1
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Goodrum JM, Peek K, Moore C, Eichner D, Miller GD. Is blood blood? Comparing quantitation of endogenous steroids and luteinizing hormone in concurrently collected venous serum and Tasso+ SST capillary serum samples. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38794805 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The monitoring of endogenous steroids in urine has been an important component of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) for the last decade. Recently, the quantitation of endogenous steroids in blood has been incorporated into the ABP to increase sensitivity in circumstances where the excretion of urinary ABP biomarkers is low. Current ABP guidelines mandate the use of venous blood draws for blood steroid sample collections, however, recent efforts have focused on investigating the use of less invasive sample collection methods, such as capillary blood collected from the upper arm. The focus of this study was to compare the analytical results of venous and capillary blood collected weekly from 20 individuals, 10 males and 10 females, over six weeks. The two primary biomarkers of the blood steroid ABP module, testosterone (T) and the testosterone/androstenedione (T/A4) ratio, were compared, as well as luteinizing hormone (LH) and the T/LH ratio in male participants, two biomarkers known to be responsive to T use. All biomarkers showed excellent agreement between venous and capillary blood. Longitudinal stability between sample types within individuals was also comparable for all biomarkers. Finally, storage of simultaneously collected capillary samples at room temperature and frozen conditions was compared with evaluate the potential impact of non-cold chain shipping conditions. Most biomarkers showed excellent agreement between frozen and room temperature storage conditions. These results indicate capillary blood collections represent a promising alternative to venous blood collections for the blood steroid module of the ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Goodrum
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katy Peek
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad Moore
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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2
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Lopes C, Rocha E, Pereira IL, Madureira TV. Deciphering influences of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on lipid metabolism genes using brown trout primary hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105819. [PMID: 33873058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite of physiological and toxicological relevance, the potential of androgens to influence fish lipid metabolism remains poorly explored. Here, brown trout primary hepatocytes were exposed to six concentrations (1 nM to 100 μM) of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T), to assess changes in the mRNA levels of genes covering diverse lipid metabolic pathways. Acsl1, essential for fatty acid activation, was up-regulated by T and DHT, whereas the lipogenic enzymes FAS and ACC were up-regulated by the highest (100 μM) concentration of T and DHT, respectively. ApoA1, the major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), was down-regulated by both androgens. PPARγ, linked to adipogenesis and peroxisomal β-oxidation, was down-regulated by T and DHT, while Acox1-3I, rate-limiting in peroxisomal β-oxidation, was down-regulated by T. Fabp1, StAR and LPL were not altered. Our findings suggest that androgens may impact on lipid transport, adipogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation and promote lipogenesis in fish liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês L Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Tenório MCC, Paz CL, Valladares F, Guimarães M, Sá CKCD, Correia L. Effects of Low-to-Moderate Doses of Anabolic Steroids on Lipid Profile and Muscle Hypertrophy in Resistance Training Practitioners: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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4
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Nair VS, Sharpe K, Husk J, Miller GD, Van Eenoo P, Crouch A, Eichner D. Evaluation of blood parameters by linear discriminant models for the detection of testosterone administration. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1270-1281. [PMID: 33629499 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) has been used since 2014 for the longitudinal monitoring of urinary testosterone and its metabolites to identify samples suspicious for the use of synthetic forms of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (EAAS). Multiple recent studies have suggested that monitoring of blood parameters may provide enhanced detectability of exogenous testosterone administration. Transdermal and intramuscular testosterone administration studies were carried out in 15 subjects, and the effect on blood steroidal levels, hematological parameters, and gonadotropins was evaluated. Serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels increased while gonadotropin levels were suppressed after administration. A modest increase in reticulocytes was also observed. The blood parameters that were responsive to the administrations were combined into several linear discriminant models targeting both administration (on) and washout (off) phases. The models were effective in detecting the large dose intramuscular administration but were less successful in the detection of the lower dose transdermal application. The blood profiling models may provide complementary value but do not appear to be substantially more advantageous than longitudinal urinary profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA.,DoCoLab, Department of Diagnostic Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Sharpe
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacob Husk
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- DoCoLab, Department of Diagnostic Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre Crouch
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
