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Götz M, Heiss R, von Stengel S, Roemer F, Berger J, Nagel A, Uder M, Kemmler W. Spatial Distribution of Muscular Effects of Acute Whole-Body Electromyostimulation at the Mid-Thigh and Lower Leg-A Pilot Study Applying Magnetic Resonance Imaging. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:10017. [PMID: 36560386 PMCID: PMC9786230 DOI: 10.3390/s222410017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is an innovative training method that stimulates large areas simultaneously. In order to determine the spatial distribution of WB-EMS with respect to volume involvement and stimulation depth, we determined the extent of intramuscular edema using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a marker of structural effects. Intense WB-EMS first application (20 min, bipolar, 85 Hz, 350 µs) was conducted with eight physically less trained students without previous WB-EMS experience. Transversal T2-weighted MRI was performed at baseline and 72 h post WB-EMS to identify edema at the mid-thigh and lower leg. The depth of the edema ranged from superficial to maximum depth with superficial and deeper muscle groups of the mid-thigh or lower leg area approximately affected in a similar fashion. However, the grade of edema differed between the muscle groups, which suggests that the intensity of EMS-induced muscular contraction was not identical for all muscles. WB-EMS of the muscles via surface cuff electrodes has an effect on deeper parts of the stimulated anatomy. Reviewing the spatial and volume distribution, we observed a heterogeneous pattern of edema. We attribute this finding predominately to different stimulus thresholds of the muscles and differences in the stress resistance of the muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Götz
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Heiss
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Roemer
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joshua Berger
- German University for Prevention and Health Management, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Armin Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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The Potential Role of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Exertional Heat Stroke. Sports Med 2021; 51:863-872. [PMID: 33528800 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a life-threatening condition that affects mainly athletes, military personnel, firefighters, and occupational workers. EHS is frequently observed in non-compensable conditions (where the body is unable to maintain a steady thermal balance) as a result of heavy heat stress and muscle contraction associated with prolonged and strenuous physical and occupational activities, resulting in central nervous system dysfunction followed by multi-organ damage and failure. Since the pathophysiology of EHS is complex and involves multiple organs and systems, any condition that changes the interrelated systems may increase the risk for EHS. It has been suggested that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) can lead to thermoregulatory impairment and systemic inflammation, which could be a potential predisposing factor for EHS. In this review article, we aim to (1) address the evidence of EIMD as a predisposing factor for EHS and (2) propose a possible mechanism of how performing muscle-damaging exercise in the heat may aggravate muscle damage and subsequent risk of EHS and acute kidney injury (AKI). Such an understanding could be meaningful to minimize the risks of EHS and AKI for individuals with muscle damage due to engaging in physical work in hot environments.
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American Football Players in Preseason Training at Risk of Acute Kidney Injury Without Signs of Rhabdomyolysis. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30:556-561. [PMID: 30119084 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to identify changes in blood biomarkers that would indicate excessive muscle breakdown during the initial 10 days of preseason training in collegiate American football players and subsequently increase their risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Preseason, heat acclimatization period. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five Division I American football players. INTERVENTION Clinical biomarkers for muscle damage were measured during a preseason training camp. Samples were obtained before camp and approximately 5 and 10 days into camp after completion of heat acclimatization training. MAIN OUTCOMES Creatine kinase, myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine were measured. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated. Urine was collected at each blood draw to qualitatively identify hematuria and red blood cells. RESULTS A high percentage of athletes had an asymptomatic reduction in kidney function over the 10-day period. Ten of 23 athletes did have a significant, 31.6%, mean reduction in GFR, placing each at risk of AKI according to Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) classification. The plasma myoglobin for the at risk of AKI group had a mean value 8× above their baseline mean on day 5 and statistically significant mean 13× higher on day 10 than baseline. The not at risk of AKI group did not have significant differences between days 0, 5, and 10. CONCLUSIONS A relatively high percentage of athletes had an asymptomatic reduction in kidney function during the intense preseason training period. 43.4% of athletes in this study had a significant 31.6% mean reduction in GFR over the 10 days. According to RIFLE classification, this placed each athlete "at risk" of AKI.
