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van Tonder CB, Joubert G, Moodley A. Restless legs syndrome in chronic renal failure patients on dialysis. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:764-777. [PMID: 38357105 PMCID: PMC10862641 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i3.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Restless legs syndrome (RLS) occurs in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Objectives To determine the prevalence and morbidity of RLS in CRF patients on dialysis. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study included 100 dialysis patients (50 on haemodialysis [HD]; 50 on peritoneal dialysis [PD]). A focused lower limb examination was done. Patients were classified with RLS when reporting uncomfortable feelings in their legs that improved with movement and worsened when resting and at night. Results Gender distribution was equal. The median age was 43 (19-67) years. Six patients (HD and PD n=3 each) had international criteria-confirmed RLS. Twenty-four patients reported symptoms suggestive of RLS. Fourteen and 16 patients with RLS symptoms were on HD and PD, respectively. Sleep disturbances occurred in 43.3% (n=13) of patients with RLS symptoms, compared to 20.0% (n=20) of the large cohort. Sleep disturbances, peripheral sensory loss, chronic disease-related anaemia, increased urea and decreased albumin levels were more common among patients with RLS symptoms. Conclusion RLS symptoms occurred in 30.0% of the entire cohort, although only 6.0% met the international criteria. The type of dialysis had no impact on the incidence of symptoms. Identifying RLS in patients with CRF on dialysis will allow for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Behrens van Tonder
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gina Joubert
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Anand Moodley
- Department of Neurology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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2
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Solak B, Aydın B, Yüksekal G, Yaldız M. Restless legs syndrome in patients with psoriasis: association with inflammation and sleep quality. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:501-507. [PMID: 36468846 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate if psoriasis associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) due to its close relationship with metabolic disorders. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in which the relationship between RLS and psoriasis was evaluated. Seventy consecutive psoriasis patients and 70 controls without any skin disorder were included in this study. Data including age, gender, body weight, height, and Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores were recorded. Diagnosis of RLS was established using International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) diagnostic criteria. International RLS Rating Scale (IRLSRS) was used to evaluate the severity of symptoms. Each participant completed forms of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). RESULTS The RLS frequency in patients with psoriasis was 18.6% vs. 5.7% in the control group (P = 0.018). In psoriasis patients, BMI, DLQI, IRLSRS, hemoglobin, ferritin, CRP, and uric acid levels were significantly higher than those of the controls. In psoriasis patients with RLS, PASI, DLQI, PSQI, IRLSRS scores, CRP level, and BMI were significantly higher, and hemoglobin level was significantly lower relative to the psoriasis patients without RLS. PASI score was the sole independent associate of RLS presence in psoriasis patients. CONCLUSION Restless legs syndrome was significantly more common in psoriasis patients, and the presence of RLS was associated with significantly more severe psoriasis, more severe systemic inflammation, lower serum hemoglobin values, worse quality of life, and sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Solak
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Adapazarı, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Büşra Aydın
- Department of Dermatology, Sakarya Education and Research Hospital, Adapazarı, Turkey
| | - Gülcan Yüksekal
- Department of Dermatology, Yenikent State Hospital, Karaman, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mahizer Yaldız
- Department of Dermatology, Kocaeli Akademi Hospital, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
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3
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Saber WK, Almuallim AR, Algahtani R. Restless Legs Syndrome and the Use of Antipsychotic Medication: An Updated Literature Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e27821. [PMID: 36134065 PMCID: PMC9481228 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome or Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) is a sleep-related movement disorder characterized by an urge to move the legs. This impulse is usually accompanied by an uncomfortable and unpleasant sensation in the legs, which worsens at night and during periods of inactivity and is relieved by movement. Several studies in the literature reported the association between RLS and different antipsychotic medications. with Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Clozapine identified as the most common causes. The literature suggests that the development of RLS in antipsychotic users may be attributed to the inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission or the impact of antipsychotics on iron metabolism. Diagnosing antipsychotic-induced RLS remains a substantial challenge in clinical practice, with challenges in the management of this condition also being widely reported in the current literature. In this article, we will review the evidence suggesting the association between RLS and the use of antipsychotic medications, differentiate between RLS and other movement disorders, and give a brief review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RLS and its challenges among psychotic patients.
