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Malla RR, Nellipudi HR, Srilatha M, Nagaraju GP. HER-2 positive gastric cancer: Current targeted treatments. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133247. [PMID: 38906351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is highly metastatic and characterized by HER2 amplification. Aberrant HER2 expression drives metastasis, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence. HER2 amplification contributes to drug resistance by upregulating DNA repair enzymes and drug afflux proteins, reducing drug efficacy. HER2 modulates transcription factors critical for cancer stem cell properties, further impacting drug resistance. HER2 activity is influenced by HER-family ligands, promoting oncogenic signaling. These features point to HER2 as a targetable driver in GC. This review outlines recent advances in HER2-mediated mechanisms and their upstream and downstream signaling pathways in GC. Additionally, it discusses preclinical research investigation that comprehends trastuzumab-sensitizing phytochemicals, chemotherapeutics, and nanoparticles as adjunct therapies. These developments hold promise for improving outcomes and enhancing the management of HER2-positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, AP 530045, India
| | | | - Mundla Srilatha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, AP, India
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Wang H, Nie C, Xu W, Li J, Gou H, Lv H, Chen B, Wang J, Liu Y, He Y, Zhao J, Chen X. In era of immunotherapy: the value of trastuzumab beyond progression in patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2024; 17:17562848241245455. [PMID: 38617123 PMCID: PMC11010747 DOI: 10.1177/17562848241245455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background For patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer who have progressed on first-line trastuzumab therapy, the clinical value of the continuous use of trastuzumab beyond progression (TBP) is controversial. Objectives The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and explore new treatment strategies of TBP for patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer in the era of cancer immunotherapy. Design Retrospective analysis. Methods Patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer who have failed first-line treatment based on trastuzumab-targeted therapy from June 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. Survival curves of patients were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results In all, 30 patients received TBP with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or anti-angiogenic therapy, and the other 26 patients received treatment of physician's choice without trastuzumab. The median PFS in the TBP and non-TBP population was 6.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.8-8.2] and 3.5 (95% CI = 2.2-4.8) months, respectively (p = 0.038), and the median OS was 12.3 (95% CI = 10.4-14.2) and 9.0 (95% CI = 6.6-11.4) months (p = 0.008). The patients who received TBP treatment had more favorable PFS and OS than the non-TBP population. In the TBP group, patients who received trastuzumab plus chemotherapy and immunotherapy had higher ORR (40.0% versus 16.7%), DCR (90.0% versus 50.0%), and showed a significant improvement in PFS (7.0 versus 1.9 m) compared to TBP with chemotherapy alone. Subgroup analysis suggested that patients with male, HER2 positive with immunohistochemistry score 3+ and PFS of first-line treatment less than 6 months had a greater benefit from TBP. The incidence of Grade 3-4 adverse events in the TBP and non-TBP groups was 43.3% and 38.5%. Conclusion The continuous use of TBP improves PFS and OS in patients with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric cancer with well-tolerated toxicity. In the era of immunotherapy, TBP combined with chemotherapy and immunotherapy may further enhance the clinical benefit and provide a new treatment strategy. Trial registration This study is a retrospective study, which does not require clinical registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Endoscopic Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Caiyun Nie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endoscopic Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - He Gou
- Department of Endoscopic Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianzheng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yunduan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127 Dongming Road, Jinshui, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Zhang Z, Huang J, Li Y, Yan H, Xie J, Wang J, Zhao B. Global burden, risk factors, clinicopathological characteristics, molecular biomarkers and outcomes of microsatellite instability-high gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:948-963. [PMID: 38224334 PMCID: PMC10817383 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) has gained considerable interests since it was approved as a tumor-agnostic biomarker in immunotherapy. However, the reported characteristics of MSI-H gastric cancer (GC) are inconsistent due to the biological complexity. Here, we aim to clarify the prevalence, risk factors, clinicopathological/molecular features and outcomes of MSI-H GC though a comprehensive review on 43246 patients from 134 cohorts. Overall, the proportion of MSI-H GC was 14.5% (95% CI, 13.3%-15.8%). Patients with MSI-H GC were less likely to have Epstein-Barr virus infection. High incidences of MSI-H GC were associated with female, older age, lower gastric body, Lauren intestinal histology, WHO tubular and mucinous subtypes, and early disease stage. Additionally, patients with MSI-H GC harbored more KRAS mutation, PD-L1 positivity, CD8 overexpression, and higher TMB, but less HER2 positivity and TP53 mutation. When treated with conventional strategy, the 5-year survival rates in MSI-H patients (70.3%) and MSI-L/MSS patients (43.7%) were significantly different (p<0.001). Patients with MSI-H GC derived larger benefit from immunotherapy in term of overall survival (pInteraction<0.001) and objective response (pInteraction=0.02). Since the prevalence of MSI-H GC is relatively high and associated with distinct clinicopathological and molecular characteristics, MSI testing should be conducted during standard diagnostical activity. Moreover, giving MSI-H tumors are often diagnosed at early stage and have favorable outcomes, less aggressive treatment strategies may be considered in clinical practice. In summary, this panoramic review may assist in design and/or interpretation of clinical trials, provide references in drug development, and constitute complementary information in drafting the clinical practice guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishan Zhang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Jinyuan Huang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Huimeng Yan
