Characteristics of Inhaler Technique in COPD Patients in a Specialized Center in Armenia, Colombia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Recalibrating Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Nebulizers versus Inhalers for Maintenance Therapy in COPD: Past as Prologue

Aerosol therapy administered via handheld inhaler or nebulizer device has long been standard for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), both for maintenance therapy and for management of acute exacerbations. Of the 2 options for drug delivery, inhaler devices are the most widely used for ambulatory patients with COPD as they are small, portable, and convenient and offer an array of medication options. They are, however, prone to suboptimal inhalation technique and use errors, which decrease the amount of medication delivered, compromise efficacy, and adversely affect clinical outcomes. Nebulizers are less often employed for aerosol delivery than inhalers, particularly in the home environment. Considered bulky and expensive, nebulizers have historically had limited medication options compared with inhalers. Nonetheless, nebulizers may be preferred over inhalers in specific patient populations, such as in patients with poor lung function, lack of hand-breath coordination, or cognitive impairment. Furthermore, technological advances and development of new nebulizer-compatible medications are shifting the benefit equation for nebulizers versus inhalers in a way that merits reconsideration of the role of nebulizers in the maintenance treatment of COPD. Using the available literature, this state-of-the-art review critically evaluates the benefits and limitations of aerosol therapy delivery via inhaler or nebulizer for patients with COPD; describes the factors that may influence the benefit equation, including current advances in nebulizer technology and future developments; and provides insights on implementation of nebulizer therapy in clinical practice.

Challenges and Opportunities in COPD Management in Latin America: A Review of Inhalation Therapies and Advanced Drug Delivery Systems

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where it poses a significant burden. In Latin America, the estimated prevalence of COPD is notably high, but the management and treatment of the disease have progressed slowly. This review examines the current status of inhalation therapy for COPD in Latin America, focusing on pharmacological therapies, inhalation devices, and the potential of advanced drug delivery systems. Pharmacological management predominantly relies on inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids, though access to these therapies varies considerably across the region. Inhalation devices, such as metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs), play a critical role in effective treatment delivery. However, their usage is often compromised by incorrect technique, low adherence, and limited availability, especially for DPIs. Emerging technologies, including nanoformulations, represent a promising frontier for the treatment of COPD by improving drug delivery and reducing side effects. However, significant barriers, such as high development costs and inadequate infrastructure, hinder their widespread adoption in the region. This review highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to enhance COPD management in Latin America, including optimizing access to existing inhalation therapies, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, improving provider training, and engaging patients in treatment decisions. Overcoming these challenges is crucial to improving COPD outcomes across the region.

Reimagining Medication Adherence: A Novel Holistic Model for Hypertension Therapy

Purpose

Patients' adherence to the prescribed therapy is influenced by several personal and social factors. However, existing studies have mostly focused on individual aspects. We took a holistic approach to develop a higher-level impact factor model.

Patients and Methods

In this independent, non-interventional, cross-sectional and anonymous study design the pharmacist recruited patients who entered the pharmacy and handed in a prescription for a blood pressure medication. The patients received a paper questionnaire with a stamped return envelope to volunteer participation. A total of 476 patients in Germany who reported having at least high normal blood pressure according to the Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines were surveyed. In this study, each patient received an average of 2.49 antihypertensive prescriptions and 7.9% of all patients received a fixed-dose combination. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was performed for model analytics since it enables robust analysis of complex relationships.

Results

Emotional attitude, behavioral control, and therapy satisfaction directly explained 65% of therapy adherence. The predictive power of the out-of-sample model for the Q2-statistic was significant. The patient's overall therapy satisfaction determined medication adherence. The medication scheme's complexity also influenced the adherence levels. Therapy satisfaction was significantly shaped by the complexity of the medication scheme, behavioral control, and emotional attitude. The results demonstrated the superior performance of fixed-dose combinations against combinations of mono-agents according to the adherence level. Additionally, patient-physician and patient-pharmacist relationships influenced behavioral control of medication therapy execution. According to the A14-scale to measure the level of adherence, 49.6% of patients were classified as adherent and the remainder as non-adherent.

Conclusion

The results enable healthcare stakeholders to target attractive variables for intervention to achieve maximum effectiveness. Moreover, the proven predictive power of the model framework enables clinicians to make predictions about the adherence levels of their hypertensive patients.