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Sun Z, Han J, Xu J, Song W, Cui Y, Liu Y, Yang L, Meng X, Huang J, Gao Q, Liu S. Discovery of the Next-Generation Platinum-Based Anticancer Agents for Combating Oxaliplatin-Induced Drug Resistance. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10190-10210. [PMID: 38845105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy has proven to be one of the most effective treatments for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. However, increasing clinical resistance to oxaliplatin poses unprecedented challenges for both patients and clinicians. Despite extensive efforts to combat this issue, to date, no new molecules have been discovered that can successfully replace oxaliplatin. With the aim of developing a new generation of Pt(II)-based anticancer agents in response to the challenges of oxaliplatin-induced drug resistance, we performed a systematic screening of new Pt(II)-complexes with a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study based on their antiresistance activity against oxaliplatin-resistant colon cancer cells. The results revealed that both the structure and chirality of the chelating ligand had a significant impact on the antiresistance properties of the Pt(II)-complexes. Our study culminated in the identification of chiral R-binaphthyldiamine-ligated Pt(II)-malonatoglycoconjugates that can completely counteract oxaliplatin resistance with excellent in vitro and in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Han
- Department of Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs Targeting the Central Nervous System, Gudui BioPharma Technology Inc., 5 Lanyuan Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, West Huanhu Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Transplantation Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs Targeting the Central Nervous System, Gudui BioPharma Technology Inc., 5 Lanyuan Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs Targeting the Central Nervous System, Gudui BioPharma Technology Inc., 5 Lanyuan Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Department of Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs Targeting the Central Nervous System, Gudui BioPharma Technology Inc., 5 Lanyuan Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
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Skouteris N, Papageorgiou G. PARP Inhibitors in Colorectal Malignancies: A 2023 Update. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2024; 19:101-108. [PMID: 38058097 DOI: 10.2174/0115748871260815231116060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the Western world, and metastatic disease is associated with a dismal prognosis. Poly-ADpribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors gain increasing attention in the field of medical oncology, as they lead to synthetic lethality in malignancies with preexisting alterations in the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway. As those alterations are frequently seen in CRC, a targeted approach through PARP inhibitors is expected to benefit these patients, both alone and in combination with other agents like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antiangiogenics, and radiation. OBJECTIVE This review article aims to better clarify the role of PARP inhibitors as a treatment option in patients with metastatic CRC with alterations in the DDR pathway. METHODS We used the PubMed database to retrieve journal articles and the inclusion criteria were all human studies that illustrated the effective role of PARP inhibitors in patients with metastatic CRC with homologous repair deficiency (HRD) and the correct line of therapy. RESULTS Current evidence supports the utilization of PARP inhibitors in CRC subgroups, as monotherapy and in combination with other agents. Up to now, data are insufficient to support a formal indication, and further research is needed. CONCLUSION Efforts to precisely define the homologous repair deficiency (HRD) in CRC - and eventually the subgroup of patients that are expected to benefit the most - are also underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Skouteris
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, "Metaxa" Cancer Hospital, 51 Botassi Street, 18537 Piraeus, Greece
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Nuclear translocation of Gasdermin D sensitizes colorectal cancer to chemotherapy in a pyroptosis-independent manner. Oncogene 2022; 41:5092-5106. [PMID: 36245058 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) has recently been identified as a cytoplasmic effector protein that plays a central role in pyroptosis of immune cells. However, GSDMD is a universally expressed protein, and its function beyond pyroptosis, especially in cancer cells, has not been well characterized. Here, we report that predominant localization of GSDMD in the nucleoplasm in vivo indicates favorable clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer, while a lack of nuclear localization of GSDMD is associated with poor outcomes. Nuclear GSDMD, rather than cytoplasmic GSDMD, inhibits cell growth and promotes apoptosis in colorectal cancer. Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment accounts for mild or moderate nuclear translocation of GSDMD in vivo. Under the stimulation of chemotherapy drugs, nuclear GSDMD promotes apoptosis via regulation of its subcellular distribution rather than pyroptosis-related cleavage. After nuclear translocation, GSDMD interacts with PARP-1 to dramatically inhibit its DNA damage repair-related function by functioning like the PARP inhibitor olaparib, thus forming a "hypoxia/chemotherapy-GSDMD nuclear translocation-PARP-1 blockade-DNA damage and apoptosis" axis. This study redefines the pyroptosis-independent function of GSDMD and suggests that the subcellular localization of GSDMD may serve as a molecular indicator of clinical outcomes and a promising therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.