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4
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Jurjević LČ, Telarović S. Relationship of restless legs syndrome with number of pregnancies, duration of pregnancy and positive family history. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455057221109371. [PMID: 35791495 PMCID: PMC9272156 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the correlation between gestational age and number of previous pregnancies in group of pregnant women with restless legs syndrome and the connection of restless legs syndrome with family history positive versus family history negative group of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Methods: Four hundred and sixty-two women were involved in this study: 231 pregnant women and the same number of non-pregnant women of compatible age as a control group. We defined restless legs syndrome as presence of International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group criteria. During the face-to-face interview with the researcher, respondents answered questions about duration of pregnancy, number of previous pregnancies and family history of restless legs syndrome. Results: Before the 16th week of pregnancy, restless legs syndrome appeared in 7.1% of pregnant women and after 16 weeks of pregnancy in 22.6% of them (t = 2.07, p = 0.039). Restless legs syndrome appeared in 11.4% of pregnant women without restless legs syndrome in the family and in 74.2% of pregnant women who did have restless legs syndrome in the family (t = 7.67, p < 0.001). It was also found that among non-pregnant women with a family history of restless legs syndrome, 42.9% had restless legs syndrome, and among those without a family history of restless legs syndrome, only 4.9% had restless legs syndrome (t = 3.49, p = 0.001). No statistically significant correlation between restless legs syndrome and number of previous pregnancies in pregnant women has been found. Conclusion: Our study confirmed a higher frequency of restless legs syndrome in women pregnant for 17 or more weeks and in both pregnant and non-pregnant women with a positive family history of this syndrome. We have not proven a connection between restless legs syndrome and multiparity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srđana Telarović
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Vlasie A, Trifu S, Lupuleac C, Kohn B, Cristea M. Restless legs syndrome: An overview of pathophysiology, comorbidities and therapeutic approaches (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:185. [PMID: 35069866 PMCID: PMC8764906 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Vlasie
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, Bucharest 041914, Romania
| | - Simona Trifu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020021, Romania
| | - Cristiana Lupuleac
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, Bucharest 041914, Romania
| | - Bianca Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, Bucharest 041914, Romania
| | - Mihai Cristea
- Department of Morphological Sciences, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020021, Romania
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6
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Aksoy S, Eker E, Yalcin S, Karaman HIO. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome: a cross-sectional population-based study from northwest of Turkey. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-021-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Kim J, Kim R, Jun JS, Ahn SH, Jung S, Minn YK, Hwang SH. Content Analysis of Korean Videos Regarding Restless Legs Syndrome on YouTube. J Mov Disord 2021; 14:144-147. [PMID: 33915674 PMCID: PMC8175820 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.20137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy and quality of Korean videos associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS) on YouTube. METHODS A YouTube search was performed on April 1, 2020 using the term "restless legs syndrome" in the Korean language. Two reviewers coded the source, content, and demographics of the included videos. Video quality was assessed using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) instrument. RESULTS Among the 80 videos analyzed, 44 (55.0%) were reliable, and 36 (45.0%) were misleading. There was a trend toward a higher number of mean daily views in the misleading videos than in the reliable videos. Most of the misleading videos (72.2%) advocated complementary and alternative medicine as a primary treatment for RLS. Although the reliable videos had higher mDISCERN scores than the misleading videos, the overall quality of the reliable videos was low. CONCLUSION Many Korean videos regarding RLS on YouTube involve a risk of exposure to misinformation and are of unsatisfactory quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohwan Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryul Kim
- Department of Neurology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Jun
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - San Jung
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Ki Minn