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Junxing Xie
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Abderhalden LA, Wu P, Amonkar MM, Lang BM, Shah S, Jin F, Frederickson AM, Mojebi A. Clinical Outcomes for Previously Treated Patients with Advanced Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:1031-1045. [PMID: 37219679 PMCID: PMC10754747 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-023-00932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although second-line treatments improve survival compared to best supportive care in patients with advanced gastric cancer with disease progression on first-line therapy, prognosis remains poor. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to quantify the efficacy of second-or-later line systemic therapies in this target population. METHODS A systematic literature review (January 1, 2000 to July 6, 2021) of Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL with additional searches of 2019-2021 annual ASCO and ESMO conferences was conducted to identify studies in the target population. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed among studies involving chemotherapies and targeted therapies relevant in treatment guidelines and HTA activities. Outcomes of interest were objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) presented as Kaplan-Meier data. Randomized controlled trials reporting any of the outcomes of interest were included. For OS and PFS, individual patient-level data were reconstructed from published Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS Forty-four trials were eligible for the analysis. Pooled ORR (42 trials; 77 treatment arms; 7256 participants) was 15.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 12.7-17.5%). Median OS from the pooled analysis (34 trials; 64 treatment arms; 60,350 person-months) was 7.9 months (95% CI 7.4-8.5). Median PFS from the pooled analysis (32 trials; 61 treatment arms; 28,860 person-months) was 3.5 months (95% CI 3.2-3.7). CONCLUSION Our study confirms poor prognosis among patients with advanced gastric cancer, following disease progression on first-line therapy. Despite the approved, recommended, and experimental systemic treatments available, there is still an unmet need for novel interventions for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Wu
- PRECISIONheor, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Fan Jin
- Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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Yoshihara K, Kobayashi Y, Endo S, Fukae M, Hennig S, Kastrissios H, Kamiyama E, Garimella T, Abutarif M. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan Dosing in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Gastric Cancer: Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Exposure-Response Analysis. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:1232-1243. [PMID: 37393579 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the benefit/risk of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) 6.4 mg/kg in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive gastric cancer using pharmacometrics. A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model was developed using data from patients with gastric cancer, breast cancer, or other tumors in T-DXd clinical trials, primarily conducted in Asia. Post hoc model-estimated pharmacokinetic metrics were used in exposure-efficacy (objective response rates, ORRs) and exposure-safety analyses. The PopPK analysis included 808 patients (217 with gastric cancer, 512 with breast cancer, and 79 with other cancers). In gastric cancer, the T-DXd 6.4 mg/kg steady-state exposure metrics were lower compared with 6.4 mg/kg in breast cancer, but were similar to 5.4 mg/kg in breast cancer. Tumor type was selected as a significant covariate on T-DXd clearance. In exposure-efficacy analysis among 160 patients with gastric cancer, the T-DXd steady-state minimum concentration was associated with a confirmed ORR in univariate logistic regression analysis (P = .023). The model-predicted confirmed ORRs in gastric cancer were 36.0% (90%CI 29.3% to 43.7%) with 5.4 mg/kg and 40.0% (90%CI 33.1% to 47.6%) with 6.4 mg/kg. Among 808 patients in the exposure-safety analyses, the model-predicted estimates for the rates of any-grade interstitial lung disease (ILD) over a period of 180 days were 10.2% (90%CI 8.7% to 12.8%) with 6.4 mg/kg in gastric cancer and 9.7% (90%CI 8.2% to 11.8%) with 5.4 mg/kg in breast cancer. In gastric cancer, the efficacy of T-DXd was higher at 6.4 mg/kg than at 5.4 mg/kg. Exposure and ILD rates were comparable between 6.4 mg/kg in gastric cancer and 5.4 mg/kg in breast cancer. This study identified T-DXd 6.4 mg/kg as the recommended dose in HER2-positive gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Yoshihara
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Seiko Endo
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Fukae
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Helen Kastrissios
- Certara Inc., Melbourne, Australia
- QuanTx Consulting, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Emi Kamiyama
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tushar Garimella
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ, USA
| | - Malaz Abutarif
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Daiichi Sankyo Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ, USA
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Dadgar N, Edlukudige Keshava V, Raj MS, Wagner PL. The Influence of the Microbiome on Immunotherapy for Gastroesophageal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4426. [PMID: 37760397 PMCID: PMC10526145 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown promise as a treatment option for gastroesophageal cancer, but its effectiveness is limited in many patients due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) commonly found in gastrointestinal tumors. This paper explores the impact of the microbiome on the TME and immunotherapy outcomes in gastroesophageal cancer. The microbiome, comprising microorganisms within the gastrointestinal tract, as well as within malignant tissue, plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses and tumor development. Dysbiosis and reduced microbial diversity are associated with poor response rates and treatment resistance, while specific microbial profiles correlate with improved outcomes. Understanding the complex interactions between the microbiome, tumor biology, and immunotherapy is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Microbiome-based biomarkers may enable personalized treatment approaches and prediction of patient response. Interventions targeting the microbiome, such as microbiota-based therapeutics and dietary modifications, offer the potential for reshaping the gut microbiota and creating a favorable TME that enhances immunotherapy efficacy. Further research is needed to reveal the underlying mechanisms, and large-scale clinical trials will be required to validate the efficacy of microbiome-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Dadgar