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Zhang Z, Xu L, Huang L, Li T, Wang JY, Ma C, Bian X, Ren X, Li H, Wang X. Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 4 Promotes Proliferation and Chemoresistance in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887127. [PMID: 35936694 PMCID: PMC9346510 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 (GSTA4) is a phase II detoxifying enzyme that is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and regulated by the oncogenic transcription factor AP-1. However, the role of GSTA4 in these CRC cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of GSTA4 in the CRC cells by inactivating GSTA4 in HCT116 human CRC cells (Defined as HCT116ΔGSTA4) using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Cell proliferation, clonogenicity, and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs were analyzed in vitro and in a xenograft model. The results showed that loss of GSTA4 significantly decreased cell proliferation and clonogenicity, whereas it increased intracellular reactive oxygen species and cell susceptibility to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin. Additionally, exposure of HCT116ΔGSTA4 cells to 5-FU increased the expression of γH2AX, a hallmark of double-stranded DNA breaks. In contrast, no remarkably increased γH2AX was noted in oxaliplatin-treated HCT116ΔGSTA4 cells compared with HCT116 cells. Moreover, loss of GSTA4 blocked the AKT and p38 MAPK pathways, leading to proliferative suppression. Finally, the xenograft model showed decreased tumor size for HCT116ΔGSTA4 cells compared with HCT116 cells, confirming in vitro findings. These findings suggest that GSTA4 is capable of promoting proliferation, tumorigenesis, and chemoresistance and is a potential target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhu Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jane Y. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chunhua Ma
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Xingmin Wang,
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Vysyaraju NR, Paul M, Ch S, Ghosh B, Biswas S. Olaparib@human serum albumin nanoparticles as sustained drug-releasing tumor-targeting nanomedicine to inhibit growth and metastasis in the mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer. J Drug Target 2022; 30:1088-1105. [PMID: 35723068 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2092623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness in highly metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, olaparib offers a weak therapeutic response in wild-type BRCA cancers due to the drug's poor bioavailability. Here, a bioinspired/active-tumor targeted nanoparticles system of human serum albumin with physical entrapment of olaparib was prepared via a low-energy desolvation technique using the crosslinker glutaraldehyde. The developed OLA@HSA NPs were nanosize (∼140 nm), kinetically stable with a low polydispersity (0.3), exhibited olaparib entrapment (EE 76.01 ± 2.53%, DL 6.76 ± 0.22%), and sustained drug release at pH 7.4 with an enhancement of drug release in acidic pH. OLA@HSA NPs decreased the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of olaparib by 1.6, 1.8-fold in 24 h and 2.2, 2.4 folds in 48 h for human (MDA-MB 231) and mouse (4T1) TNBC cells, respectively, mediated by their enhanced time-dependent cellular uptake than free olaparib. The OLA@HSA-OA NPs induced concentration-dependent phosphatidylserine (apoptotic marker) externalization and arrested the cell population in the G2/M phase in both the tested cell lines at a higher level than free olaparib. The NPs formulation increased DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ROS generation than the free olaparib. The in vivo study conducted using 4T1-Luc tumor-bearing mice demonstrated strong tumor growth inhibitory potential of OLA@HSA NPs by elevating apoptosis ROS generation and reducing the level of the antiproliferative marker, Ki-67. OLA@HSA NPs reduced the occurrence of lung metastasis (formation of metastasis nodules decreased by ∼10 fold). OLA@HSA NPs could be a promising nanomedicine for the TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Vysyaraju
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjay Ch
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad-500078, Telangana, India
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Catalano F, Borea R, Puglisi S, Boutros A, Gandini A, Cremante M, Martelli V, Sciallero S, Puccini A. Targeting the DNA Damage Response Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061388. [PMID: 35326540 PMCID: PMC8946235 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Defective DNA damage response (DDR) is a hallmark of cancer leading to genomic instability. Up to 15–20% of colorectal cancers carry alterations in DDR. However, the role of DDR alterations as a prognostic factor and as a therapeutic target must be elucidated. To date, disappointing results have been obtained in different clinical trials mainly due to poor molecular selection of patients. Several challenges must be overcome before these compounds may have an impact on colorectal cancer. For instance, although some preclinical evidence showed the vulnerability of a subset of CRCs to PARP inhibitors, no specific clinical or molecular biomarkers have been validated to select patients. Moreover, different DDR alterations may not equally confer platinum sensitivity in CRC patients. Further efforts are needed in both preclinical and clinical settings to exploit DDR alterations as therapeutic targets and to eventually discover PARP or other DDR inhibitors (e.g., Wee1) with clinical benefit on colorectal cancer patients. Abstract Major advances have been made in CRC treatment in recent years, especially in molecularly driven therapies and immunotherapy. Despite this, a large number of advanced colorectal cancer patients do not benefit from these treatments and their prognosis remains poor. The landscape of DNA damage response (DDR) alterations is emerging as a novel target for treatment in different cancer types. PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers carrying deleterious BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants or homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiency (HRD). Recent research reported on the emerging role of HRD in CRC and showed that alterations in these genes, either germline or somatic, are carried by up to 15–20% of CRCs. However, the role of HRD is still widely unknown, and few data about their clinical impact are available, especially in CRC patients. In this review, we report preclinical and clinical data currently available on DDR inhibitors in CRC. We also emphasize the predictive role of DDR mutations in response to platinum-based chemotherapy and the potential clinical role of DDR inhibitors. More preclinical and clinical trials are required to better understand the impact of DDR alterations in CRC patients and the therapeutic opportunities with novel DDR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Catalano
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Borea
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Puglisi
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Boutros
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalice Gandini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Malvina Cremante
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentino Martelli
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Sciallero