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Earley EJ, Didriksen M, Spencer BR, Kiss JE, Erikstrup C, Pedersen OB, Sørensen E, Burgdorf KS, Kleinman SH, Mast AE, Busch MP, Ullum H, Page GP. Association of proton pump inhibitor and histamine H2-receptor antagonists with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2021; 44:5942955. [PMID: 33119070 PMCID: PMC8033459 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder, which can disrupt sleep and is thought to be caused in part by low cellular iron stores. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2A) are among the most commonly used drugs worldwide and show evidence of causing iron deficiency. We conducted a case/non-case observational study of blood donors in the United States (N = 13,403; REDS-III) and Denmark (N = 50,323; Danish Blood Donor Study, DBDS), both of which had complete blood count measures and a completed RLS assessment via the Cambridge–Hopkins RLS questionnaire. After adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, blood donation frequency, smoking, hormone use, and iron supplement use, PPI/H2A use was associated with RLS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–1.76; p = 0.002) in REDS-III for both PPI (OR = 1.43; CI, 1.03–1.95; p = 0.03) and H2A (OR = 1.56; CI, 1.10–2.16; p = 0.01). DBDS exhibited a similar association with PPIs/H2As (OR = 1.29; CI, 1.20–1.40; p < 0.001), and for PPIs alone (OR = 1.27; CI, 1.17–1.38; p < 0.001), but not H2As alone (OR = 1.18; CI, 0.92–1.53; p = 0.2). We found no evidence of blood iron stores mediating this association. The association of PPI, and possibly H2A, consumption with RLS independent of blood iron status and other factors which contribute to RLS risk suggest the need to re-evaluate use of PPI/H2A in populations at particular risk for RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bryan R Spencer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,American Red Cross Scientific Affairs, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph E Kiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA.,Vitalant Northeast Division, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer S Burgdorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven H Kleinman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alan E Mast
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael P Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA.,Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kumar A, Gupta R, Gupta R. Prevalence and correlates of poor sleep quality in chronic liver disease patients. Sleep Sci 2021; 14:266-272. [PMID: 35186205 PMCID: PMC8848518 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previously done studies have shown that 39.6%-81% of subjects with chronic liver disease (CLD) report poor sleep quality and 42% experience insomnia. However, despite the high prevalence of insomnia and poor sleep quality in this group of patients, literature is scanty. In addition, previous studies have not ruled out subjects with restless legs syndrome, which is seen in a sizable number of subjects having CLD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of CLD were included after excluding potential confounders. The etiology of CLD was investigated. The severity of liver disease was assessed and graded as Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class A, B or C; model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score and as the presence of compensated or decompensated liver disease. Acute on chronic liver failure was also defined as per APASL criteria. For the present study, subjects having a score greater than 14 on insomnia severity index along with clinical diagnosis (DSM-5) were considered as having insomnia. Depression was diagnosed using a patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) along with clinical criteria following DSM-5. Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburg sleep quality index - Hindi version. RLS was diagnosed on clinical interview and examination. The severity of RLS was assessed using international RLS severity rating scales. RESULTS This cross-sectional study included 131 subjects. This sample had a predominance of males (78.6%), the average age of subjects was 48.70+12.31 years and 98.5% of subjects had decompensated liver disease. 54.2% had a history of alcohol use disorder and 45% had a history of nicotine use disorder. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection was 16.8% and 23.7%, respectively. Acute on chronic liver failure was observed in 22.9% of subjects. 19.8% of subjects had acute kidney injury. Poor sleep quality was reported by 37.4% of subjects in this study which was higher than population prevalence (p<0.001). Subjects with poor sleep quality had a higher proportion of insomnia, RLS, and depression. 19.8% of subjects reported insomnia in the present study and depressive symptoms were more severe among subjects with insomnia. RLS was reported by 19.1% of subjects and 2.3% had a positive family history of RLS. However, there was no difference in sleep quality and insomnia in patients with or without RLS. CONCLUSION The present study shows that insomnia and poor sleep quality are more prevalent among patients with CLD. Sleep disturbance is associated with depressive symptoms and can worsen the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry - Dehradun - Uttarakhand - India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry - Dehradun - Uttarakhand - India
| | - Rohit Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology - Dehradun - Uttrakhand - India. ,Corresponding author: Rohit Gupta E-mail:
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10