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Kranen RW, Lambooij E, Veerkamp CH, Van Kuppevelt TH, Veerkamp JH. Haemorrhages in muscles of broiler chickens. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Kranen
- Institute for Animal Science and Health, ID-Lelystad, Lelystad
| | - E. Lambooij
- Institute for Animal Science and Health, ID-Lelystad, Lelystad
| | | | - T. H. Van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. H. Veerkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Shin KA, Ahn J, Yoon JH, Park Y, Kim YJ. Effect of ultramarathon race on liver and skeletal muscle biomarkers in recovery period. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Paternoster M, Capasso E, Di Lorenzo P, Mansueto G. Fatal exertional rhabdomyolysis. Literature review and our experience in forensic thanatology. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 35:12-17. [PMID: 30232046 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Paternoster
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Edificio 20, 1° piano, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Capasso
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Edificio 20, 1° piano, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pierpaolo Di Lorenzo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Edificio 20, 1° piano, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gelsomina Mansueto
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Edificio 20, 1° piano, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Fraser J, Fang S, Barfoot R, Clayton PT. Idiopathic Rhabdomyolysis. J R Soc Med 2018; 89:706-7. [PMID: 9014885 PMCID: PMC1296037 DOI: 10.1177/014107689608901214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Fraser
- Department of Paediatrics, Whipps Cross Hospital, London, England
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Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis, which is a characteristic occurrence in associated with muscle cell necrosis, develops due to various causes. We herein report a rare case of a patient with rhabdomyolysis after high intensity resistance training, in which markedly elevated levels of serum creatine kinase (CK) and urine myoglobin were observed. A previously healthy 37-year-old man presented with severe myalgia and dark urine after performing high-intensity exercise. The patient's serum CK level was 95,100 U/L and his urine myoglobin level was 160,000 ng/mL. His symptoms and laboratory findings gradually improved with the intravenous administration of saline and no complications (including electrolyte imbalance and acute renal failure) developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Honda
- Department of Cardiology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Japan
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Effects of Methane-Rich Saline on the Capability of One-Time Exhaustive Exercise in Male SD Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150925. [PMID: 26942576 PMCID: PMC4778848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the effects of methane-rich saline (CH4 saline) on the capability of one-time exhaustive exercise in male SD rats. Methods Thirty rats were equally divided into to three groups at random: control group (C), placebo group (P) and methane saline group (M). Rats in M group underwent intraperitoneal injection of CH4 saline, and the other two groups simultaneously underwent intraperitoneal injection of normal saline. Then, the exercise capability of rats was tested through one-time exhaustive treadmill exercise except C group. Exercise time and body weight were recorded before and after one-time exhaustive exercise. After exhaustive exercise, the blood and gastrocnemius samples were collected from all rats to detect biochemical parameters in different methods. Results It was found that the treadmill running time was significantly longer in rats treated with CH4 saline. At the same time, CH4 saline reduced the elevation of LD and UN in blood caused by one-time exhaustive exercise. The low level of blood glucose induced by exhaustive exercise was also normalized by CH4 saline. Also CH4 saline lowered the level of CK in plasma. Furthermore, this research indicated that CH4 saline markedly increased the volume of T-AOC in plasma and alleviated the peak of TNF-α in both plasma and gastrocnemius. From H&E staining, CH4 saline effectively improved exercise-induced structural damage in gastrocnemius. Conclusions CH4 saline could enhance exercise capacity in male SD rats through increase of glucose aerobic oxidation, improvement of metabolic clearance and decrease of exhaustive exercise-induced gastrocnemius injury.