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.C.); (R.B.); (S.P.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (M.C.); (V.M.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0105553301 (ext.3302); Fax: +39-0105555141
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Uson PLS, Riegert-Johnson D, Boardman L, Kisiel J, Mountjoy L, Patel N, Lizaola-Mayo B, Borad MJ, Ahn D, Sonbol MB, Jones J, Leighton JA, Gurudu S, Singh H, Klint M, Kunze KL, Golafshar MA, Esplin ED, Nussbaum RL, Stewart AK, Bekaii-Saab TS, Jewel Samadder N. Germline Cancer Susceptibility Gene Testing in Unselected Patients With Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter Prospective Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e508-e528. [PMID: 33857637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hereditary factors play a role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Identification of germline predisposition can have implications on treatment and cancer prevention. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) in CRC patients using a universal testing approach, association with clinical outcomes, and the uptake of family variant testing. METHODS We performed a prospective multisite study of germline sequencing using a more than 80-gene next-generation sequencing platform among CRC patients (not selected for age or family history) receiving care at Mayo Clinic Cancer Centers between April 1, 2018, and March 31, 2020. RESULTS Of 361 patients, the median age was 57 years (SD, 12.4 y), 43.5% were female, 82% were white, and 38.2% had stage IV disease. PGVs were found in 15.5% (n = 56) of patients, including 44 in moderate- and high-penetrance cancer susceptibility genes. Thirty-four (9.4%) patients had incremental clinically actionable findings that would not have been detected by practice guideline criteria or a CRC-specific gene panel. Only younger age at diagnosis was associated with the presence of PGVs (odds ratio, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.12-3.56). After a median follow-up period of 20.7 months, no differences in overall survival were seen between those with or without a PGV (P = .2). Eleven percent of patients had modifications in their treatment based on genetic findings. Family cascade testing was low (16%). CONCLUSIONS Universal multigene panel testing in CRC was associated with a modest, but significant, detection of heritable mutations over guideline-based testing. One in 10 patients had changes in their management based on test results. Uptake of cascade family testing was low, which is a concerning observation that warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Riegert-Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | - Lisa Boardman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John Kisiel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Neej Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Blanca Lizaola-Mayo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | - Daniel Ahn
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
| | | | - Jeremy Jones
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jonathan A Leighton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Suryakanth Gurudu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Harminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Katie L Kunze
- Department of Health Services Research, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | | | - A Keith Stewart
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic
| | | | - Niloy Jewel Samadder
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
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Papageorgiou GI, Fergadis E, Skouteris N, Christakos E, Tsakatikas SA, Lianos E, Kosmas C. Case Report: Combination of Olaparib With Chemotherapy in a Patient With ATM-Deficient Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:788809. [PMID: 35004311 PMCID: PMC8728007 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.788809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are constantly increasing in their indications for use as anti-cancer treatment in various neoplasms, the majority of which are linked with BRCA deficiency. Preclinical data support the investigation of PARP inhibitors in other neoplasms exhibiting “BRCAness” or homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) as monotherapy as well as in combination with chemotherapy. With the current report we present the case of a heavily pretreated 55-year-old male patient diagnosed with stage IV ATM-deficient CRC, who was effectively treated with an off-label olaparib-irinotecan combination after exhaustion of all available treatment choices; furthermore, we discuss the existing data providing evidence for the use of PARP inhibitors in ATM-deficient CRC and encourage the implementation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in patients with no other available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Papageorgiou
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, ''Metaxa'' Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Evangelos Fergadis
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, ''Metaxa'' Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Nikos Skouteris
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, ''Metaxa'' Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Evridiki Christakos
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, ''Metaxa'' Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Sergios A Tsakatikas
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, ''Metaxa'' Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Evangelos Lianos
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, ''Metaxa'' Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Christos Kosmas
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, ''Metaxa'' Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
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Hong B, Lu R, Lou W, Bao Y, Qiao L, Hu Y, Liu K, Chen J, Bao D, Ye M, Fang Z, Gong C, Zhang X. KIF18b-dependent hypomethylation of PARPBP gene promoter enhances oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112827. [PMID: 34508743 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the new platinum drug oxaliplatin has been widely used in clinical treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), oxaliplatin resistance has become a burning problem. In this study, higher expression of PARP-1 binding protein (PARPBP) was detected in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC (OR-CRC) cells than in non-resistant cells. Further research showed that kinesin family member 18 b (KIF18b) induced the overexpression of PARPBP, sustaining oxaliplatin resistance in OR-CRC cells. Through exploring the PARPBP gene promoter, we found that SP1-recruited DNMT3b methylated PARPBP promoter to suppress transcription in CRC cells, and increased KIF18b attenuated the recruitment of DNMT3b to PARPBP promoter by directly interacting with SP1 in OR-CRC cells. Clinical analysis suggested a positive relationship between KIF18b and PARPBP in CRC tissues and indicated poor prognosis in CRC patients with high level of KIF18b or PARPBP. In summary, KIF18b-induced PARPBP contributes to the resistant phenotype of OR-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hong
- Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Ruyue Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital, Taizhou, 318050, China.
