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Patton GN, Lee HJ. Chemical Insights into Topical Agents in Intraocular Pressure Management: From Glaucoma Etiopathology to Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:274. [PMID: 38399328 PMCID: PMC10891530 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma encompasses a group of optic neuropathies characterized by complex and often elusive etiopathology, involvihttng neurodegeneration of the optic nerve in conjunction with abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP). Currently, there is no cure for glaucoma, and treatment strategies primarily aim to halt disease progression by managing IOP. This review delves into the etiopathology, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for glaucoma, with a special focus on IOP management. We discuss a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients used in glaucoma therapy, emphasizing their chemical structure, pharmacological action, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety/tolerability profiles. Notably, most of these therapeutic agents are administered as topical formulations, a critical aspect considering patient compliance and drug delivery efficiency. The classes of glaucoma therapeutics covered in this review include prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, Rho kinase inhibitors, and miotic (cholinergic) agents. This comprehensive overview highlights the importance of topical administration in glaucoma treatment, offering insights into the current state and future directions of pharmacological management in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Deshmukh R, Singh R, Mishra S. Pharmaceutical In Situ Gel for Glaucoma: Recent Trends and Development with an Update on Research and Patents. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:1-44. [PMID: 38037819 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v41.i3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive visual polyneuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell atrophy and optic nerve head changes. It's generally triggered due to increased intraocular pressure compared with the healthy eye. Glaucoma is treated with various medications in traditional eye drops, such as prostaglandins, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta-blockers, and others. Such treatments are difficult to use and produce lachrymal leakage and inadequate corneal permeability, resulting in lower availability. Ophthalmic in situ gels, introduced in past decades with tremendous effort, are among the finest various choices to solve the drawbacks of eye drops. Employing different polymers with pH-triggered, temperature-triggered, and ion-activated processes have been used to generate ophthalmic in situ gelling treatments. Once those preparations are delivered into the eye, they change phase from sol to gel, allowing the medicine to stay in the eye for longer. These formulations are known as smart gels as they turn into gelling fluids when administered into the eyes. The different mechanisms of in situ gel formulations are used for the management of glaucoma and are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitas Deshmukh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Sakshi Mishra
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
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3
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Kovács-Valasek A, Rák T, Pöstyéni E, Csutak A, Gábriel R. Three Major Causes of Metabolic Retinal Degenerations and Three Ways to Avoid Them. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108728. [PMID: 37240082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of homeostasis in the retina leads to neuron loss and this eventually results in a deterioration of vision. If the stress threshold is exceeded, different protective/survival mechanisms are activated. Numerous key molecular actors contribute to prevalent metabolically induced retinal diseases-the three major challenges are age-related alterations, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. These diseases have complex dysregulation of glucose-, lipid-, amino acid or purine metabolism. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on possible ways of preventing or circumventing retinal degeneration by available methods. We intend to provide a unified background, common prevention and treatment rationale for these disorders and identify the mechanisms through which these actions protect the retina. We suggest a role for herbal medicines, internal neuroprotective substances and synthetic drugs targeting four processes: parainflammation and/or glial cell activation, ischemia and related reactive oxygen species and vascular endothelial growth factor accumulation, apoptosis and/or autophagy of nerve cells and an elevation of ocular perfusion pressure and/or intraocular pressure. We conclude that in order to achieve substantial preventive or therapeutic effects, at least two of the mentioned pathways should be targeted synergistically. A repositioning of some drugs is considered to use them for the cure of the other related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kovács-Valasek
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Rák
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Etelka Pöstyéni
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adrienne Csutak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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4
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Belova EV, Semenova EV, Tverdislov VA. On the Chirality of Drugs and the Structures of Biomacromolecules. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Kumar N, Aggarwal R, Chauhan MK. Extended levobunolol release from Eudragit nanoparticle-laden contact lenses for glaucoma therapy. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Majorly, the reason for the permanent loss of vision is glaucoma. But the currently available common treatment methodologies such as eye drops have various disadvantages like patient incompliance due to repeated administration and poor (1–5%) bioavailability leading to poor efficiency. The objective of this research was to formulate Eudragit-based nanoparticles of levobunolol incorporated into a contact lens to obtain sustained ocular delivery of levobunolol at the therapeutics level. Eudragit nanoparticles of levobunolol were formulated by nanoprecipitation methodology utilizing different ratios of Eudragit S100 and polyvinyl alcohol. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated and optimized by efficiency of entrapment, particle size, morphology of surface and zeta potential. The optimized nanoparticles were then entrapped into the matrix of the contact lens by the soaking method which were then characterized and compared for optical clarity study, equilibrium swelling study, shelf life and in vitro drug release in simulated tear fluid followed by ex vivo transcorneal permeation study.
Results
Formulation F3 was obtained as optimized nanoparticle formulation with 102.61 nm ± 3.92 of particle size, − 22.2 mV ± 2.76 of zeta potential and 86.995% ± 1.902 of efficiency of entrapment. The equilibrium swelling index and transmittance of nanoparticle incorporated into contact lenses showed better results when compared to drug solution-loaded lenses. In vitro release indicated more sustained drug profiles (84.33% ± 0.34 of drug release over a period of 12 days) as compared to drug solution-loaded lenses (89.282% ± 0.900 of drug release over a period of 3 days). Ex vivo transcorneal permeation studies showed more permeation (6.75% ± 0.170) through contact lenses as compared to marketed eye drops (3.03% ± 0.088).