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | | | - Moses S. Raj
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; (V.E.K.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Patrick L. Wagner
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; (V.E.K.); (M.S.R.)
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Costache S, Sajin M, Wedden S, D'Arrigo C. A consolidated working classification of gastric cancer for histopathologists (Review). Biomed Rep 2023; 19:58. [PMID: 37614984 PMCID: PMC10442765 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a disease with poor prognosis despite increasing availability of more effective targeted treatment. This may be in part due to the difficulty in selecting patients for appropriate treatment. Conventional taxonomic classifications of GC are ill-suited to make full use of recent advances in personalised therapy. In the past decade a number of molecular classifications have been proposed to address this; however, to date, there has been little implementation in the diagnostic routine. The lack of harmonisation between these classifications, the complexity and unavailability of some of the tests required plus the demands on time and resources, all contribute to poor uptake in the diagnostic routine. In the present study, these classifications were reviewed and an inclusive working classification that includes their main points, focuses on prognosis and treatment options and can be delivered using four on-slide tests (in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr encoding region and immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair, E-cadherin and p53) is proposed. These tests can be performed on paraffin-embedded tissue and could be available in the majority of histopathology laboratories. The proposed classification also includes reflex testing for specific biomarkers relevant to treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Costache
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Poundbury Cancer Institute, Dorchester DT13BJ, UK
| | - Maria Sajin
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sarah Wedden
- Cancer Diagnostic Quality Assurance Services (CADQAS), Dorchester DT13BJ, UK
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Yu Y, Xu B, Xiang L, Ding T, Wang N, Yu R, Gu B, Gao L, Maswikiti EP, Wang Y, Li H, Bai Y, Zheng P, Ma C, Wang B, Wang X, Zhang T, Chen H. Photodynamic therapy improves the outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitors via remodelling anti-tumour immunity in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:798-813. [PMID: 37335366 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) plays an immunoregulatory role in tumours. Here, we conducted a retrospective patient analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of PDT plus immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in gastric cancer. Further, we performed a dynamic analysis of gastric cancer patients receiving PDT to clarify its effects on anti-tumour immunity. METHODS Forty ICI-treated patients that received PDT or not were retrospectively analysed. Five patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were enrolled for sample collection before and after PDT. Single-cell RNA/T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, flow cytometry and histological exanimation were used to analyse the collected specimens. RESULTS Patients in PDT group had a significantly better OS after ICI treatment than those in No PDT group. Single-cell analysis identified ten cell types in gastric cancer tissues and four sub-populations of T cells. Immune cell infiltration increased in the tumours after PDT and the circular immune cells showed consistent alterations. TCR analysis revealed a specific clonal expansion after PDT in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), but a constriction in Tregs. The B2M gene is upregulated in tumour cells after PDT and is associated with immune cell infiltration. Several pathways involving the positive regulation of immunity were enriched in tumour cells in the post-PDT group. The interactions following PDT were increased between tumour cells and effector cells but decreased between Tregs and other immune cells. Some co-stimulatory signaling emerged, whereas co-inhibitory signaling disappeared in intercellular communication after PDT. CONCLUSIONS PDT elicits an anti-tumour response through various mechanisms and is promising as an adjuvant to enhance ICI benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Xu
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianlong Ding
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Wang
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Yu
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baohong Gu
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Gao
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ewetse Paul Maswikiti
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiyuan Li
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Bai
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chenhui Ma
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bofang Wang
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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9
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Chen Y, Chen S, Zhu J, Yang S, Yu Q, Xu S. PRKAA1 predicts prognosis and is associated with immune characteristics in gastric cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:252. [PMID: 37482545 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
PRKAA1 is the α-subunit of 5-AMP-activated protein kinase. This study aimed to investigate the role of PRKAA1 expression with multiple clinical parameters, the overall survival rate, blood indexes, and immune infiltration in gastric cancer (GC) patients. We investigated PRKAA1 expression data in GC patients using ELISA, protein atlas, UALCAN, and GEPIA. PRKAA1 expression was associated with immune cell infiltration, and immune cell types were analyzed with the TIMER, DICE, and protein atlas databases. We compared the level of PRKAA1 expression based on the clinical features of GC patients (n = 345). GC patients were divided into two groups based on PRKAA1 expression, and the lymphocyte subsets, overall survival rate, and clinical parameters were compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cell and biochemical indexes. PRKAA1 was highly expressed in the serum of GC patients compared with that of healthy individuals. GC patients with distant metastases, a later TNM stage, and stage IV in UICC exhibited higher PRKAA1 expression. PRKAA1 expression was significantly correlated with circulating T cells. The protein atlas and DICE database results confirmed that PRKAA1 was closely associated with T cells in a single-cell cluster. Furthermore, GC patients with low PRKAA1 expression had better OS rates. PRKAA1 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for GC and have an association with immune infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Shaoxue Yang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Songxiao Xu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