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Akhmadulina AO, Levin OS, Poluektov MG. [Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:80-88. [PMID: 33205935 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in sleep and wakefulness are important symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and are associated with negative effects on patients' quality of life. The analysis of literature on the relationship between RLS and PD revealed three main hypotheses explaining the relatively high incidence of RLS in PD: (1) RLS can be considered as an early (prodromal) manifestation or a predictor of PD that can outpace its main symptoms by several years (by analogy with conduct disorder during sleep with REM); (2) the high incidence of RLS in the advanced stage of PD may be associated with augmentation of previously latent RLS symptoms during prolonged dopaminergic therapy of PD; (3) a significant proportion of RLS cases in PD patients are not «classical» RLS, but represent, for example, manifestations of motor or non-motor fluctuations or a special form of stereotypy in the legs. Further research is needed to determine if any of these statements are true.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Akhmadulina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Levin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - M G Poluektov
- Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Telarović S, Čondić L. Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women suffering from restless legs syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24:263-267. [PMID: 31793405 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2018.1560935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Restless Legs Syndrome is a movement disorder characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs described as a burning, tingling, etc. Symptoms become worse in the evening and are relieved by moving the limbs. The idiopathic form of the disease is associated with a lack of dopamine, and the secondary form is associated with iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, and kidney disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women and non-pregnant women suffering from RLS.Methods. The study was conducted on a sample of 231 pregnant women aged 18-50. The pregnant women were interviewed at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. This study also included a control group of 231 age-compatible non-pregnant women. Women who met the international criteria for diagnosing the syndrome filled in a sociodemographic questionnaire.Results. A statistically significant association between the existence of iron deficiency anemia and RLS in the sample of the examined women was proven (p < 0.001). It was also shown that RLS is more frequent in a sample of anemic pregnant women than non-anemic pregnant women (p = 0.008).Conclusion. Iron deficiency anemia is related with RLS. Pregnant women with RLS are more likely to be anemic than pregnant women without RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjana Telarović
- Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Čondić
- Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Didriksen M, Thørner LW, Erikstrup C, Pedersen OB, Paarup HM, Petersen M, Hansen TF, Banasik K, Nielsen KR, Hjalgrim H, Jennum PJ, Sørensen E, Burgdorf KS, Ullum H. Self-reported restless legs syndrome and involuntary leg movements during sleep are associated with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sleep Med 2019; 57:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Akın S, Bölük C, Türk Börü Ü, Taşdemir M, Gezer T, Şahbaz FG, Keskin Ö. Restless legs syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes 2019; 13:87-91. [PMID: 30213520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and to determine the risk factors. METHODS Patients were recruited from the Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital Diabetes Center. Patients between 18-80 years of age and meeting a minimum 5 years diagnosis of type-2 DM were included. All patients were examined by the same neurologist in terms of having RLS. The diagnosis was made according to the updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group consensus criteria. Mimicking conditions such as myalgia, venous stasis, leg edema, arthritis, leg cramps, positional discomfort and habitual foot tapping were carefully investigated and excluded. Laboratory data, insulin use, family history and other related co-morbidities connected to RLS patients were recorded. RLS severity assessment was scored and recorded. RESULTS 318 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of RLS in type-2 DM patients was found to be 28.3%. RLS prevalence in females was 33.3% and 20.6% in males. 39 patients (43.3%) had a family history of RLS. 43 patients with RLS had a co-morbidity link with RLS. Any co-morbidity linked to RLS was not seen in 47 patients. The prevalence rate of RLS in patients without co-morbidities was 17.1%. Mean duration of DM in patients with RLS was 15.6±6.7years while in DM patients without RLS was 13.7±6.3years. The relationship between RLS and the duration of diabetes was found to be statically significant. (p=0.025). 68 (75.6%) of patients diagnosed with RLS were treated with insulin. A statistical significance was found in the development of RLS and insulin usage (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study which shows the RLS prevalence and risk factors in Turkish type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. The results indicated that RLS is much more frequent in DM patients even after excluding polyneuropathy than in general Turkish population. The duration of diabetes and insulin use are related to RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seydahmet Akın
- University of Health Sciences, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Bölük
- University of Health Sciences, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ülkü Türk Börü
- University of Health Sciences, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Taşdemir