| | - Wanshuang Lou
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Sanmen Hospital of TCM, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Yuyan Bao
- Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Lei Qiao
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221100, China.
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Kaiping Liu
- Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Jiaoe Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Danni Bao
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Zejun Fang
- Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
| | - Chaoju Gong
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221100, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Sanmen, 317100, China.
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10
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Sadoughi F, Maleki Dana P, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. DNA damage response and repair in osteosarcoma: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 102:103105. [PMID: 33836418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents which has the survival rate of 20% in its advanced stages. Osteosarcomas are mostly resistance to our common treatments. DNA damage response (DDR) is a specialized multistep process containing abundant proteins which are necessary for the survival of any cell and organism. DDR machinery detects a diversity of DNA lesions and inhibits the cell cycle progression if these lesions are not repairable. DDR is involved in aging, age-related diseases, and cancer. In recent years, DDR inhibitors have gained the attention of researches due to their potentials in offering novel therapeutic targets and improving the response of many cancers to either chemo- or radio-therapy. In this regard, we tried to gather a great body of evidence about the role of DDR ingredients in osteosarcoma's initiation/progression, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Schoch S, Gajewski S, Rothfuß J, Hartwig A, Köberle B. Comparative Study of the Mode of Action of Clinically Approved Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186928. [PMID: 32967255 PMCID: PMC7555145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum drugs are among the most effective anticancer agents, but their mode of action is still not fully understood. We therefore carried out a systematic investigation on the cellular activities of cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin in A498 kidney cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was higher for cisplatin and oxaliplatin compared to carboplatin, with induction of apoptosis as the preferred mode of cell death. Gene expression profiling displayed modulation of genes related to DNA damage response/repair, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis which was more pronounced upon oxaliplatin treatment. Furthermore, repression of specific DNA repair genes was restricted to oxaliplatin. Transcriptional level observations were further analyzed on the functional level. Uptake studies revealed low intracellular platinum accumulation and DNA platination upon carboplatin treatment. Removal of overall DNA platination was comparable for the three drugs. However, no processing of oxaliplatin-induced interstrand crosslinks was observed. Cisplatin and carboplatin influenced cell cycle distribution comparably, while oxaliplatin had no effect. Altogether, we found a similar mode of action for cisplatin and carboplatin, while the activity of oxaliplatin appeared to differ. This might be clinically relevant as due to the difference in mode of action oxaliplatin could be active in tumors which show resistance towards cisplatin and carboplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schoch
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (S.S.); (S.G.); (J.R.); (A.H.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabine Gajewski
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (S.S.); (S.G.); (J.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Jana Rothfuß
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (S.S.); (S.G.); (J.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (S.S.); (S.G.); (J.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Beate Köberle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (S.S.); (S.G.); (J.R.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-608-42933
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12
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Mauri G, Arena S, Siena S, Bardelli A, Sartore-Bianchi A. The DNA damage response pathway as a land of therapeutic opportunities for colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:1135-1147. [PMID: 32512040 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although significant progress has been made by molecular and immune therapeutic approaches, prognosis of advanced stage disease is still dismal. Alterations in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are emerging as novel targets for treatment across different cancer types. However, even though preclinical studies have shown the potential exploitation of DDR alterations in CRC, systematic and comprehensive testing is lagging and clinical development is based on analogies with other solid tumors according to a tissue-agnostic paradigm. Recently, functional evidence from patient-derived xenografts and organoids have suggested that maintenance with PARP inhibitors might represent a therapeutic opportunity in CRC patients previously responsive to platinum-based treatment. DESIGN AND RESULTS In this review, we highlight the most promising preclinical data and systematically summarize published clinical trials in which DDR inhibitors have been used for CRC and provide evidence that disappointing results have been mainly due to a lack of clinical and molecular selection. CONCLUSIONS Future preclinical and translational research will help in better understanding the role of DDR alterations in CRC and pave the way to novel strategies that might have a transformative impact on treatment by identifying new therapeutic options including tailored use of standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mauri