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Lear-Kaul KC. Investigation of Sudden Death in Athletes: The Fittest Bodies in the Morgue. Acad Forensic Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.23907/2014.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporting events are generally viewed as regulated activities with fit and healthy participants; therefore, when deaths occur, they draw considerable public interest. Athletic participants can be considered a vulnerable population based on inherent risks within certain sports and the associated physiologic stresses, which may complicate underlying medical conditions. Sudden deaths in young athletes participating in high school and collegiate organized sports occur at an average of four to six deaths per year; however, sudden deaths related to exercise outside of an organized sport setting remain unaccounted for in the overall prevalence of these deaths. A typical forensic pathology practice will see not only these higher-profile deaths occurring during an organized sporting event, but also lower-profile occurrences of individuals dying during more recreational or unstructured exercise. Sport-related deaths can essentially be categorized as those that occur due to dangers inherent in the sport itself, such as forms of heat-related illnesses, blunt force trauma, and water-related deaths, and those that occur due to susceptibilities of a given predisposed participant, including sickle cell trait, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and other cardiovascular diseases. This article will address both types of vulnerabilities and provide guidance for appropriate and specific medicolegal death investigation and autopsy procedures in these deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. Lear-Kaul
- Forensic Pathologist and the Coroner at the Arapahoe County (Colorado) Coroner's Office and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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11
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Atias D, Druyan A, Heled Y. Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis: coincidence, syndrome, or acquired myopathy? Curr Sports Med Rep 2014; 12:365-9. [PMID: 24225520 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this report are to review and discuss the issue of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER), the return to physical activity after ER, and the possible causes of recurrence, with special consideration to metabolic myopathies and the possibility of an acquired post-ER myopathy. We discuss the medical investigation required prior to return to physical activity after an episode of ER and suggest two possible mechanisms for recurrence of ER in the absence of a known cause: premature return to activity and an acquired post-ER muscular disorder. We also emphasize the need to create proper guidelines for return to physical activity after ER and, for further investigation, the possible mechanisms of ER recurrence in patients without a known metabolic myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danit Atias
- 1Heller Institute of Medical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; and 2The IDF Institute of Military Physiology, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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THEODOROU ANASTASIOSA, NIKOLAIDIS MICHALISG, PASCHALIS VASSILIS, SAKELLARIOU GEORGIOSK, FATOUROS IOANNISG, KOUTEDAKIS YIANNIS, JAMURTAS ATHANASIOSZ. Comparison between Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-Deficient and Normal Individuals after Eccentric Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1113-21. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c67ecd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Hubal MJ, Devaney JM, Hoffman EP, Zambraski EJ, Gordish-Dressman H, Kearns AK, Larkin JS, Adham K, Patel RR, Clarkson PM. CCL2 and CCR2 polymorphisms are associated with markers of exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1651-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel eccentric (lengthening contraction) exercise typically results in muscle damage, which manifests as prolonged muscle dysfunction, delayed onset muscle soreness, and leakage of muscle proteins into circulation. There is a large degree of variability in the damage response of individuals to eccentric exercise, with higher responders at risk for potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chemokine ligand 2 ( CCL2) and its receptor chemokine receptor 2 ( CCR2) associate with the high degrees of variability in the muscle damage response. We based this hypothesis on CCL2's roles in macrophage and satellite cell signaling in injured muscle. DNA was obtained from 157 untrained men and women following maximal eccentric exercise. Strength loss, soreness, serum creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin levels before and during recovery from a single exercise bout were tested for association with 16 SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2. The rare alleles for rs768539 and rs3918358 (CCR2) were significantly ( P < 0.05) associated with lower preexercise strength in men, whereas CCL2 SNPs (rs13900, rs1024611, and rs1860189) and CCR2 (rs1799865) were associated with altered preexercise CK levels in women. During recovery, the rs3917878 genotype ( CCL2) was associated with attenuated strength recovery in men and an elevated CK response in women. CCR2 variants were associated with slower strength recovery in women (rs3918358) and elevated soreness (rs1799865) across all subjects. In summary, we found that SNPs in CCL2 and CCR2 are associated with exercise-induced muscle damage and that the presence of certain variants may result in an exaggerated damage response to strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica J. Hubal
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joseph M. Devaney
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Edward J. Zambraski
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Amy K. Kearns
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts; and
| | - Justin S. Larkin
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- The School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kasra Adham
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- The School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ronak R. Patel