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Department of Public Health, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Gezer
- University of Health Sciences, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gülhan Şahbaz
- University of Health Sciences, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özcan Keskin
- University of Health Sciences, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Kwatra V, Khan MA, Quadri SA, Cook TS. Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome: A Literature Review. Cureus 2018; 10:e3297. [PMID: 30443467 PMCID: PMC6235628 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a chronic neurological disorder affecting a growing number of people. Patients describe an irresistible urge to move their lower limbs in times of immobility. Due to its vague symptoms and similarity to other disorders, it has become increasingly difficult for primary care clinicians to properly diagnose and manage RLS. As a result, patients with RLS are routinely misdiagnosed and continue their lives without proper management. This literature review examines the current understanding of the disorder, provides key points to assist clinicians in differentiating RLS from similar disorders, and explores recently updated evidence-based guidelines for the effective management of RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kwatra
- Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - Muhammad Adnan Khan
- Neurosciences & Neurology, California Institute of Neurosciences, Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Syed A Quadri
- Neurosurgery, California Institute of Neurosciences, Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Trevor S Cook
- Emergency, Palacios Community Hospital, Palacios, USA
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15
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Didriksen M, Hansen TF, Thørner LW, Burgdorf KS, Erikstrup C, Pedersen OB, Paarup HM, Nielsen KR, Hjalgrim H, Sørensen E, Ullum H. Restless legs syndrome is associated with increased risk of migraine. CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515816318780743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are common disorders that are associated with a high level of individual suffering and major comorbidities. The aetiologies of the disorders are largely unknown, although both migraine and RLS have been linked to disturbances in the dopaminergic system and sleep issues, suggesting a relationship between the disorders. This study examines the association between RLS and migraine in a large population of otherwise healthy adults who are not taking medication. Cross-sectional study that included 20,938 participants enrolled in the Danish Blood Donor Study from 1 May 2015 to 1 February 2017. The study included complete information on migraines, the Cambridge-Hopkins RLS questionnaire, the Major Depression Inventory Scale, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), educational level, smoking status and alcohol consumption. Associations between RLS and migraine, with and without aura, were examined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Among the participants, 4827 were self-reported migraine sufferers and 1091 were classified as suffering from RLS. Individuals with RLS had an increased risk of migraine compared to non-RLS sufferers, with an odds ratio (OR) = 1.52 (95% confidence interval: 1.33–1.73). For the investigated subtypes of migraine, this association was found to be OR = 1.55 (1.31–1.83) for migraines with aura and OR = 1.29 (1.09–1.52) for migraines without aura. We found a significantly increased occurrence of migraine in individuals with RLS. This risk was independent of sex, age, BMI, educational level, smoking status, alcohol consumption and depressive disorder. Our findings suggest that RLS and migraine may have a common aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Glostrup Research Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lise W Thørner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer S Burgdorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Helene M Paarup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kaspar R Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Didriksen M, Allen RP, Burchell BJ, Thørner LW, Rigas AS, Di Angelantonio E, Nielsen MH, Jennum PJ, Werge T, Erikstrup C, Pedersen OB, Nielsen K, Bruun MT, Burgdorf KS, Sørensen E, Ullum H. Restless legs syndrome is associated with major comorbidities in a population of Danish blood donors. Sleep Med 2018; 45:124-131. [PMID: 29680420 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is characterized by uncomfortable nocturnal sensations in the legs making sedentary activities and sleep difficult, and is thus linked with psychosocial distress. Due to the symptomatology and neurobiology of RLS (disrupting brain iron and dopamine) it is likely that RLS associates with poorer health-related quality of life (HRQL) and depressive disorder. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLS-HRQL and the RLS-depressive disorder links in a generally healthy population that is not biased by medications. METHODS Complete data, including the Cambridge-Hopkins RLS questionnaire, the 12-item short-form standardized health survey (SF-12), the Major Depression Inventory (MDI), body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and education were available for 24,707 participants enrolled in the Danish Blood Donor Study from May 1, 2015 to February 1, 2017. Information on quality of sleep was available for all RLS cases. T-tests and multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations of RLS and MDI scores, and the physical and mental component scores (PCS and MCS) of SF-12, respectively. Analyses were conducted separately for men and women. RESULTS RLS associated with poorer MCS and poorer PCS. Moreover, Participants with RLS were more likely to classify with depressive disorder. Poor quality of sleep was associated with depressive disorder and poorer MCS among RLS cases, and with poorer PCS in female RLS cases. CONCLUSION Thus, we demonstrated that RLS is associated with a significantly lower HRQL and a higher prevalence of depressive disorder among otherwise healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard P Allen