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S Arena
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
| | - S Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
| | - A Sartore-Bianchi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Protein expression profiling identifies differential modulation of homologous recombination by platinum-based antitumor agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:1129-1140. [PMID: 32468080 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxaliplatin and satraplatin demonstrate activity against cisplatin-resistant tumor cells. Although the two platinum analogs are structurally-related, oxaliplatin is more active. Therefore, studies focusing on protein expression profiling were undertaken to identify the molecular mechanism for the difference in antitumor activity. METHODS We included cisplatin as reference and DAP as a Pt(IV)-prodrug of oxaliplatin to offset Pt(IV) status of satraplatin, and utilized A2780, cisplatin-resistant 2780CP/Cl-16, U2OS, and HCT-116 tumor cells in the investigation. Protein expressions following drug exposures were examined by reverse-phase protein array and ingenuity pathway analysis. Cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry, cytotoxicity by growth inhibition assay, and homologous recombination (HR) by a GFP reporter assay. RESULTS Clustering analysis paired oxaliplatin with DAP and, surprisingly, satraplatin with cisplatin. This correlated with differential upregulation of p53/p21 pathway, with S and G2/M arrests by cisplatin and satraplatin in contrast to G1 arrest by oxaliplatin and DAP. Moreover, Rad51 and BRCA1 were severely downregulated by oxaliplatin and DAP, but not cisplatin and satraplatin. As a result, HR was inhibited only by oxaliplatin and DAP and this also contributed to their greater drug activity over cisplatin and satraplatin. CONCLUSIONS Oxaliplatin and DAP robustly activate p53 and p21, which downregulate HR proteins to enhance drug activity. More significantly, since oxaliplatin induces a BRCAness state, it may have potential against BRCA-proficient cancers. Satraplatin, on the other hand, resembled cisplatin in its protein expression profile, which indicates that small changes in chemical structure can substantially alter signal transduction pathways to modulate drug activity.
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14
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Ren H, Chen Z, Yang L, Xiong W, Yang H, Xu K, Zhai E, Ding L, He Y, Song X. Apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) promotes tumor progression via MAPK signaling pathways in colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:4917-4930. [PMID: 31213910 PMCID: PMC6549782 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s192529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identifying high-efficiency prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC) is necessary for clinical practice. Increasing evidence demonstrates that apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) promotes carcinogenesis in some human cancers. However, the expression status and biological function of APOC1 in CRC remain unclear. Materials and methods: We detected the association between APOC1 expression and clinicopathological features in 140 CRC patients by immunohistochemistry. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to downregulate APOC1 expression in CRC cells. Cell proliferation was estimated by CCK8 and clonogenic assays. The cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion were examined by a transwell assay. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and protein expression of signaling pathways were used to suggest the possible APOC1-associated pathways in CRC. Results: APOC1 was highly expressed in CRC tissues. High immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression of APOC1 was correlated with the N stage, M stage and TNM stage. High IHC APOC1 expression in CRC tissues was associated with poor prognosis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that APOC1 was an independent risk factor for OS. Cell proliferation of CRC cell lines was inhibited by the downregulation of APOC1. Moreover, si-APOC1 transfection induced cell cycle arrest but low apoptosis increases by regulating the expression of related proteins. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited by the downregulation of APOC1. The Cancer Genome Atlas Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA COAD-READ) dataset analyzed by GSEA showed that APOC1 might be involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which was further preliminarily confirmed by Western blotting. Conclusion: APOC1 was overexpressed in CRC tissues, and a high level of APOC1 contributed to a poor prognosis. APOC1 expression influenced the cell proliferation ability and motility capacity of CRC via the MAPK pathway. APOC1 could act as a novel prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ren
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Center for Digestive Disease, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Operating Room, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiwu Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ertao Zhai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Center for Digestive Disease, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingming Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Lampert EJ, Hays JL, Kohn EC, Annunziata CM, Minasian L, Yu M, Gordon N, Sissung TM, Chiou VL, Figg WD, Houston N, Lee JM. Phase I/Ib study of olaparib and carboplatin in heavily pretreated recurrent high-grade serous ovarian cancer at low genetic risk. