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Conway PJ, Dao J, Kovalskyy D, Mahadevan D, Dray E. Polyploidy in Cancer: Causal Mechanisms, Cancer-Specific Consequences, and Emerging Treatments. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:638-647. [PMID: 38315992 PMCID: PMC11174144 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Drug resistance is the major determinant for metastatic disease and fatalities, across all cancers. Depending on the tissue of origin and the therapeutic course, a variety of biological mechanisms can support and sustain drug resistance. Although genetic mutations and gene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms are major culprits in targeted therapy, drug efflux and polyploidization are more global mechanisms that prevail in a broad range of pathologies, in response to a variety of treatments. There is an unmet need to identify patients at risk for polyploidy, understand the mechanisms underlying polyploidization, and to develop strategies to predict, limit, and reverse polyploidy thus enhancing efficacy of standard-of-care therapy that improve better outcomes. This literature review provides an overview of polyploidy in cancer and offers perspective on patient monitoring and actionable therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Conway
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jonathan Dao
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dmytro Kovalskyy
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Eloise Dray
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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2
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Wang Y, Tamori Y. Polyploid Cancer Cell Models in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:96. [PMID: 38254985 PMCID: PMC10815460 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes have been found in more than 90% of solid tumors, and among these, polyploidy accounts for about 40%. Polyploidized cells most often have duplicate centrosomes as well as genomes, and thus their mitosis tends to promote merotelic spindle attachments and chromosomal instability, which produces a variety of aneuploid daughter cells. Polyploid cells have been found highly resistant to various stress and anticancer therapies, such as radiation and mitogenic inhibitors. In other words, common cancer therapies kill proliferative diploid cells, which make up the majority of cancer tissues, while polyploid cells, which lurk in smaller numbers, may survive. The surviving polyploid cells, prompted by acute environmental changes, begin to mitose with chromosomal instability, leading to an explosion of genetic heterogeneity and a concomitant cell competition and adaptive evolution. The result is a recurrence of the cancer during which the tenacious cells that survived treatment express malignant traits. Although the presence of polyploid cells in cancer tissues has been observed for more than 150 years, the function and exact role of these cells in cancer progression has remained elusive. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment directed against polyploid cells. This is due in part to the lack of suitable experimental models, but recently several models have become available to study polyploid cells in vivo. We propose that the experimental models in Drosophila, for which genetic techniques are highly developed, could be very useful in deciphering mechanisms of polyploidy and its role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Tamori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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3
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Misare KR, Ampolini EA, Gonzalez HC, Sullivan KA, Li X, Miller C, Sosseh B, Dunne JB, Voelkel-Johnson C, Gordon KL, Hartman JH. The consequences of tetraploidy on Caenorhabditis elegans physiology and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18125. [PMID: 37872247 PMCID: PMC10593782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploid cells contain more than two copies of each chromosome. Polyploidy has important roles in development, evolution, and tissue regeneration/repair, and can arise as a programmed polyploidization event or be triggered by stress. Cancer cells are often polyploid. C. elegans nematodes are typically diploid, but stressors such as heat shock and starvation can trigger the production of tetraploid offspring. In this study, we utilized a recently published protocol to generate stable tetraploid strains of C. elegans and compared their physiological traits and sensitivity to two DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and doxorubicin. As prior studies have shown, tetraploid worms are approximately 30% longer, shorter-lived, and have a smaller brood size than diploids. We investigated the reproductive defect further, determining that tetraploid worms have a shorter overall germline length, a higher rate of germ cell apoptosis, more aneuploidy in oocytes and offspring, and larger oocytes and embryos. We also found that tetraploid worms are modestly protected from growth delay from the chemotherapeutics but are similarly or more sensitive to reproductive toxicity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differentially expressed pathways that may contribute to sensitivity to stress. This study reveals phenotypic consequences of whole-animal tetraploidy that make C. elegans an excellent model for ploidy differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Misare
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ampolini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hyland C Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kaitlan A Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Camille Miller
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bintou Sosseh
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jaclyn B Dunne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kacy L Gordon
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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4