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Stancampiano MR, Lucas-Herald AK, Russo G, Rogol AD, Ahmed SF. Testosterone Therapy in Adolescent Boys: The Need for a Structured Approach. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 92:215-228. [PMID: 31851967 DOI: 10.1159/000504670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adolescents, testosterone may have several effects including promotion of secondary sexual characteristics and pubertal growth, attainment of optimal muscle mass and peak bone mass, optimization of the metabolic profile, and psychosocial maturation and well-being. SUMMARY Testosterone therapy is a cornerstone of the management of hypogonadism in boys. Since the initial report of the chemical synthesis of testosterone, several formulations have continued to develop, and although many of these have been used in boys, none of them have been studied in detail in this age group. Given the wide ranging effects of testosterone, the level of evidence for their effects in boys and the heterogeneity of conditions that lead to early-onset hypogonadism, a standardized protocol for monitoring testosterone replacement in this age group is needed. Key Messages: In this review, we focus on the perceived benefits of androgen replacement in boys affected by pubertal delay and highlight the need to improve the health monitoring of boys who receive androgen replacement therapy, proposing different approaches based on the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Rita Stancampiano
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy, .,Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Angela K Lucas-Herald
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Börjesson A, Lehtihet M, Andersson A, Dahl M, Vicente V, Ericsson M, Ekström L. Studies of athlete biological passport biomarkers and clinical parameters in male and female users of anabolic androgenic steroids and other doping agents. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:514-523. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annica Börjesson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of MedicineKarolinska Institutet and St Görans Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Alexander Andersson
- Anti‐Doping Laboratory, Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marja‐Liisa Dahl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Veronica Vicente
- Ambulance Medical Service in Stockholm [Ambulanssjukvården i Storstockholm AB]Academic EMS Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSödersjukhuset Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Anti‐Doping Laboratory, Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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7
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Andrade TU, Haguihara SCGC, Falsoni RMP, Silva CL, Dubois Filho DG, Souza Andrade Moraes F, Nascimento AM, Brasil GA, Lima EM. Stanozolol promotes lipid deposition in the aorta through an imbalance in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative status inLDLrknockoutmice fed a normal diet. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:360-369. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeu Uggere Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Vila Velha Vila Velha Espírito Santo Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiane Lyrio Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Vila Velha Vila Velha Espírito Santo Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ewelyne Miranda Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Vila Velha Vila Velha Espírito Santo Brazil
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8
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Björkhem-Bergman L, Lehtihet M, Rane A, Ekström L. Vitamin D receptor rs2228570 polymorphism is associated with LH levels in men exposed to anabolic androgenic steroids. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:51. [PMID: 29351807 PMCID: PMC5775552 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between the vitamin D receptor polymorphisms rs2228570 (Fok1) and rs731236 (TaqI) and LH and FSH levels in relation to anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use. RESULTS Two cohorts were analyzed. Cohort 1 comprised healthy volunteers given single supra-physiological doses of 500 mg testosterone (n = 25). Cohort 2 comprised 45 self-reporting AAS users. Healthy volunteers homozygous for the C-allele of the Fok1 polymorphism exhibited 30% higher LH levels than T-carriers at baseline (p = 0.04) and twice the levels 14 days after testosterone administration (p = 0.01). AAS users homozygous for the C-allele had four times higher LH levels than TT-individuals (p < 0.05). FSH levels were not associated with Fok1 polymorphism, nor were LH and FSH levels associated with the TaqI polymorphism. In conclusion, there is an association between LH levels and the Fok1 VDR polymorphism and this difference is even more pronounced in AAS users and subjects with suppressed LH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetesm Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Lehtihet M, Andersson A, Börjesson A, Schulze J, Rane A, Ericsson M, Ekström L. Codeine influences the serum and urinary profile of endogenous androgens but does not interact with the excretion rate of administered testosterone. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:723-730. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Andersson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Börjesson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Ericsson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at, Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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10
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Biochemical and oxidative stress markers in the liver and kidneys of rats submitted to different protocols of anabolic steroids. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 425:181-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Choong E, Schulze JJ, Ericsson M, Rane A, Ekström L. Discordant genotyping results using DNA isolated from anti-doping control urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:994-1000. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Choong
- Department Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jenny J Schulze