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10
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King DA, Weiel JJ, Reyes R, Mills M, Itchon A, Fisher GA, Ford JM, Suarez CJ. Therapeutic Implications of Oncogenic Missense HER2 ( ERBB2) Mutations in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200093. [PMID: 36787506 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A King
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute and Feinstein Institute of Research, Lake Success, NY
| | - Julianna J Weiel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Pathology, Billings Clinic, Billings, MT
| | - Rochelle Reyes
- Early Drug Development Group, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Meredith Mills
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Antonita Itchon
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - George A Fisher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - James M Ford
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Carlos J Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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11
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Yu Y, Yu R, Wang N, Bai Y, Shi Q, Maswikiti EP, Chen H. Photodynamic therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy for first-line treatment in advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: A phase 2-3 clinical trial protocol. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1063775. [PMID: 36778024 PMCID: PMC9908746 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1063775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has been approved as the first-line therapy for metastatic gastric cancer in China. The treatment response of immune checkpoint inhibitor is highly dependent on the immune condition within the tumor microenvironment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has a long history in cancer treatment, and recent studies showed it had an immunomodulatory effect on the tumor. Here we will conduct a trial to assess whether or not a combination with Photodynamic therapy will improve the outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-based treatment in patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Methods: This study is a single-center, open-label, randomized controlled, phase 2-3 trial. Patients (18-65 years old) with untreated gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma will be eligible for this trial. Sixty participants will be enrolled and randomly divided into the test group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30) to receive photodynamic therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor plus chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor plus chemotherapy, respectively. The primary is progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary outcomes include objective response rates (ORRs) and the occurrence of adverse events. In addition, we will also assess the changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor microenvironment after photodynamic therapy treatment in the test group. Evaluation of the tumor response will be performed every two cycles for a maximum of eight cycles. Discussion: Photodynamic therapy has an immunomodulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment; however, this has not been demonstrated for gastric cancer in a clinical trial. Based on our experience of photodynamic therapy treatment in digestive tract tumors, we plan to conduct a randomized controlled trial on this topic. This will be the first study to evaluate the synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy with immunochemotherapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Ethics and dissemination: It was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (No. 2022A-491). When this trial is completed, it will be shared at conferences and submitted for a potential publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2200064280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Yu
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Wang
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Bai
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianling Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ewetse Paul Maswikiti
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hao Chen,
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12
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Nie C, Lv H, Chen B, Xu W, Wang J, Wang S, Liu Y, He Y, Zhao J, Chen X. High DCR and Better Survival in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Gastric Cancer Receiving Anti-Angiogenic TKI plus Chemotherapy: A Real-World Study. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338221150561. [PMID: 36632666 PMCID: PMC9982383 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221150561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study was carried out to assess the efficacy and drug toxicity of anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) plus chemotherapy as second-line or above therapeutic regime in advanced or metastatic gastric cancer patients. Methods: From November 2017 to April 2020, advanced or metastatic gastric cancer patients who have failed from prior treatment and received apatinib combined with irinotecan or irinotecan treatment were analyzed. The primary observed indicator was progression-free survival (PFS). Objective: response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), and drug toxicity were also evaluated. Results: 26 patients received apatinib combined with irinotecan and 29 patients received irinotecan. The ORR in the combination therapy and monotherapy population was 26.9% and 17.2%, respectively. The DCR in the apatinib combined with irinotecan group was higher than in irinotecan monotherapy population (80.8% vs 55.2%, P = .043). Median PFS was 4.2 months in the combination group and 3.3 months in the monotherapy group (P = .020). Median OS was 8.0 months in the combination group and 5.9 months in the monotherapy group (P = .048). Except for ECOG PS 2, PFS and OS were generally consistent across subgroups by sex, age, number of metastatic sites and primary tumor site. The incidence of Grade 3-4 adverse events in combination and monotherapy group was 23.1% and 20.7%, respectively. In apatinib combined with irinotecan group, adverse events that were attributed to apatinib were secondary hypertension (in seven patients, 26.9%), hand-foot syndrome (5,19.2%), and proteinuria (5, 19.2%). Univariate analysis demonstrated that secondary hypertension was considered to be a favorable factor (P = .040) for longer OS in combination therapy group. Conclusions: Compared with chemotherapy alone, anti-angiogenic TKI plus chemotherapy showed better PFS, OS and DCR in advanced or metastatic gastric cancer as second-line or above therapy, with a tolerable and manageable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Nie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianzheng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Saiqi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunduan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention &
Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of
Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal
Cancer, Zhengzhou, China,Xiaobing Chen, Department of Medical
Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer
Hospital, No. 127 Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou City, Henan
Province 450008, China.
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13
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Qu J, He X, Luo Y, Yu P, Chen Y, Liu J, Wang X, Wang C, Liang T, Bai Y, Han Y, Man L, Leng C, Zhou C, He L, Wang X, Liu Y, Qu X. Evaluation of second-line apatinib plus irinotecan as a treatment for advanced gastric adenocarcinoma or gastroesophageal conjunction adenocarcinoma: a prospective, multicenter phase II trial. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1072943. [PMID: 37168383 PMCID: PMC10166633 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1072943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Apatinib and irinotecan are used as systematic therapies for advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJA), while the evidence for their combination as second-line therapy in these patients is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of second-line apatinib plus irinotecan for the treatment of GAC and GEJA. Methods In this prospective, multicenter phase II clinical study, 28 patients with advanced GAC or GEJA who received second-line apatinib plus irinotecan were recruited. Results In total, 1 (3.6%) patient achieved complete response, 7 (25.0%) patients achieved partial response, 13 (46.4%) patients had stable disease, and 4 (14.3%) patients showed progressive disease, while clinical response was not evaluable or not assessed in 3 (10.7%) patients. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 28.6% and 75.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, the median (95% confidence interval (CI)) progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.5 (3.9-5.1) months, and the median (95% CI) overall survival (OS) was 11.3 (7.4-15.1) months. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, male sex, liver metastasis, and peritoneal metastasis were independently associated with worse PFS or OS, while treatment duration ≥5 months was independently associated with better OS. In terms of the safety profile, 89.3% of patients experienced treatment-emergent adverse events of any grade, among which 82.1% of patients had grade 1-2 adverse events and 64.3% of patients had grade 3-4 adverse events. Conclusion Apatinib plus irinotecan as second-line therapy achieves a good treatment response and satisfactory survival with tolerable safety in patients with advanced GAC or GEJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Liang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxian Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Li Man
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anshan Cancer Hospital, Anshan, China
| | - Chuanchun Leng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Anshan, Anshan, China
| | - Caiyun Zhou
- The Fourth Oncology Departments, Huludao Central Hospital, Huludao, China
| | - Lijie He
- Department of Medical Oncology, People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Benxi Iron and Steel Industry Group of Liaoning Health Industry Group, Benxi, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiujuan Qu, ; Yunpeng Liu,
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiujuan Qu, ; Yunpeng Liu,
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14
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Haque E, Esmail A, Muhsen I, Salah H, Abdelrahim M. Recent Trends and Advancements in the Diagnosis and Management of Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5615. [PMID: 36428707 PMCID: PMC9688354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is an enigmatic malignancy that has recently been shown to be increasing in incidence globally. There has been recent progress in emerging technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Improvements in non-invasive diagnostic techniques with serological tests and biomarkers have led to decreased use of invasive procedures such as endoscopy. A multidisciplinary approach is used to treat gastric cancer, with recent significant advancements in systemic therapies used in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapies. New therapeutic targets have been identified and clinical trials are taking place to assess their efficacy and safety. In this review, we provide an overview of the current and emerging treatment strategies and diagnostic techniques for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emaan Haque
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Esmail
- Section of GI Oncology, Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ibrahim Muhsen
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haneen Salah
- Department of Pathology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Section of GI Oncology, Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cockrell Center for Advanced Therapeutic Phase I Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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15
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Williamson SF, Grayling MJ, Mander AP, Noor NM, Savage JS, Yap C, Wason JMS. Subgroup analyses in randomized controlled trials frequently categorized continuous subgroup information. J Clin Epidemiol 2022; 150:72-79. [PMID: 35788399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To investigate how subgroup analyses of published Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are performed when subgroups are created from continuous variables. METHODS We carried out a review of RCTs published in 2016-2021 that included subgroup analyses. Information was extracted on whether any of the subgroups were based on continuous variables and, if so, how they were analyzed. RESULTS Out of 428 reviewed papers, 258 (60.4%) reported RCTs with a subgroup analysis. Of these, 178/258 (69%) had at least one subgroup formed from a continuous variable and 14/258 (5.4%) were unclear. The vast majority (169/178, 94.9%) dichotomized the continuous variable and treated the subgroup as categorical. The most common way of dichotomizing was using a pre-specified cutpoint (129/169, 76.3%), followed by a data-driven cutpoint (26/169, 15.4%), such as the median. CONCLUSION It is common for subgroup analyses to use continuous variables to define subgroups. The vast majority dichotomize the continuous variable and, consequently, may lose substantial amounts of statistical information (equivalent to reducing the sample size by at least a third). More advanced methods that can improve efficiency, through optimally choosing cutpoints or directly using the continuous information, are rarely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faye Williamson