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Bloomfield M, Cimini D. The fate of extra centrosomes in newly formed tetraploid cells: should I stay, or should I go? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1210983. [PMID: 37576603 PMCID: PMC10413984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1210983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in centrosome number is commonly observed in cancer cells, but the role centrosome amplification plays along with how and when it occurs during cancer development is unclear. One mechanism for generating cancer cells with extra centrosomes is whole genome doubling (WGD), an event that occurs in over 30% of human cancers and is associated with poor survival. Newly formed tetraploid cells can acquire extra centrosomes during WGD, and a generally accepted model proposes that centrosome amplification in tetraploid cells promotes cancer progression by generating aneuploidy and chromosomal instability. Recent findings, however, indicate that newly formed tetraploid cells in vitro lose their extra centrosomes to prevent multipolar cell divisions. Rather than persistent centrosome amplification, this evidence raises the possibility that it may be advantageous for tetraploid cells to initially restore centrosome number homeostasis and for a fraction of the population to reacquire additional centrosomes in the later stages of cancer evolution. In this review, we explore the different evolutionary paths available to newly formed tetraploid cells, their effects on centrosome and chromosome number distribution in daughter cells, and their probabilities of long-term survival. We then discuss the mechanisms that may alter centrosome and chromosome numbers in tetraploid cells and their relevance to cancer progression following WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Misare KR, Ampolini EA, Gonzalez HC, Sullivan KA, Li X, Miller C, Sosseh B, Dunne JB, Voelkel-Johnson C, Gordon KL, Hartman JH. The consequences of tetraploidy on Caenorhabditis elegans physiology and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543785. [PMID: 37333126 PMCID: PMC10274754 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyploid cells contain more than two copies of each chromosome. Polyploidy has important roles in development, evolution, and tissue regeneration/repair, and can arise as a programmed polyploidization event or be triggered by stress. Cancer cells are often polyploid. C. elegans nematodes are typically diploid, but stressors such as heat shock and starvation can trigger the production of tetraploid offspring. In this study, we utilized a recently published protocol to generate stable tetraploid strains of C. elegans and compared their physiological traits and sensitivity to two DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and doxorubicin. As prior studies have shown, tetraploid worms are approximately 30% longer, shorter-lived, and have a smaller brood size than diploids. We investigated the reproductive defect further, determining that tetraploid worms have a shorter overall germline length, a higher rate of germ cell apoptosis, more aneuploidy in oocytes and offspring, and larger oocytes and embryos. We also found that tetraploid worms are modestly protected from growth delay from the chemotherapeutics but are similarly or more sensitive to reproductive toxicity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differentially expressed pathways that may contribute to sensitivity to stress. Overall, this study reveals the phenotypic consequences of whole-animal tetraploidy in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Misare
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425; United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Ampolini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425; United States of America
| | - Hyland C. Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425; United States of America
| | - Kaitlan A. Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425; United States of America
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biology; College of Arts and Sciences; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599; United States of America
| | - Camille Miller
- Department of Biology; College of Arts and Sciences; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599; United States of America
| | - Bintou Sosseh
- Department of Biology; College of Arts and Sciences; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599; United States of America
| | - Jaclyn B. Dunne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425; United States of America
| | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425; United States of America
| | - Kacy L. Gordon
- Department of Biology; College of Arts and Sciences; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599; United States of America
| | - Jessica H. Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425; United States of America
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Kim JY, Choi H, Kim HJ, Jee Y, Noh M, Lee MO. Polyploidization of Hepatocytes: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:391-398. [PMID: 35790893 PMCID: PMC9424332 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization is a process by which cells are induced to possess more than two sets of chromosomes. Although polyploidization is not frequent in mammals, it is closely associated with development and differentiation of specific tissues and organs. The liver is one of the mammalian organs that displays ploidy dynamics in physiological homeostasis during its development. The ratio of polyploid hepatocytes increases significantly in response to hepatic injury from aging, viral infection, iron overload, surgical resection, or metabolic overload, such as that from non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). One of the unique features of NAFLD is the marked heterogeneity of hepatocyte nuclear size, which is strongly associated with an adverse liver-related outcome, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and liver-related death. Thus, hepatic polyploidization has been suggested as a potential driver in the progression of NAFLDs that are involved in the control of the multiple pathogenicity of the diseases. However, the importance of polyploidy in diverse pathophysiological contexts remains elusive. Recently, several studies reported successful improvement of symptoms of NAFLDs by reducing pathological polyploidy or by controlling cell cycle progression in animal models, suggesting that better understanding the mechanisms of pathological hepatic polyploidy may provide insights into the treatment of hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haena Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yelin Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Li Q, Li J. Understanding the Unique Microenvironment in the Aging Liver. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:842024. [PMID: 35280864 PMCID: PMC8907916 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.842024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many studies have focused on aging because of our pursuit of longevity. With lifespans extended, the regenerative capacity of the liver gradually declines due to the existence of aging. This is partially due to the unique microenvironment in the aged liver, which affects a series of physiological processes. In this review, we summarize the related researches in the last decade and try to highlight the aging-related alterations in the aged liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhou Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzhou Li
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