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2855-2868. [PMID: 31080557 PMCID: PMC6499601 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate maximum tolerated dose (MTD), activity and predictive biomarkers of olaparib with carboplatin in BRCA wild-type (BRCAwt) high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) patients. Methods: A 3+3 dose escalation study examined olaparib capsules (400 mg twice daily [BID], days 1-7) with carboplatin (AUC3-5 on day 1) every 21 days for 8 cycles, followed by olaparib 400 mg BID maintenance. Blood and tumor biopsy samples were collected pre- and on-treatment in the expansion cohort for PAR levels and proteomic endpoints. Results: 30 patients (median 7 prior regimens [2-12], 63% (19/30) platinum-resistant) were enrolled. Dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia/neutropenia, and infection with carboplatin AUC5 (2/6 patients). MTD was olaparib 400 mg BID + carboplatin AUC4. Grade 3/4 adverse events (>10%) included neutropenia (23%), thrombocytopenia (20%), and anemia (13%). Five of 25 (20%) evaluable patients had partial response (PR; median 4.5 months [3.3-9.5]). Clinical benefit rate (PR + stable disease ≥4 months) was 64% (16/25). A greater decrease in tissue PAR levels was seen in the clinical benefit group versus no benefit (median normalized linear change -1.84 [-3.39- -0.28] vs 0.51 [-0.27- 1.29], p = 0.001) and a DNA repair score by proteomics did not correlate with response. Conclusions: The olaparib and carboplatin combination is tolerable and has clinical benefit in subsets of heavily pretreated BRCAwt HGSOC, independent of platinum sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Lampert
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Elise C. Kohn
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina M. Annunziata
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lori Minasian
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Minshu Yu
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Gordon
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tristan M. Sissung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria L. Chiou
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D. Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Houston
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Wu J, Xiao S, Yuan M, Li Q, Xiao G, Wu W, Ouyang Y, Huang L, Yao C. PARP inhibitor re‑sensitizes Adriamycin resistant leukemia cells through DNA damage and apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:75-84. [PMID: 30431088 PMCID: PMC6297734 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Adriamycin (ADR) is an increasing problem in the treatment of leukemia and the development of novel therapeutic strategies is becoming increasingly important. Olaparib is a poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 inhibitor, which has promising antitumor activity in patients with metastatic breast cancer and germline BRCA mutations. Previously published studies have indicated that Olaparib is able to overcome drug resistance in cancer; however, its underlying mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism underlying re-sensitization. Annexin V-propidium iodide staining indicated that the percentage of apoptotic ADR resistant cells was markedly increased and the cell cycle was blocked at the G2/M-phase following treatment with ADR combined with Olaparib, when compared with the control group. The alkaline comet assay demonstrated that ADR combined with Olaparib significantly upregulated the induction of the DNA damage response in ADR-resistant cells. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein expression of γ-H2A histone family member X, cleaved PARP, caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3 was markedly enhanced, while the cell cycle-associated protein cyclin B1 was downregulated in K562/ADR cells following treatment with a combination of ADR and Olaparib. Similar synergistic cytotoxicity was observed in blood mononuclear cells, which were isolated from patients with chemotherapy-resistant leukemia. As Olaparib is available for clinical use, the results of the present study provide a rationale for the development of Olaparib combinational therapies for cases of ADR resistant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qianyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Guangfen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yuexian Ouyang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Chenjiao Yao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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17
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Park JK, Seo JS, Lee SK, Chan KK, Kuh HJ. Combinatorial Antitumor Activity of Oxaliplatin with Epigenetic Modifying Agents, 5-Aza-CdR and FK228, in Human Gastric Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:591-598. [PMID: 30173503 PMCID: PMC6254647 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing is considered to be a major mechanism for loss of activity in tumor suppressors. Reversal of epigenetic silencing by using inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or histone deacetylases (HDACs) such as 5-Aza-CdR and FK228 has shown to enhance cytotoxic activities of several anticancer agents. This study aims to assess the combinatorial effects of gene-silencing reversal agents (5-Aza-CdR and FK228) and oxaliplatin in gastric cancer cells, i.e., Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative SNU-638 and EBV-positive SNU-719 cells. The doublet combinatorial treatment of 5-Aza-CdR and FK228 exhibited synergistic effects in both cell lines, and this was further corroborated by Zta expression induction in SNU-719 cells. Three drug combinations as 5-Aza-CdR/FK228 followed by oxaliplatin, however, resulted in antagonistic effects in both cell lines. Simultaneous treatment with FK228 and oxaliplatin induced synergistic and additive effects in SNU-638 and SNU-719 cells, respectively. Three drug combinations as 5-Aza-CdR prior to FK228/oxaliplatin, however, again resulted in antagonistic effects in both cell lines. This work demonstrated that efficacy of doublet synergistic combination using DNMT or HDACs inhibitors can be compromised by adding the third drug in pre- or post-treatment approach in gastric cancer cells. This implies that the development of clinical trial protocols for triplet combinations using gene-silencing reversal agents should be carefully evaluated in light of their potential antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seon Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenneth K Chan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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18