Conclusion
This research demonstrates the remarkable results of drug-laden contact lenses to serve as a great medium for the continued delivery of ocular drugs without affecting the physical and optical characteristics of the lens content.
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6
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Vashistha VK, Kumar A. Stereochemical facets of clinical β‐blockers: An overview. Chirality 2020; 32:722-735. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of ChemistryGLA University Mathura Uttar Pradesh India
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7
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Survey of Pharmacological Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Selected β-Adrenergic Blockers in Regard to Their Stereochemistry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present survey concentrates on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of selected β-adrenergic blockers from the point of view of their stereochemistry. It could be shown that the activity in the arylaminoethanol and aryloxyaminopropanol group of β-blockers is higher in their (–)-enantiomers as compared with the (+)-enantiomers. The stereoisomers differ also in other types of bioactivity as well as in toxicity. The particular pharmacokinetic stages such as resorption, distribution, and metabolism are discussed in regard to their stereochemistry.
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Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Dunne CE, Saran C, Cirello AL, Gunduz M. Ocular Metabolism of Levobunolol: Historic and Emerging Metabolic Pathways. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1304-12. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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10
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Costagliola C, dell'Omo R, Romano MR, Rinaldi M, Zeppa L, Parmeggiani F. Pharmacotherapy of intraocular pressure: part I. Parasympathomimetic, sympathomimetic and sympatholytics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 10:2663-77. [PMID: 19874249 DOI: 10.1517/14656560903300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) has been recognized as the major risk factor for the development of glaucoma and a wide range of options are now available to reduce it: medical treatment, laser, filtering, or cyclodestructive surgery (alone or in combination). All these modalities act by decreasing eye pressure and, thereby, protecting the optic nerve head from a mechanic direct and/or vascular indirect insult. Topical medical therapy represents the first-choice treatment and, in most cases, it effectively controls IOP, avoiding the occurrence of further optic nerve damage. All medications lower IOP in two main ways: decreasing the production of aqueous humour or by increasing its outflow from the eye. Consequently, antiglaucoma drugs either suppress aqueous humour formation (beta-adrenergic antagonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and alpha-2-adrenergic agonists) or raise aqueous humour outflow throughout the conventional (e.g., pilocarpine) or uveoscleral (prostaglandin FP receptor agonists, and prostamides) route. In addition, fixed and unfixed combinations of antiglaucoma compounds have also been available for patients requiring more than one type of medication. This review, which is part one of two (please see Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 10 (17)) briefly considers the characteristics of sympathomimetic, sympatholytics and parasympathomimetic commonly employed in the medical treatment of glaucoma, mainly the primary open-angle form, focusing the discussion on the clinical evidence supporting the use of these three classes of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Costagliola
- Università degli Studi del Molise, Dipartmento di Scienze per la Salute, Via F De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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Karataş A, Sonakin O, Kiliçarslan M, Baykara T. Poly (epsilon-caprolactone) microparticles containing Levobunolol HCl prepared by a multiple emulsion (W/O/W) solvent evaporation technique: effects of some formulation parameters on microparticle characteristics. J Microencapsul 2009; 26:63-74. [PMID: 18608798 DOI: 10.1080/02652040802141039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) microparticles of Levobunolol HC1 (L-HC1) for use as an anti-glaucomatous drug to the eye. The double emulsion (W/O/W) solvent evaporation technique was used for encapsulating L-HC1 as a hydrophilic drug. The study examined the impact of different factors including the pH and volume of the external aqueous phase, the concentration of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and Pluronic F68 (PF68) used as stabilizers and drug/polymer ratios on the characteristics of the microparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to identify the physical state of the drug and polymer. The zeta potential of the particles was also identified. Entrapment efficiency was found to be highest with a 0.5% PVA concentration and 100 mL volume of external aqueous phase at pH 12. The high efficiency was due to a reduction in the degree of drug ionization. The microparticles were spherical and appropriately sized for ophthalmic application. Drug release from the microparticles appears to consist of two components, with an initial rapid release followed by a slower stage. Drug release was slower when the microparticle was incorporated into the thermally reversible gel (Pluronic F127) in comparison to drug release from the free drug incorporated into the gel and drug release from the free microparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Karataş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara University, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
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12
