mediated resistance.
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8
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Karachaliou N, Rosell R. Targeted treatment of mutated EGFR-expressing non-small-cell lung cancer: focus on erlotinib with companion diagnostics. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 5:73-79. [PMID: 28210145 PMCID: PMC5217512 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s50671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Deeper understanding of the pathobiology of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has led to the development of small molecules that target genetic mutations known to play critical roles in the progression to metastatic disease. The discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in 15%–20% of lung adenocarcinomas and the associated response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have provided a successful avenue of attack in late-stage adenocarcinomas. Use of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib is limited to patients who have adenocarcinomas with known activating EGFR mutations. However, the EGFR mutation testing landscape is varied and includes many screening and targeted methods, each with its own benefits and limitations. These tests can simplify the drug discovery process, make clinical trials more efficient and informative, and individualize cancer therapy. In practice, the choice of method should be determined by the nature of the sample to be tested, the testing laboratory’s expertise and access to equipment, and whether the detection of only known activating EGFR mutations, or of all possible mutations, is required. Development of companion diagnostic tests for this identification is advancing; nevertheless, the use of such tests merits greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- Translational Research Unit, Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Karachaliou N, Rosell R. Systemic treatment in EGFR-ALK NSCLC patients: second line therapy and beyond. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:173-81. [PMID: 25364578 PMCID: PMC4197428 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with adenocarcinoma being the most common histological subtype. Deeper understanding of the pathobiology of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has led to the development of small molecules that target genetic mutations known to play critical roles in progression to metastatic disease and to influence response to targeted therapies. The principle goal of precision medicine is to define those patient populations most likely to respond to targeted therapies. However, the cancer genome landscape is composed of relatively few "mountains" [representing the most commonly mutated genes like KRAS, epidermal growth factor (EGFR), and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)] and a vast number of "hills" (representing low frequency but potentially actionable mutations). Low-frequency lesions that affect a druggable gene product allow a relatively small population of cancer patients for targeted therapy to be selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- 1 Translational Research Unit, Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, 08028 Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Fundación Molecular Oncology Research (MORe), Sabino Arana 5-19, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Translational Research Unit, Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, 08028 Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Fundación Molecular Oncology Research (MORe), Sabino Arana 5-19, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Lee SH, Lee JY, Jung CL, Bae IH, Suh KH, Ahn YG, Jin DH, Kim TW, Suh YA, Jang SJ. A novel antagonist to the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) potentiates cell death in EGFR-overexpressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1477. [PMID: 25321484 PMCID: PMC4649530 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the effort to develop an efficient chemotherapy drug for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we analyzed the anti-tumorigenic effects of a novel small molecule targeting the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAPs), HM90822B, on NSCLC cells. HM90822B efficiently decreased IAP expression, especially that of XIAP and survivin, in several NSCLC cells. Interestingly, cells overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) due to the mutations were more sensitive to HM90822B, undergoing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis when treated. In xenograft experiments, inoculated EGFR-overexpressing NSCLC cells showed tumor regression when treated with the inhibitor, demonstrating the chemotherapeutic potential of this agent. Mechanistically, decreased levels of EGFR, Akt and phospho-MAPKs were observed in inhibitor-treated PC-9 cells on phosphorylation array and western blotting analysis, indicating that the reagent inhibited cell growth by preventing critical cell survival signaling pathways. In addition, gene-specific knockdown studies against XIAP and/or EGFR further uncovered the involvement of Akt and MAPK pathways in HM90822B-mediated downregulation of NSCLC cell growth. Together, these results support that HM90822B is a promising candidate to be developed as lung tumor chemotherapeutics by targeting oncogenic activities of IAP together with inhibiting cell survival signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Lee
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-Y Lee
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C L Jung
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - I H Bae
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - K H Suh
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Y G Ahn
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - D-H Jin
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T W Kim
- 1] Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Medicinal Oncology, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-A Suh
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S J Jang