- Department Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Department Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Zhao J, Liu GL, Wei Y, Jiang LH, Bao PL, Yang QY. Low-dose testosterone alleviates vascular damage caused by castration in male rats in puberty via modulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2518-26. [PMID: 27485938 PMCID: PMC4991766 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of testosterone on glucolipid metabolism and vascular injury in male rats, and examine the underlying molecular mechanisms. A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group (n=10), high-fat-diet + castration group (n=10), high-fat-diet + castration + low dose testosterone group (n=10), and high-fat-diet + castration + high dose testosterone group (n=10). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate the morphology of the thoracic aortic tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect biomarkers of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PI3K, AKT, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), nuclear factor (NF)-κB and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the aortas were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, respectively. Apoptosis in the aortic tissues was detected using a TUNEL assay. Castration induced apoptosis in the animals fed a high-fat-diet, whereas low dose testosterone replacement ameliorated the apoptosis in the aorta. However, the levels of apoptosis was more severe following high-dose testosterone treatment. Low-dose testosterone induced upregulation in the levels of IRS-1, AKT, GLUT-4 protein, NF-κB, TNF-α and PI3K, compared with those in the animals fed a high-fat diet following castration. A high dose of testosterone resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of IRS-1, AKT, GLUT-4, NF-κB, TNF-α and PI3K. Compared with the rats in the high-fat diet + castration group, a low dose of testosterone induced upregulation in the mRNA levels of IRS-1, AKT and GLUT-4, and downregulation of the mRNA levels of NF-κB, TNF-α and PI3K. A high dose of testosterone resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of IRS-1, AKT and GLUT-4, and marked increases in the mRNA levels of NF-κB, TNF-α and PI3K, compared with the low dose group. Castration induced marked disorders of glucolipid metabolism and vascular injuries in the pubescent male rats. Low-dose testosterone treatment was found to ameliorate the vascular damage caused by castration via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ge-Li Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Paediatrics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hong Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Li Bao
- Department of Paediatrics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yan Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Börjesson A, Gårevik N, Dahl ML, Rane A, Ekström L. Recruitment to doping and help-seeking behavior of eight female AAS users. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016; 11:11. [PMID: 26945991 PMCID: PMC4779574 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doping with anabolic androgenic steroids in sports has now developed to a widespread use of these agents among young people outside the sport. This is of major concern to the society. The purpose of the use is mainly for aesthetic reasons and is seen as a male phenomenon. But use also occurs in women where the knowledge is scarce. Our aim was to identify the pattern of doping agents in eight female cases and compare them with similar data from men. METHODS Eight female users were recruited through Anti-Doping Hot-Line, a national telephone counseling service on doping issues during the years 1998-2004. The use was confirmed with urine doping analysis at the Doping Laboratory. The characteristic of use, co-use of narcotics/other doping agents, exercise pattern, adverse-side effects, family history and reason to begin was evaluated. RESULTS The women used on average 1.9 different anabolic androgenic steroids and clenbuterol preparations. Ephedrine and growth hormone were co-used in five and one of the women, respectively. Three women reported co-use of narcotics (cannabis and cocaine). The average duration of anabolic agent use before contacting health care was 58 weeks (range 7-104). Side effects for anabolic androgenic steroids (n = 5) included voice changes, clitoral enlargement, body hair growth, whereas women using clenbuterol (n = 2) reported tachycardia and depression. All women except one had a man in close relationship encouraging them to begin with the doping agents. CONCLUSIONS The use of doping agents in our eight women was different from that in male users. The women used less doping agents and were more prone to contact the health care, at an earlier stage, probably due to the adverse effects. The co-use with ephedrine, growth hormone and cannabis appeared to be in the same range as in men. This is the first study showing that a man in close relationship may motivate a woman to use anabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Börjesson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Liisa Dahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gårevik N, Börjesson A, Choong E, Ekström L, Lehtihet M. Impact of single-dose nandrolone decanoate on gonadotropins, blood lipids and HMG CoA reductase in healthy men. Andrologia 2015; 48:595-600. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Gårevik
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - A. Börjesson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - E. Choong
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - L. Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - M. Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute and Centre for Andrology and Sexual Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
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15
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Strahm E, Mullen JE, Gårevik N, Ericsson M, Schulze JJ, Rane A, Ekström L. Dose-dependent testosterone sensitivity of the steroidal passport and GC-C-IRMS analysis in relation to the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism. Drug Test Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Strahm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jenny E. Mullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jenny J. Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
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Sagoe D, Huang K, Molde H, Andreassen CS, Pallesen S. Perceived anabolic–androgenic steroid use is associated with perceived neuroticism. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2015.1009510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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