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- The School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Yamin C, Duarte JAR, Oliveira JMF, Amir O, Sagiv M, Eynon N, Sagiv M, Amir RE. IL6 (-174) and TNFA (-308) promoter polymorphisms are associated with systemic creatine kinase response to eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104:579-86. [PMID: 18758806 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a complex and poorly understood entity. The inflammatory system has an important role in muscle injury and repair. Serum creatine kinase (CK) is often used as systemic biomarker representing muscle damage. Considerable variation exists in CK response between different subjects. Genetic elements may act as predisposition factors for exertional rhabdomyolysis. Based on their biological activity, we hypothesized that in healthy subjects IL6 G-174C and TNFA G-308A promoter polymorphisms would be associated with CK response to exercise. We determined serum CK activity pre- and post-maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor muscles. IL6 G-174C and TNFA G-308A genotypes were analyzed for possible relationship with changes in serum CK activity. IL6 G-174C genotype was associated with CK activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Subjects with one or more of the -174C allele had a greater increase and higher peak CK values than subjects homozygous for the G allele (mean +/- SE U/L: GG, 2,604 +/- 821; GC, 7,592 +/- 1,111; CC, 8,403 +/- 3,849, ANOVA P = 0.0003 for GG + GC genotypes versus CC genotype, P = 0.0005 for linear trend). IL6-174CC genotype was associated with a greater than threefold increased risk of massive CK response (adjusted odds ratio 3.29, 95% confidence interval 1.27-7.85, P = 0.009). A milder association (P = 0.06) was noted between TNFA G-308A genotype and CK activity. In conclusion, we found a strong association of the IL6 G-174C genotype with systemic CK response to strenuous exercise. Data suggest that homozygosity for the IL6-174C allele is a clinically important risk factor for exercise-induced muscle injury, further supporting the central role of cytokines in the reactive inflammatory process of muscle damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yamin
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Wingate Institute, 42902 Netanya, Israel
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Yamin C, Amir O, Sagiv M, Attias E, Meckel Y, Eynon N, Sagiv M, Amir RE. ACE ID genotype affects blood creatine kinase response to eccentric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:2057-61. [PMID: 17885020 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00867.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed exercise may cause muscle breakdown with marked increase in serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. The skeletal muscle renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in exercise metabolism and tissue injury. A functional insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene (rs4646994) has been associated with ACE activity. We hypothesized that ACE ID genotype may contribute to the wide variability in individuals' CK response to a given exercise. Young individuals performed maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor muscles. Pre- and postexercise CK activity was determined. ACE genotype was significantly associated with postexercise CK increase and peak CK activity. Individuals harboring one or more of the I allele had a greater increase and higher peak CK values than individuals with the DD genotype. This response was dose-dependent (mean +/- SE U/L: II, 8,882 +/- 2,362; ID, 4,454 +/- 1,105; DD, 2,937 +/- 753, ANOVA, P = 0.02; P = 0.009 for linear trend). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis, which included age, sex, body mass index, and genotype subtypes, revealed that ACE genotype was the most powerful independent determinant of peak CK activity (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.64, P = 0.02). In conclusion, we indicate a positive association of the ACE ID genotype with CK response to strenuous exercise. We suggest that the II genotype imposes increased risk for developing muscle damage, whereas the DD genotype may have protective effects. These findings support the role of local RAS in the regulation of exertional muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yamin
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
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Nikolaidis MG, Jamurtas AZ, Paschalis V, Kostaropoulos IA, Kladi-Skandali A, Balamitsi V, Koutedakis Y, Kouretas D. Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in G6PD-Deficient Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:1443-50. [PMID: 16888458 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000228938.24658.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate whether individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency can exercise without greater perturbations in their redox status compared with non-G6PD-deficient individuals. METHODS Nine males with established G6PD deficiency and nine males with normal G6PD activity performed two exhaustive treadmill exercise protocols of different duration (the shorter one lasting 12 min and the longer one 50 min). Several hematological parameters, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured in the blood before and after each exercise bout. RESULTS Both GSH and GSSG were significantly higher in the control group compared with the G6PD-deficient group at baseline (0.404 +/- 0.101 vs 0.195 +/- 0.049 mmol.L(-1) for GSH and 0.047 +/- 0.012 vs 0.012 +/- 0.006 mmol.L(-1) for GSSG; P < 0.05); as a result, their ratio was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). All other oxidative stress indices were not different between groups at rest (P > 0.05). Exercise of both durations affected significantly (P < 0.05) and similarly the levels of all oxidative stress indices either in the G6PD-deficient group or in the control group. Only the long exercise affected GSH status significantly (P < 0.05), whereas both short and long exercise increased the levels of TBARS, protein carbonyls, catalase activity, and TAC to a similar extent (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION G6PD-deficient individuals are able to exercise until exhaustion without higher oxidative stress compared with non-G6PD-deficient individuals. Exercise duration is an important determinant of the magnitude of exercise-induced changes for GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG, but not for TBARS, protein carbonyls, catalase activity, or TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Guis S, Mattei JP, Cozzone PJ, Bendahan D. Pathophysiology and clinical presentations of rhabdomyolysis. Joint Bone Spine 2006; 72:382-91. [PMID: 16214072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis has sparked new interest in recent years. The causes of rhabdomyolysis include drugs and other toxic agents, infections, physical exertion, crush injury, and muscle diseases (dystrophinopathies and metabolic myopathies). Prompt identification of the pathophysiological mechanism is the key to rapid control of the acute episode and to prevention of recurrences. In this update, we discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms and nosology of rhabdomyolysis, as well as diagnostic investigations, with special emphasis on noninvasive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Guis
- Rheumatology Department, Conception Hospital, 147, Boulevard Baille, Marseille 13005, France.