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael J Grayling
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Nurulamin M Noor
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London (MRC CTU at UCL), London, UK
| | - Joshua S Savage
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (CRCTU), Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christina Yap
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James M S Wason
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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16
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Torres-Jiménez J, Esteban-Villarrubia J, Ferreiro-Monteagudo R. Precision Medicine in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Targeting ERBB2 (HER-2) Oncogene. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3718. [PMID: 35954382 PMCID: PMC9367374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in terms of incidence rate in adults and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in Europe. The treatment of metastatic CRC (mCRC) is based on the use of chemotherapy, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for RAS wild-type tumors. Precision medicine tries to identify molecular alterations that could be treated with targeted therapies. ERBB2 amplification (also known as HER-2) has been identified in 2-3% of patients with mCRC, but there are currently no approved ERBB2-targeted therapies for mCRC. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular structure of ERBB2, clinical features of these patients, diagnosis of ERBB2 alterations, and the most relevant clinical trials with ERBB2-targeted therapies in mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torres-Jiménez
- Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, 28033 Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.E.-V.); (R.F.-M.)
| | - Jorge Esteban-Villarrubia
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.E.-V.); (R.F.-M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reyes Ferreiro-Monteagudo
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (J.E.-V.); (R.F.-M.)
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17
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Nie C, He Y, Lv H, Gao M, Gao X, Chen B, Xu W, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Chen X. Clinical Study of Anlotinib as Third-Line or Above Therapy in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Gastric Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:885350. [PMID: 35860585 PMCID: PMC9289113 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.885350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib as third-line or above therapy for patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer who have failed from second-line treatment and treated with anlotinib monotherapy or combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy from June 2019 to January 2021 in 3 institutions across China were retrospectively analyzed. The primary end point was progression free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. Results 43 patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer who have failed prior treatment received anlotinib monotherapy or combination therapy as third-line or above therapy. In the general population, 4 patients achieved PR, 21 patients had SD and 18 patients had PD. The overall ORR and DCR were 9.3% (4/43) and 58.1% (25/43), respectively. Median PFS and OS were 3.0 months (95% CI=2.5-3.5) and 6.0 months (95% CI=4.4-7.6), respectively. The incidence of Grade 3-4 adverse events(AEs) was 34.9%. Subgroup analysis suggested that the ORR of anlotinib combination therapy was superior than anlotinib monotherapy, but with similar PFS and OS. The clinical benefit of anlotinib was not associated with previously anti-angiogenesis therapy with apatinib. Conclusions Anlotinib monotherapy or combination therapy provide a feasible third-line or above therapeutic strategy in patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer a median PFS of 3.0 months and median OS of 6.0 months was obtained with well tolerated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Nie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunduan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Gao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianzheng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobing Chen,
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18
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The Incidence-Based Mortality and Survival Trends in Patients with Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3308801. [PMID: 35669239 PMCID: PMC9167140 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3308801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim. Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer. This study aims to analyze the incidence-based mortality and survival trends in patients with gastric SRC over the past decades. Materials and Methods. The patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were recruited to explore the incidence-based mortality and survival trends from 2000 to 2017. We further analyzed the differences in mortality and survival trends in these patients by sex and stage. We also used joinpoint software to evaluate the trends in annual percentage change (APC) for statistical significance. Results. 14916 patients were collected, including 7801 (52.3%) male and 7115 (47.7%) female. We identified a single joinpoint at 2002. The overall incidence-based mortality of gastric SRC declined in America after 2002 (APC = −1.21,
). In stratified analysis by sex and stage, the incidence-based mortality rate was higher in males than females. After 2002, the mortality rate decreased significantly in male (APC = −1.68,
) and M0-stage patients (APC = −1.75,
). In survival trend analysis, the 2-year relative survival improved in M0-stage gastric SRC, especially for males (APC = 1.14,
). As for M1-stage patients, the 2-year relative survival significantly elevated in both male (APC = 3.87,
) and female (APC = 5.63,
) patients. Conclusions. The incidence-based mortality of gastric SRC has declined, and survival has improved in America over time. These optimistic trends may be attributed to cancer screening implementation and advances in novel treatments in the past decades.