- Department of Neurology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Brendan J Burchell
- Faculty of Human, Social and Political Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lise W Thørner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas S Rigas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria H Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul J Jennum
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Glostrup, Denmark; Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Nastved Sygehus, Nastved, Denmark
| | - Kaspar Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mie T Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer S Burgdorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sönmez A, Aksoy Derya Y. Effects of sleep hygiene training given to pregnant women with restless leg syndrome on their sleep quality. Sleep Breath 2018; 22:527-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-018-1619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Gupta R, Ulfberg J, Allen RP, Goel D. High prevalence of restless legs syndrome/Willis Ekbom Disease (RLS/WED) among people living at high altitude in the Indian Himalaya. Sleep Med 2017; 35:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Khawaja IS, Jean-Noel F, Shah AA. A 70-Year-Old Woman with Restless Legs Syndrome and Insomnia. Psychiatr Ann 2016. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20151221-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Bastia JK, Bhoi SK, Kalita J, Misra UK. Neuropathy in a cohort of restless leg syndrome patients. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1314-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Rana AQ, Khan F, Mosabbir A, Ondo W. Differentiating nocturnal leg cramps and restless legs syndrome. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:813-8. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.927734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Restless leg syndrome in diabetics compared with normal controls. SLEEP DISORDERS 2014; 2014:871751. [PMID: 24895540 PMCID: PMC4033537 DOI: 10.1155/2014/871751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a common sleep disorder which is characterized by urge to move the legs accompanied by disturbing and uncomfortable leg sensation during night and rest. This common condition affects 7–10% of general population and is frequently unrecognized, misdiagnosed, and poorly managed. Several clinical conditions like diabetes have been associated with secondary form of RLS. This study analyzed the frequency and possible risk factor for RLS development in diabetic patient. Material and Methods. This descriptive case-control study was done on 140 consecutive outpatient diabetics and age, sex, and body mass index matched control group. RLS was diagnosed by criteria of the International RLS Study Group. Results. Prevalence of RLS was 28.6% in diabetes and 7.1% in control group (P = 0.001). Sex difference was not significant and with rising duration of diabetes prevalence of RLS was not increased. Discussion. With regarding significant association between RLS and diabetes and its negative impact on quality of life/health outcome/sleep/daytime activity/cognitive function/ and mental state of diabetic patient/higher awareness of RLS among physicians and related health worker suggested.
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Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in Ankara, Turkey: an analysis of diagnostic criteria and awareness. Acta Neurol Belg 2013; 113:247-51. [PMID: 23111781 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-012-0153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was threefold: (1) to investigate the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS), in Ankara, Turkey; (2) to determine the predictive values of diagnostic criteria; and (3) to determine the frequency of physician referrals and the frequency of getting the correct diagnosis. A total of 815 individuals, from randomly selected addresses, above the age of 15, were reached using the questionnaire composed of the four diagnostic criteria. Individuals who responded by answering 'yes' for at least one question were interviewed by neurologists for the diagnosis of RLS. Frequency of physician referrals and frequency of getting the correct diagnosis of RLS were also determined for patients getting the final diagnoses of RLS. Prevalence of RLS in Ankara was 5.52 %; 41.0 % of the individuals diagnosed with RLS had replied 'yes' to either one, two or three questions asked by interviewers. However, only 21.3 % of individuals who replied 'yes' to all four questions received the diagnosis of RLS. Among the patients who had the final diagnosis of RLS, 25.7 % had referred to a physician for the symptoms and 22.2 % got the correct diagnosis. The RLS prevalence in Ankara was somewhere between Western and Far East countries compatible with the geographical location. Diagnostic criteria may not be fully predictive when applied by non-physician pollsters. Physician's probability of correctly diagnosing RLS is still low.