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Guis S, Mattei JP, Cozzone PJ, Bendahan D. Physiopathologie et tableaux cliniques des rhabdomyolyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rhum.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clarkson PM, Hoffman EP, Zambraski E, Gordish-Dressman H, Kearns A, Hubal M, Harmon B, Devaney JM. ACTN3 and MLCK genotype associations with exertional muscle damage. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:564-9. [PMID: 15817725 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00130.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise results in damage to skeletal muscle that is manifested in delayed muscle pain, prolonged strength loss, and increases in muscle proteins in the blood, especially creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb). Some individuals experience profound changes in these variables in response to standard laboratory exercise or recreational activities. We proposed that variations in genes coding for two myofibrillar proteins [alpha-actinin 3 (ACTN3) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)] may explain the large variability in the response to muscle-damaging exercise. We hypothesized that subjects with specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ACTN3 and MLCK would show a greater loss in muscle strength and/or a greater increase in blood CK and Mb in response to eccentric exercise. Blood from 157 subjects who performed a standard elbow flexion eccentric exercise protocol was tested for association between genotypes of ACTN3 (1 SNP tested: R577X) and MLCK (2 SNPs tested: C49T and C37885A) and changes in blood CK and Mb and isometric strength. Subjects possessing the ACTN3-deficient genotype (XX) had lower baseline CK compared with the heterozygotes (P = 0.035). After the eccentric exercise, those subjects homozygous for the MLCK 49T rare allele had a significantly greater increase in CK and Mb (P < 0.01) compared with the heterozygotes, and those heterozygous for MLCK C37885A had a significantly greater increase in CK compared with the homozygous wild type (P < 0.05). There was only one subject homozygous for the rare MLCK 37885A allele. MLCK C37885A was also associated with postexercise strength loss (P < 0.05); the heterozygotes demonstrated greater strength loss compared with the homozygous wild type (CC). These results show that variations in genes coding for specific myofibrillar proteins influence phenotypic responses to muscle damaging exercise.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Well leg compartment syndrome (WLCS) is being seen more frequently as the complexity and duration of pelvic urological surgery increases, ie reconstruction/radical cancer surgery. The etiology of WLCS is multifactorial and prevention should form the mainstay of treatment. With significant morbidity and mortality, in particular lower limb morbidity secondary to fasciotomy wounds and long-term neurological sequelae, all urologists should be aware of this iatrogenic complication and how to prevent or treat it when it occurs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of the world literature using MEDLINE was performed from 1966 to 2002, searching for lower limb compartment syndrome (well leg compartment syndrome), and its association with the lithotomy position and pelvic surgery. RESULTS Although WLCS is not commonly reported in the urological literature, it has significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of WLCS is probably under reported due to failed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. With increased awareness the incidence of this iatrogenic complication may be minimized or avoided altogether. CONCLUSIONS Because the lithotomy position is one of the most common positions used in urology, it is mandatory for urologists to be familiar with the complications associated with it. If this complication is recognized early, prompt treatment decreases morbidity and mortality. Minimizing the risk of WLCS will leave urologists less open to litigation, which may follow this significant iatrogenic complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Raza
- Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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21
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Córdova A, Navas FJ, Lazzoli JK. Os radicais livres e o dano muscular produzido pelo exercício: papel dos antioxidantes. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922000000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Kawazoe Lazzoli
- Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte; Sociedade de Medicina Desportiva do Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Instituto Petropolitano de Ergometria
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22
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Muscle pain induced by novel eccentric exercise does not disturb the sleep of normal young men. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1526-5900(00)90089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Sayers SP, Clarkson PM, Rouzier PA, Kamen G. Adverse events associated with eccentric exercise protocols: six case studies. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31:1697-702. [PMID: 10613417 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199912000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhabdomyolysis is a condition characterized by muscle damage and degeneration of muscle cells after strenuous, overexertion exercise. Although the incidence of severe rhabdomyolysis is rare, this condition can be dangerous and even fatal. Eccentric exercise protocols are currently being used to induce and study mild forms of muscle damage. However, serious adverse events can occur in these laboratory investigations. The purpose of this report was to expose some of the adverse events resulting from performance of eccentric exercise protocols to study muscle damage in humans. METHODS The following case studies involved an eccentric exercise protocol where two sets of 25 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors were performed, separated by a 5-min rest period. RESULTS Case reports are presented that reveal prolonged losses in the ability of the muscle to generate force lasting 43-47 d, extreme swelling of the exercised arm lasting several weeks, and greatly elevated serum creatine kinase levels. CONCLUSIONS Although adverse events resulting from eccentric exercise are rare, our laboratory has observed a 3% incidence rate during the past year. Investigators should be knowledgeable of the sequelae of events that are associated with muscle damage after high-force eccentric exercise and take appropriate precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sayers
- Department of Exercise Science and the University Health Services, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA.