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19
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Cho SM, Esmail A, Raza A, Dacha S, Abdelrahim M. Timeline of FDA-Approved Targeted Therapy for Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2641. [PMID: 35681621 PMCID: PMC9179455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents approximately 3% of gastrointestinal malignancies worldwide and constitutes around 10-15% of all primary liver cancers, being only second to hepatocellular carcinoma. Mortality from CCA has been on the rise in recent decades, and in the United States alone there has been a 36% increase in CCA from 1999 to 2014, with over 7000 CCA mortalities since 2013. Targeted therapies, which have been gaining interest due to their greater specificity toward cancer cells, have only recently started gaining FDA approval for the treatment of CCA. In this manuscript, we will go through the timeline of current FDA-approved targeted therapies as well as those that have gained FDA breakthrough therapy designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Cho
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Abdullah Esmail
- Section of GI Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Sunil Dacha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Section of GI Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Cockrell Center of Advanced Therapeutics Phase I Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Aziz S, Rasheed F, Zahra R, König S. Gastric Cancer Pre-Stage Detection and Early Diagnosis of Gastritis Using Serum Protein Signatures. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092857. [PMID: 35566209 PMCID: PMC9099457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A gastric cancer (GC) diagnosis relies on histopathology. Endoscopy rates are increasing. Helicobacter pylori infection is a major GC risk factor. In an effort to elucidate abundant blood biomarkers, and potentially reduce the number of diagnostic surgical interventions, we investigated sera and biopsies from a cohort of 219 H. pylori positive and negative patients diagnosed with GC, gastritis, and ulcers. This allowed the comparative investigation of the different gastroduodenal diseases, and the exclusion of protein changes resulting from bacterial infection or inflammation of the gastric mucosa when searching for GC-dependent proteins. Methods: High-definition mass spectrometry-based expression analysis of tryptically digested proteins was performed, followed by multivariate statistical and network analyses for the different disease groups, with respect to H. pylori infection status. Significantly regulated proteins differing more than two-fold between groups were shortlisted, and their role in gastritis and GC discussed. Results: We present data of comparative protein analyses of biopsies and sera from patients suffering from mild to advanced gastritis, ulcers, and early to advanced GC, in conjunction with a wealth of metadata, clinical information, histopathological evaluation, and H. pylori infection status. We used samples from pre-malignant stages to extract prospective serum markers for early-stage GC, and present a 29-protein marker panel containing, amongst others, integrin β-6 and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, ten serum markers specific for advanced GC, independent of H. pylori infection, are provided. They include CRP, protein S100A9, and kallistatin. The majority of these proteins were previously discussed in the context of cancer or GC. In addition, we detected hypoalbuminemia and increased fibrinogen serum levels in gastritis. Conclusion: Two protein panels were suggested for the development of multiplex tests for GC serum diagnostics. For most of the elements contained in these panels, individual commercial tests are available. Thus, we envision the design of multi-protein assays, incorporating several to all of the panel members, in order to gain a level of specificity that cannot be achieved by testing a single protein alone. As their development and validation will take time, gastritis diagnosis based on the fibrinogen to albumin serum ratio may be a quick way forward. Its determination at the primary/secondary care level for early diagnosis could significantly reduce the number of referrals to endoscopy. Preventive measures are in high demand. The protein marker panels presented in this work will contribute to improved GC diagnostics, once they have been transferred from a research result to a practical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Aziz
- BreathMAT Lab, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTEC), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (F.R.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
- IZKF Core Unit Proteomics, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Faisal Rasheed
- BreathMAT Lab, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTEC), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Rabaab Zahra
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Simone König
- IZKF Core Unit Proteomics, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence:
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21