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The PARP inhibitor olaparib potentiates the effect of the DNA damaging agent doxorubicin in osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:107. [PMID: 29784019 PMCID: PMC5963190 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background PARP1 facilitates the recovery of DNA-damaged cells by recruiting DNA damage response molecules such as γH2AX and BRCA1/2, and plays a role in resistance to antitumor therapies. Therefore, PARP inhibition being evaluated as an anti-cancer therapy. However, there are limited studies regrading PARP inhibition in osteosarcoma. Methods We evaluated the expression of DNA damage response molecules in 35 human osteosarcomas and investigated the effects of co-treatment of the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, and doxorubicin in osteosarcoma cells. Results The expression patterns of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 were significantly associated with shorter survival of osteosarcoma patients. In osteosarcoma cells, knock-down of PARP1 and treatment of olaparib significantly inhibited proliferation of cells and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the anti-tumor effect was more significant with co-treatment of olaparib and doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This study suggests that combined use of a PARP inhibitor with doxorubicin, a DNA damaging agent, might be effective in the treatment of osteosarcoma patients, especially in the poor-prognostic subgroups of osteosarcoma expressing PARP1, γH2AX, or BRCA1/2.
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19
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The single agent activity of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in germline BRCA mutated (gBRCAm) breast and ovarian cancer suggests untapped potential for this new class of drug in breast cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved three PARPi (olaparib, rucaparib, and niraparib) so far to treat certain ovarian cancers, including those with gBRCAm and olaparib for treatment of gBRCAm breast cancers. Several PARPi are now under clinical development for breast cancer in the various treatment settings. Recently, two phase III trials of olaparib (OlympiaD) and talazoparib (EMBRACA) demonstrated 3-month progression-free survival improvement with PARPi compared to physician's choice single agent chemotherapy in metastatic gBRCAm breast cancer. To date, PARPi seems less efficacious in metastatic breast cancer patients than those with BRCA mutated platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, perhaps reflecting the biologic heterogeneity and low somatic BRCA mutation rate in breast cancer. The use of PARPi is gradually evolving, including combination strategies with chemotherapy, targeted agents, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy in women with and without gBRCAm. The role of predictive biomarkers, including molecular signatures and homologous recombination repair deficiency scores based on loss of heterozygosity and other structural genomic aberrations, will be crucial to identify a subgroup of patients who may have benefit from PARPi. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying PARPi clinical resistance will also be important to enable the development of new approaches to increase efficacy. This is a field rich in opportunity, and the coming years should see a better understanding of which breast cancer patients we should treat with PARPi and where these agents should come in over the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Dr. MSC1906 Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA.
| | - Mitchell Gillard
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road Stony Brook, Bethesda, NY, 11794-8434, USA
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Dr. MSC1906 Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Dr. MSC1906 Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA
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Acetylated cyclophilin A is a major mediator in hypoxia-induced autophagy and pulmonary vascular angiogenesis. J Hypertens 2017; 35:798-809. [PMID: 28079595 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation and recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis, which is involved in structural and functional abnormalities of pulmonary vasculature in hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH). Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a secreted, oxidative stress-induced factor. Its role in inducing autophagy and augmenting endothelial cell dysfunction has never been explored. METHODS Lungs from rats exposed to chronic hypoxia were examined for autophagy with electron microscopy, western blotting, and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Activated autophagy was seen in the endothelium of the pulmonary artery from experimental rat models of HPAH and cultured bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells under hypoxia. Inhibiting autophagy attenuated the pathological progression of HPAH and repressed endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. We also showed that CyPA was upregulated and acetylated under hypoxia and led to the abnormal occurrence of autophagy through its interaction with autophagy protein 5 and autophagy protein 7. Moreover, acetylated CyPA was essential for the excessive proliferation, migration, and tube formation networks of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the crucial role of acetylated CyPA in the abnormal occurrence of autophagy and subsequent pulmonary vascular angiogenesis.