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24
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Ide M, Tajima F, Furusawa K, Mizushima T, Ogata H. Wheelchair marathon racing causes striated muscle distress in individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 80:324-7. [PMID: 10084442 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of wheelchair marathon racing in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) on circulating muscle enzymes and myoglobin. SUBJECTS Thirty-one men with SCI, including 25 wheelchair marathon athletes and 6 sedentary men. DESIGN Serum myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase (CK) activity, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in participants of the 1995 Oita International Wheelchair Marathon Race (42.195 km). Blood samples were obtained 24 hours before, immediately after, 24 hours after, and 7 days after the race. RESULTS Marathon racing resulted in significant increases in serum Mb, total CK activity, and LDH (p<.01) after the race. The peak Mb and LDH levels occurred immediately after the race; total CK activity peaked 24 hours after the race. Evaluation of cardiac muscle enzymes showed no significant changes in two CK isoenzymes (CK-MM and CK-MB). CONCLUSIONS Propulsion of the wheelchair in a marathon race induced muscle stress in athletes with SCI. Completion of the marathon race did not cause cardiac muscle damage, however. Elevated muscle enzyme levels likely resulted from muscle distress rather than from dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ide
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyushu Rosai Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
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25
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Reuter JD, Dysko RC, Chrisp CE. Review of exertional rhabdomyolysis and a case in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 1998; 27:303-9. [PMID: 10203011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1998.tb00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This is the first confirmed report of exertional rhabdomyolysis in a non-human primate. The monkey was singly housed and presented with anorexia and reluctance to move. There was no external evidence of trauma. Clinicopathologic findings included mild azotemia, marked elevation in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and myoglobinuria. Two days post-incident, the peripheral skeletal muscle had marked multifocal myonecrosis and fibrillar disruption without an inflammatory reaction. Treatment included diuresis and pain relief, and urinary output was monitored. The monkey recovered over the next two weeks. The major significance of skeletal muscle damage is the potential of released myoglobin to cause acute renal failure in the presence of other co-factors such as hypovolemia, acidosis, or ischemia. CPK levels can be highly variable and are inconsistent with the degree of muscle damage; however, CPK is thought to be the most sensitive enzyme marker for muscle necrosis. Because of the potential life-threatening sequelae, exertional rhabdomyolysis should be included as a differential diagnosis when similar clinical and pathological signs are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Reuter
- University of Michigan Medical School, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, 018 Animal Research Facility, Ann Arbor 48108-0614 USA.