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Musolino A, Gradishar WJ, Rugo HS, Nordstrom JL, Rock EP, Arnaldez F, Pegram MD. Role of Fcγ receptors in HER2-targeted breast cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003171. [PMID: 34992090 PMCID: PMC8739678 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including those targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and CD20, mediate fragment crystallizable gamma receptor (FcγR)–dependent activities as part of their mechanism of action. These activities include induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), which are innate immune mechanisms of cancer cell elimination. FcγRs are distinguished by their affinity for the Fc fragment, cell distribution, and type of immune response they induce. Activating FcγRIIIa (CD16A) on natural killer cells plays a crucial role in mediating ADCC, and activating FcγRIIa (CD32A) and FcγRIIIa on macrophages are important for mediating ADCP. Polymorphisms in FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIa generate variants that bind to the Fc portion of antibodies with different affinities. This results in differential FcγR-mediated activities associated with differential therapeutic outcomes across multiple clinical settings, from early stage to metastatic disease, in patients with HER2+ breast cancer treated with the anti-HER2 mAb trastuzumab. Trastuzumab has, nonetheless, revolutionized HER2+ breast cancer treatment, and several HER2-directed mAbs have been developed using Fc glyco-engineering or Fc protein-engineering to enhance FcγR-mediated functions. An example of an approved anti-HER2 Fc-engineered chimeric mAb is margetuximab, which targets the same epitope as trastuzumab, but features five amino acid substitutions in the IgG 1 Fc domain that were deliberately introduced to increase binding to activating FcγRIIIa and decrease binding to inhibitory FcγRIIb (CD32B). Margetuximab enhances Fc-dependent ADCC in vitro more potently than the combination of pertuzumab (another approved mAb directed against an alternate HER2 epitope) and trastuzumab. Margetuximab administration also enhances HER2-specific B cell and T cell–mediated responses ex vivo in samples from patients treated with prior lines of HER2 antibody-based therapies. Stemming from these observations, a worthwhile future goal in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer is to promote combinatorial approaches that better eradicate HER2+ cancer cells via enhanced immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Musolino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - William J Gradishar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Oncology and Clinical Trials Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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22
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El Gharib K, Khoury M, Kourie HR. HER2 in gastric adenocarcinoma: where do we stand today? Per Med 2021; 19:67-78. [PMID: 34881639 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: HER2 is a proto-oncogene expressed in 10-30% of gastric adenocarcinomas and is an ideal target for inhibition in malignancy with high recurrence and dismal survival rates. Materials & methods: A systematic search was conducted via PubMed, Google Scholar and the clinicaltrials.gov database to report the results of ongoing and past studies investigating HER2 inhibitors in gastric cancer. Results: Twenty-five studies were included; ToGA trial is the pivotal trial approving the use of trastuzumab in metastatic gastric cancer, followed by more studies investigating other HER2 inhibitors in this setting, as well as in local and locoregional malignancy. Conclusion: Anti-HER2 molecules are proving efficacy and safety in gastric cancer; the evidence is growing and association with other cancer agents is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil El Gharib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, NY 10305, USA
| | - Makram Khoury
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, 17-5208, Lebanon
| | - Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, 17-5208, Lebanon
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23
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Jin Y, Xu Y, Li Y, Chen R, Cai W. Integrative Radiogenomics Approach for Risk Assessment of Postoperative and Adjuvant Chemotherapy Benefits for Gastric Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 11:755271. [PMID: 34804945 PMCID: PMC8602567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.755271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a typical heterogeneous malignant tumor, whose insensitivity to chemotherapy is a common cause of tumor recurrence and metastasis. There is no doubt regarding the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) for GC, but the population for whom it is indicated and the selection of specific options remain the focus of present research. The conventional pathological TNM prediction focuses on cancer cells to predict prognosis, while they do not provide sufficient prediction. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning is a validated tool that assesses the involvement of careful identification of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and metastatic spread. Using the radiomics approach, we selected the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model to build a radiomics signature for predicting the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with complete postoperative gastric cancer and further identifying candidate benefits from ACT. The radiomics trait-associated genes captured clinically relevant molecular pathways and potential chemotherapeutic drug metabolism mechanisms. Our results of precise surrogates using radiogenomics can lead to additional benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy and then survival prediction in postoperative GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yilun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renpin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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