- 1] Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Pathology, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Jürgensmeier JM, Eder JP, Herbst RS. New strategies in personalized medicine for solid tumors: molecular markers and clinical trial designs. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4425-35. [PMID: 25183480 PMCID: PMC5369358 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The delineation of signaling pathways to understand tumor biology combined with the rapid development of technologies that allow broad molecular profiling and data analysis has led to a new era of personalized medicine in oncology. Many academic institutions now routinely profile patients and discuss their cases in meetings of personalized medicine tumor boards before making treatment recommendations. Clinical trials initiated by pharmaceutical companies often require specific markers for enrollment or at least explore multiple options for future markers. In addition to the still small number of targeted agents that are approved for the therapy of patients with histological and molecularly defined tumors, a broad range of novel targeted agents in development are undergoing clinical studies with companion profiling to determine the best-responding patient population. Although the present focus of profiling lies in genetic analyses, additional tests of RNA, protein, and immune parameters are being developed and incorporated in clinical research, and these methods are likely to contribute significantly to future patient selection and treatment approaches. As the advances in tumor biology and human genetics have identified promising tumor targets, the ongoing clinical evaluation of novel agents will now need to show if the promise can be translated into benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph P Eder
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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12
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Mine N, Yamamoto S, Kufe DW, Von Hoff DD, Kawabe T. Activation of Nrf2 pathways correlates with resistance of NSCLC cell lines to CBP501 in vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2215-25. [PMID: 25053821 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CBP501 is an anticancer drug candidate that was investigated in two randomized phase II clinical trials for patients with nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). CBP501 has been shown to have two mechanisms of action, namely calmodulin modulation and G2 checkpoint abrogation. Here, we searched for a biomarker to predict sensitivity to CBP501. Twenty-eight NSCLC cell lines were classified into two subgroups, CBP501-sensitive and -insensitive, by quantitatively analyzing the cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (II) (CDDP)-enhancing activity of CBP501 through treatments with short-term (1 hour) coexposure to CDDP and CBP501 or to either alone. Microarray analysis was performed on these cell lines to identify gene expression patterns that correlated with CBP501 sensitivity. We found that multiple nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) target genes showed high expression in CBP501-insensitive cell lines. Western blot and immunocytochemical analysis for Nrf2 in NSCLC cell lines also indicated higher protein level in CBP501-insensitive cell lines. Moreover, CBP501 sensitivity is modulated by silencing or sulforaphane-induced overexpression of Nrf2. These results indicate that Nrf2 transcription factor is a potential candidate as a biomarker for resistance to CBP501. This study might help to identify those subpopulations of patients who would respond well to the CBP501 and CDDP combination treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald W Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Lee CC, Shiao HY, Wang WC, Hsieh HP. Small-molecule EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1333-48. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.928283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Peng X, Xie G, Wang Z, Lin H, Zhou T, Xiang P, Jiang Y, Yang S, Wei Y, Yu L, Zhao Y. SKLB-163, a new benzothiazole-2-thiol derivative, exhibits potent anticancer activity by affecting RhoGDI/JNK-1 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1143. [PMID: 24675461 PMCID: PMC3973246 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors are an attractive therapeutic approach for most types of human cancers. SKLB-163, a novel benzothiazole-2-thiol derivative, was developed via computer-aided drug design and de novo synthesis. MTT assay showed it had potent anti-proliferative activity on various human cancer cells. Treatment of cancer cells with SKLB-163 induced obvious apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in vitro. SKLB-163 administered p.o. showed a marked antitumor activity in vivo. Proteomic techniques were employed to identify possible drug target proteins. The data showed molecular mechanism of action might be involved in downregulation of RhoGDI, which finally contributed to increased apoptosis and inhibited proliferation. These findings provided the potential value of SKLB-163 as a novel candidate antitumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Peng