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26
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Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis results from muscular fibre lysis with release of cellular contents (myoglobin, enzymes, electrolytes) into the plasma. Traumatic (crush syndrome) and non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis have been mostly reported in adults. Traumatic rhabdomyolysis are mostly due to ischemic and reperfusion injuries. Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis include several factors: muscular compression (comas), cytotoxic injury (infections and poisonings), ischemia (shock, cardiorespiratory arrest) or excessive muscular activity (seizures, strenuous exercise). The main etiologies reported in children are: anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (including sudden infant death and life threatening events); electrolyte disorders; severe hyperthermia; poisonings; hereditary myopathies. Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis must be suspected in these circumstances, requiring blood creatinine phosphokinase measurements. Indeed, clinical signs are inconstant and non-specific, and functional signs are difficult to appreciate in children. During the initial phase, the main risk is arrhythmias secondary to hyperkalemia. The two main complications are the compartmental syndrome leading to irreversible vasculo-nervous injuries and acute renal failure. Treatment of traumatic and non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis includes correction of hyperkalemia, active fluid loading in order to prevent acute renal failure and alkalinisation. Prognosis of rhabdomyolysis relates to the aetiology and the presence of acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hue
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, CHRU, Lille, France
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27
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Pesik NT, Otten EJ. Severe rhabdomyolysis following a viral illness: a case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med 1996; 14:425-8. [PMID: 8842914 DOI: 10.1016/0736-4679(96)00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome often associated with alcohol and drug abuse. It may also be seen following viral infections, but is a complication not often considered. We report a case of severe rhabdomyolysis following an influenza-like illness. Despite the extreme elevation of creatinine phosphokinase, 230,600 IU/L, this patient did not develop acute renal failure in contrast to most of the previously documented case reports of rhabdomyolysis associated with influenza virus. This case report illustrates the difficulty in predicting which patients are at risk for developing acute renal failure and emphasizes the need for aggressive treatment of any patient suspected of having rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Pesik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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28
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Meyer RS, Mubarak SJ. Exertional rhabdomyolysis: Evaluation and management. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1060-1872(95)80029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Aizawa H, Morita K, Minami H, Sasaki N, Tobise K. Exertional rhabdomyolysis as a result of strenuous military training. J Neurol Sci 1995; 132:239-40. [PMID: 8543955 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00144-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed biochemical data from 19 soldiers who marched intermittently over 4 weeks, carrying about 45 kg of kit, with a limited intake of food and water. The mean serum creatine kinase activity was higher after the march (p < 0.01), although the subjects did not develop symptomatic rhabdomyolysis. The mean serum potassium level (p < 0.005) and the mean serum sodium level (p < 0.05) were lower after the march. The level of serum osmolality showed no significant changes. Subclinical rhabdomyolysis was not rare among the soldiers. We also report a case of the soldier with exertional clinical rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aizawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Nayoro, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Exertional rhabdomyolysis can destroy muscle but the pathophysiology is unknown. Using intracellular selective microelectrodes, we found that intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was 1.27 (0.17) mumol/L (median and interquartile range) in skeletal-muscle biopsy specimens from patients with exertional rhabdomyolysis compared with 0.12 (0.01) mumol/L in controls. 3 days treatment with dantrolene, a drug that inhibits Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, decreased [Ca2+]i to 0.22 (0.05) mumol/L and accelerated patients' recovery. This study demonstrated that exertional rhabdomyolysis is associated with elevated [Ca2+]i, and that dantrolene has a beneficial effect in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R López
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas
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32
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Martinelli R, Luna MA, Rocha H. Is rhabdomyolysis an additional factor in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in leptospirosis? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1994; 36:111-4. [PMID: 7997784 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651994000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important cause of acute renal failure in our environment. Although several mechanisms are implicated, the role of rhabdomyolysis in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in leptospirosis has not been analysed. Sixteen patients with the diagnosis of leptospiroses consecutively admitted to the hospital were prospectively studied. The disease was characterized by sudden onset in all patients and, at admission, jaundice, conjunctival suffusion and myalgias. Mild to moderate proteinuria with unremarkable urinary sediment was recorded in 37.5% of the patients and abnormal levels of urea creatinine were found in 87.5% and 74.0%, respectively. Increased levels of aminotranspherase were documented in all 12 and CPK in all 10 patients studied. Serum myoglobin levels greater than 120 micrograms/l recorded in 56.2%. A correlation between myoglobin and renal failure or severity of disease, however, could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martinelli
- Departamento de Medicina-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
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33
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Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute muscle weakness or pain in patients who have recently increased their level of exercise, no matter what their previous level of physical fitness. Measurement of an elevated creatine kinase level confirms the diagnosis. Management of rhabdomyolysis is aimed at avoiding acute renal failure through aggressive fluid replacement to maintain a high urine output.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Soni