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Tang M, Chen L, Wei W, Yang L, Wang T, Liu Z, Hu X, Sun H, Luo H. The effect of levobunolol hydrochloride on the calcium and potassium channels in isolated ventricular myocytes of guinea pig. Curr Med Sci 1997; 17:90-3. [PMID: 9639797 DOI: 10.1007/bf02888242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/1996] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of levobunolol hydrochlorid (Bun) on the type L calcium channel currents (ICA) and delayed rectifier potassium channel currents (IK) in isolated ventricular myocytes of guinea pig were studied by using patch clamp whole cell recording techniques. The results were showed that: 1) Bun caused a dose dependent decrease in ICA and a dose-dependent increase in IK of the ventricular myocytes. The threshold concentrations of Bun for ICA and IK were 10(-8) mol/L and 10(-7) mol/L respectively. The maximum effective concentration of Bun for bot ICA and IK was 3x10(-5) mol/L, and half-maximal concentration was 3x10(-6) mol/L; 2) IK was blocked by 2x100(-6) mol/L tetraethylammonium (TEA). A concentration of 3x10(-6) mol/L Bun showed a decreasing effect on the ICA as revealed by the current-voltage relationship curve, i.e., Bun caused an elevation of the curve;3) When ICA was blocked by 2x10(-6) mol/L Isoptin (Verapamil), at a concentration of 3x10(-6) mol/L Bun showed an increasing effect on IK and the effect could be blocked by TEA. The above-mentioned results indicated that Bun had an inhibitory effect on ICA and a fascilitatory effect on IK. The results suggested that the molecular mechanisms of antihypertensive, heart rate slowing the beta -receptor blocking effects of Bun might be due to decrease of ICA and increase of IK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the similarities and differences among the ocular beta-blockers. Important considerations when comparing these agents are the differences in systemic adverse effects, local tolerability, and cost. DATA SOURCE Information was retrieved from a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature and bibliographic reviews of review articles. Index terms included beta-blockers, glaucoma, timolol, levobunolol, betaxolol, metipranolol, and carteolol. STUDY SELECTION Emphasis was placed on eyedrop studies, as well as properly designed and executed clinical trials that assessed dosage, dosing interval, therapeutic response, adverse effects, and cost. DATA EXTRACTION Data from several studies were evaluated according to the study design, therapeutic response, and adverse effects. DATA SYNTHESIS Timolol maleate, levobunolol, metipranolol, and carteolol have similar effectiveness in lowering intraocular pressure; however, levobunolol and timolol gel forming solution may have an advantage of once-daily dosing. Studies have not been published comparing the clinical efficacy of timolol hemihydrate with that of other ocular beta-blockers. Metipranolol is cost effective in treating primary open-angle glaucoma; however, it has been associated with more ocular burning, stinging, and granulomatous anterior uveitis than other agents. The intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of carteolol has not yet displayed a definite advantage over the other agents in terms of optic disk perfusion and systemic adverse effects. The control of intraocular pressure with betaxolol has not always been as good as with timolol; however, betaxolol has some advantages over timolol and the other topical beta-blockers in terms of systemic adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Considering cost, efficacy, and safety, timolol maleate is the recommended formulary agent because the other agents cannot consistently show an outstanding advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Sorensen
- Pharmacy Department, UH 1410. Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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14
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Chun JG, Brodsky MA, Allen BJ. Syncope, bradycardia, and atrioventricular block associated with topical ophthalmic levobunolol. Am Heart J 1994; 127:689-90. [PMID: 8122621 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Chun
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Orange
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15
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Gallarate M, Gasco M, Trotta M, Chetoni P, Saettone M. Preparation and evaluation in vitro of solutions and o/w microemulsions containing levobunolol as ion-pair. Int J Pharm 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(93)90094-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Chrisp P, Sorkin EM. Ocular carteolol. A review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging 1992; 2:58-77. [PMID: 1554974 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-199202010-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carteolol is a relatively potent nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. It is used topically to reduce elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Twice-daily ocular administration of carteolol 1 or 2% lowers IOP by approximately 32% on average in patients with these conditions, an efficacy equivalent to that of timolol 0.25 or 0.5%. Carteolol eyedrops lack local anaesthetic activity, appear to cause less local irritation than timolol, and produce less pronounced decreases in heart rate or dyspnoea, possibly due to partial agonist activity. The latter activity may also improve retinal perfusion. Thus, although additional comparative trials are needed to accurately assess the precise place of carteolol in therapy, this drug offers a useful alternative to timolol in the management of conditions associated with a raised IOP, and may have advantages in older patients with regard to its tolerability profile, although careful monitoring is still wise.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chrisp
- Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Sugrue
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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Battershill PE, Sorkin EM. Ocular metipranolol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs 1988; 36:601-15. [PMID: 2905641 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-198836050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metipranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent used for the topical treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In double-blind comparative studies of up to 4 months duration, metipranolol 0.1 to 0.6% produced comparable reductions in intraocular pressure to timolol 0.25 to 0.5% and levobunolol 0.5%, lowering pressure by about 20 to 29% from baseline. Metipranolol has been well tolerated by most patients, producing only minor changes in objective measurements of ophthalmic status and systemic parameters. Similarly, subjective ophthalmic complaints have been minimal although reports of initial stinging or burning upon instillation have occurred. Further published reports, in which larger numbers of patients are treated over extended periods, are needed to confirm the drug's apparent long term comparative efficacy. Studies of ocular metipranolol to date are encouraging, and the drug demonstrates a lasting intraocular pressure reducing effect with good tolerability. Thus, ocular metipranolol provides a viable alternative to ocular timolol and levobunolol in the topical treatment of chronic open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
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