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - G Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - T Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Karachaliou N, Rosell R, Morales-Espinosa D, Viteri S. Systemic treatment in EGFR-ALK NSCLC patients: second line therapy and beyond. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:807-15. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.896210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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SHIMOYAMA SHOUJI. Unraveling trastuzumab and lapatinib inefficiency in gastric cancer: Future steps (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:175-181. [PMID: 24649329 PMCID: PMC3917765 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly developed concept of oncogene addiction provides a rationale for the use of targeted therapies. In sharp contrast to the field of breast cancer treatment, attempts to target human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) among gastric cancer (GC) patients have been unsatisfactory. The ToGA trial reported only a modest prolongation of progression-free survival (PFS) with trastuzumab and the subsequent TYTAN and LOGiC trials failed to demonstrate any survival advantage with lapatinib. These results suggest that a response to the molecular-targeted therapies is achieved in only a fraction of the patients; in addition, even responders may experience secondary resistance, with the efficacy of the treatment being decreased or abrogated over a short period of time. Considering the increased recognition of primary or acquired resistance, recent investigations on targeted therapies have been primarily focused on determining in advance the mechanisms that may mediate resistance to treatment and the methods through which such obstacles may be circumvented. The proposed molecules or mechanisms that may be responsible for the development of resistance to single HER2-targeted therapy include a dimerization partner or crosstalk with HER2, such as HER3 and MET, as well as any subsequent activation of their downstream pathways, which exhibit a partial overlap with those of HER2. Furthermore, genetic alterations that stimulate the aberrant activation of the pathways downstream of HER2 may be the underlying mechanisms that restore prosurvival signaling. These mechanisms generate a complex signaling network with a significant potential for signal amplification and diversification. Although in the early stages of description, several compounds have been suggested as next generation treatments for GC, with expectations for their delineating the function of such receptors or molecules, with subsequent contributions of specific survival signaling blockades. This review focuses on the current achievements of anti-HER2 therapies in GC and the plausible mechanisms of resistance to these therapies. Elucidating these mechanisms of resistance may provide valuable information pertinent to the design of future strategies to improve molecular-targeted therapies.
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Factors affecting the association between overall survival and progression-free survival in clinical trials of first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:839-48. [PMID: 24562618 PMCID: PMC3983956 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New treatment strategies, particularly the introduction of molecular-targeted agents and appropriate patient selection based on histology and/or genotyping, have progressed markedly in recent years, and the overall survival (OS) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has improved. The aim of the study was to identify factors affecting longer OS than that estimated from progression-free survival (PFS) in first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC. METHODS Sixty-five controlled trials for first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC were extracted for the study. Factors influencing higher than predicted OS were examined by logistic regression analysis between the OS-extended group and the OS-association group. RESULTS PFS was moderately associated with OS. Twenty arms of 14 trials were categorized as an OS-extended group, in which the ratio of observed OS to estimated OS was found to be over 1.2. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, number of patients lower than 150, average age younger than 63 years, and percentage of squamous carcinoma <30 % were found to significantly affect this relationship. CONCLUSION We identified number of patients and well-known prognostic factors including age and histological cancer type as factors influencing longer OS. These factors should be considered for patient eligibility, when PFS is used as a surrogate primary endpoint for OS in randomized clinical trials of first-line treatment for patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Abstract
Innate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL (interleukin)-1 and TNF (tumour necrosis factor) families initiate the cascade of events by inducing chemokine release from bystander cells and by the up-regulation of adhesion molecules required for transendothelial trafficking of immune cells. Furthermore, innate cytokines produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells and innate lymphoid cells seem to play a critical role in polarization of helper T-cell cytokine profiles into specific subsets of Th1/Th2/Th17 effector cells or regulatory T-cells. Lastly, the innate immune system down-regulates effector mechanisms and restores homoeostasis in injured tissue via cytokines from the IL-10 and TGF (transforming growth factor) families mainly released from macrophages, preferentially the M2 subset, which have a capacity to induce regulatory T-cells, inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce healing of the tissue by regulating extracellular matrix protein deposition and angiogenesis. Cytokines produced by innate immune cells represent an attractive target for therapeutic intervention, and multiple molecules are currently being tested clinically in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic diseases, autoinflammatory syndromes, fibrosing processes or malignancies. In addition to the already widely used blockers of TNFα and the tested inhibitors of IL-1 and IL-6, multiple therapeutic molecules are currently in clinical trials targeting TNF-related molecules [APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and BAFF (B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family)], chemokine receptors, IL-17, TGFβ and other cytokines.
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Zámečníkova A. Novel approaches to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their role in the fight against cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:77-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.865012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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