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Cicek D, Halisdemir N, Dertioglu SB, Berilgen MS, Ozel S, Colak C. Increased frequency of restless legs syndrome in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:469-76. [PMID: 22712855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2012.04356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by an unpleasant sensation in the legs, which is difficult to describe, but produces an urge to move the legs frequently. AIM To assess the prevalence and severity of RLS in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and patients with psoriasis, and to investigate the factors potentially associated with RLS. METHODS In total, 253 people were enrolled (120 with AD, 50 with psoriasis and 83 healthy controls). A diagnosis of RLS was made according to the criteria of the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG), and severity was assessed using the IRLSSG severity scale. RESULTS RLS was significantly more common in patients with AD (40.8%) than in patients with psoriasis (18.0%) or in controls (10.8%) (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). Prevalence of RLS was higher in patients with active AD than in those with inactive AD (55.3% vs. 23.6%) or controls. There was a significant difference in RLS prevalence between patients with active and those with iactive AD, between patients with active AD and healthy controls, between patients with active AD and patients with psoriasis, and between patients with inactive AD and healthy controls (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.04, respectively). There was no significant difference in RLS prevalence between patients with active AD and patients with psoriasis, or between patients with psoriasis and healthy controls (P>0.05). Of patients who were positive for RLS, 56.9% had a family history of atopy and 40.3% had a family history of RLS, and there was a significant relationship between the presence of RLS and family history of atopy or RLS (P<0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS RLS is common in patients with AD, particularly in those with active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cicek
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University Elazig, Turkey.
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Kerr S, McKinon W, Bentley A. Descriptors of restless legs syndrome sensations. Sleep Med 2012; 13:409-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yeh P, Walters AS, Tsuang JW. Restless legs syndrome: a comprehensive overview on its epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. Sleep Breath 2011; 16:987-1007. [PMID: 22038683 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-011-0606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is underdiagnosed and poorly understood by clinicians and the general public alike; accordingly, a broad literature review with information most relevant to general practice is needed to help dispel misconceptions and improve level of care. METHODS Specifically, this review comprehensively provides an epidemiological analysis of RLS and examines the risk factors and treatment options for RLS by compiling the findings of past RLS studies. These RLS studies were identified through a retrospective PubMed search. The epidemiological analysis was conducted by calculating a weighted mean average of all the relevant general population RLS prevalence studies, separated into geographical/racial categories. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of RLS epidemiological studies finds the prevalence rate of RLS to be 5-15% in the general population with 2.5% of adults having symptoms severe enough to require medical intervention. Some of the risk factors for RLS include female gender, pregnancy, low iron levels, lower socioeconomic status, poor health, elderly age, comorbidity with Parkinson's disease, positive family history of RLS, and comorbidity with psychiatric disorders. A wide array of treatment options exist for RLS including pharmacological and nonpharmacologic interventions. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians' understanding of RLS enigma has recently improved due to the increased intensity of RLS research over the past decade. This review summarizes the current findings in the RLS field as well as providing guidelines for future RLS-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yeh
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Harris MA, Koehoorn M, Teschke K. Ongoing challenges to finding people with Parkinson’s disease for epidemiological studies: A comparison of population-level case ascertainment methods. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:464-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shecterle L, Kasubick R, St Cyr J. D-ribose benefits restless legs syndrome. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 14:1165-6. [PMID: 19055337 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2008.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by unpleasant sensations and pain, predominantly in the lower extremities while at rest, accompanied by an uncontrollable urge for movement for relief. We report on two affected male individuals, a father and son, ages 71 and 47, from a family in which three generations carry the diagnosis. To evaluate any potential benefit of D-ribose in this condition, each individual orally consumed 5-g doses of D-ribose daily at different trial stages. Each stage lasted 3 weeks with a 2-week washout period between stages. The initial stage involved a single 5 gm dose of D-ribose consumed at breakfast. Throughout the second stage, D-ribose was taken at breakfast and lunch. In the third stage, D-ribose was taken at all meals, breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Diaries by the subjects pertaining to their documentation and severity of restless legs syndrome symptoms was compiled. During the initial stage both men reported a general feeling of more energy and less fatigue, most notably after exercise, without any significant changes in their symptoms. With the increase in the daily dose of D-ribose, in the second stage, their leg twitching and the feeling to move during the day was reduced for 1 subject, and rarely present in the other. Both still experienced the unpleasant sensations during the night. However, during the final stage, a further increase in the daily dose of D-ribose eliminated their daily symptoms and the symptoms at night were of a lesser degree and had a later occurrence. Both men reported that D-ribose did not totally eliminate their discomfort, but the severity and onset of symptoms affecting their quality of life was substantially improved with D-ribose without any adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Meletis
- Executive director of the Institute for Healthy Aging, a nonprofit educational group, in Carson City, Nevada, and an associate professor of natural pharmacology at the National College of Natural Medicine, in Portland, Oregon
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