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21
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Burke RT, Marcus JM, Orth JD. Inhibition of exportin-1 function results in rapid cell cycle-associated DNA damage in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:39460-39475. [PMID: 28467801 PMCID: PMC5503625 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) are small molecules in development as anti-cancer agents. The first-in-class SINE, selinexor, is in clinical trials for blood and solid cancers. Selinexor forms a covalent bond with exportin-1 at cysteine-528, and blocks its ability to export cargos. Previous work has shown strong cell cycle effects and drug-induced cell death across many different cancer-derived cell lines. Here, we report strong cell cycle-associated DNA double-stranded break formation upon the treatment of cancer cells with SINE. In multiple cell models, selinexor treatment results in the formation of clustered DNA damage foci in 30-40% of cells within 8 hours that is dependent upon cysteine-528. DNA damage strongly correlates with G1/S-phase and decreased DNA replication. Live cell microscopy reveals an association between DNA damage and cell fate. Cells that form damage in G1-phase more often die or arrest, while those damaged in S/G2-phase frequently progress to cell division. Up to half of all treated cells form damage foci, and most cells that die after being damaged, were damaged in G1-phase. By comparison, non-transformed cell lines show strong cell cycle effects but little DNA damage and less death than cancer cells. Significant drug combination effects occur when selinexor is paired with different classes of agents that either cause DNA damage or that diminish DNA damage repair. These data present a novel effect of exportin-1 inhibition and provide a strong rationale for multiple combination treatments of selinexor with agents that are currently in use for the treatment of different solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T. Burke
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M. Marcus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Current/Present address: Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Graduate Biomedical Sciences, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James D. Orth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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22
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Rimar KJ, Tran PT, Matulewicz RS, Hussain M, Meeks JJ. The emerging role of homologous recombination repair and PARP inhibitors in genitourinary malignancies. Cancer 2017; 123:1912-1924. [PMID: 28323334 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As cells age and are exposed to genotoxic stress, preservation of the genomic code requires multiple DNA repair pathways to remove single-strand or double-strand breaks. Loss of function somatic genomic aberrations or germline deficiency in genes involved in DNA repair can result in acute cell death or, after a latency period, cellular transformation. Therapeutic exploitation of DNA repair by inhibition of poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) ribose polymerases (PARP), a family of enzymes involved in the repair of single-strand and in some cases double-strand breaks, has become a novel cancer treatment. Although the application of PARP inhibitors (PARPis) initially focused on tumors with BRCA1 or BRCA2 deficiencies, synthetic susceptibilities to PARPis have been expanded due to the identification of tumors with mutations pathways involved in DNA damage repair, in particular those that repair double-strand breaks using homologous recombination (HR). There is an increasing appreciation that genitourinary (GU) malignancies, including bladder cancer and especially prostate cancer, contain subsets of patients with germline and somatic alterations in HR genes that may reflect an increased response to PARPis. In this review, the authors describe the mechanisms and rationale of the use of PARPis in patients with GU cancers, summarize previously reported preclinical and clinical trials, and identify ongoing trials to determine how PARPis and strategies targeted at HR repair can have widespread application in patients with GU cancers. Cancer 2017;123:1912-1924. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalen J Rimar
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard S Matulewicz
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maha Hussain
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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23
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Dréan A, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. PARP inhibitor combination therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:73-85. [PMID: 27931843 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, olaparib (Lynparza) became the first PARP (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) inhibitor to be approved for the treatment of cancer. When used as single agents, PARP inhibitors can selectively target tumour cells with BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumour suppressor gene mutations through synthetic lethality. However, PARP inhibition also shows considerable promise when used together with other therapeutic agents. Here, we summarise both the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for the utility of such combinations and discuss the future prospects and challenges for PARP inhibitor combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dréan
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Wang T, Han P, He Y, Zhao C, Wang G, Yang W, Shan M, Zhu Y, Yang C, Weng M, Wu D, Gao L, Jin X, Wei Y, Cui B, Shen G, Li X. Lin28A enhances chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU by promoting apoptosis in a let-7 independent manner. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7657-65. [PMID: 26687759 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding protein Lin28A is frequently over-expressed in human malignant tumors and is associated with tumor advance and poor prognosis. However, the expression pattern and functions of Lin28A in colon cancer are unknown. In this study, we detected the expression of Lin28A in colon cancer patients and tested the effect of Lin28A on the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). As expected, we showed that Lin28A is up-regulated in 73.3 % of colon cancer patients. However, to our surprise, we found that oncogenic protein Lin28A-enforced expression in colon cancer cells enhanced the chemosensitivity of cancer cells to 5-FU via promoting the cell apoptosis. Further mechanisms study revealed that the effect of Lin28A increasing chemosensitivity of cancer cells is in a let-7 independent manner, but which is associated with decreasing the expression of DNA damage repair protein H2AX. Conclusively, here we reported an unexpected function of Lin28A, which may shed lights on fully understanding the physiological and pathological roles of this oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ci Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingjiao Weng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunwei Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - BinBin Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guomin Shen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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