- Department of Medicine, Catholic Medical Center of Brooklyn and Queens, Jamaica, New York
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34
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Abstract
In brief A 20-year-old black male college brief athlete with sickle cell trait developed excruciating calf, thigh, and lower back pain after running 1½ miles in very hot, humid conditions. His creatine kinase peaked above 23,000 U/L and urine myoglobin levels were high; the diagnosis was exertional rhabdomyolysis. The patient's condition improved after hospitalization with aggressive rehydration. About 2 weeks later, with aggressive hydration and limitations on distances run without stopping, he returned to full activity. Athletes with known sickle cell trait should take preventive measures to avoid developing exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rosenthal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Highland General Hospital, Oakland, California
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36
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Abstract
In brief Prompt recognition and treatment of rhabdomyolysis may prevent further muscle damage and serious renal complications. The patient presented here, an unconditioned rugby player with moderately severe exertional rhabdomyolysis, had thigh pain, thigh and knee swelling, and myoglobinuria. His rehabilitation focused on a well-monitored, progressive exercise program after his muscle injury resolved.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Hodson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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38
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Brumback RA, Feeback DL, Leech RW. Rhabdomyolysis in childhood. A primer on normal muscle function and selected metabolic myopathies characterized by disordered energy production. Pediatr Clin North Am 1992; 39:821-58. [PMID: 1635808 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with rhabdomyolysis present an important clinical problem. In acute episodes immediate treatment may be necessary to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of affected patients necessitates an understanding of basic muscle pathophysiology and of the variety of disturbances that can interfere with muscle energy metabolism. The physician must then pursue a systematic stepwise evaluation (Table 6) that includes obtaining relevant history and laboratory studies, as well as arranging for appropriate provocative testing and muscle biopsy. Once the diagnosis is established, patient and family counseling is necessary, particularly in genetic disorders. Unfortunately, specific therapies have not proven entirely successful, and treatment generally has been directed at reducing the severity of rhabdomyolytic episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Brumback
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
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39
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Nosaka K, Clarkson PM. Changes in plasma zinc following high force eccentric exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1992; 2:175-84. [PMID: 1299492 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.2.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to determine whether eccentric exercise that causes muscle damage will produce an increase in plasma levels of zinc. Changes in total plasma zinc concentration (Zn) were examined following an eccentric and concentric exercise of the forearm flexors. Eight female subjects performed 24 maximal concentric actions (CON) with one arm and 10-14 days later performed 24 maximal eccentric actions (ECC) with the other arm. Maximal isometric force, elbow joint angles at a relaxed (RANG) and flexed position (FANG), muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) were measured as indicators of muscle damage. Zn levels were determined at the same time as CK. Maximal isometric force, RANG, FANG, and muscle soreness showed large changes after ECC but little if any change after CON. CK increased significantly after ECC but did not change after CON. Neither ECC nor CON showed significant changes in Zn following exercise. It is concluded that exercise-induced muscle damage does not appear to produce an increase in plasma zinc levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nosaka
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Yokohama City University, Japan
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40
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Koot RW, Amelink GJ, Blankenstein MA, Bär PR. Tamoxifen and oestrogen both protect the rat muscle against physiological damage. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 40:689-95. [PMID: 1958566 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90292-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TX), an oestrogen antagonist, was used to characterize the protective effect of oestradiol (E2) on exercise-related creatine kinase (CK) release from skeletal muscle of the rat. Subcutaneous administration of TX for 3 weeks in female rats had a profound antioestrogen effect as evidenced by a reduced weight of the uterus. The CK release after electrical stimulation of the isolated soleus muscle, previously shown to be E2-dependent, was markedly reduced (30-50%) after treatment with TX; this observation points to an E2-like protective action of TX instead of E2-antagonism. This effect was dose-dependent (0.25-1.00 mg/kg) and was not seen when TX was given shortly (24 h) before the experiments. In ovariectomized females, that show more CK leakage due to the lack of circulating E2, both E2- and TX-treatment resulted in a 60% reduction of the CK leakage. Muscles from male rats, treated with TX, showed a similar response: after contractions the CK release was significantly lower. We conclude that TX, like E2, reduces contraction-induced muscle damage in the rat and, thus, has E2-agonistic properties on skeletal rat muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Koot
- Department of Neurology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Driessen-Kletter MF, Amelink GJ, Bär PR, van Gijn J. Myoglobin is a sensitive marker of increased muscle membrane vulnerability. J Neurol 1990; 237:234-8. [PMID: 2391544 DOI: 10.1007/bf00314625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changes in muscle proteins in serum after exercise were studied to evaluate the use of such proteins as indicators of increased muscle membrane vulnerability. Seventy-one women were asked to perform bicycle exercise for 45 min at a moderate load; four proteins (creatine kinase - CK, myoglobin - Mb, aldolase - Ald and pyruvate kinase - PK) were measured in serum up to 24 h after exercise. Twenty-one women were carriers of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD); these are known to show an elevated serum CK activity at rest, as well as increased CK response after exercise. Fifty women without a family history of neuromuscular disease were tested to obtain normal values: they showed a small peak (18%) of CK activity 8 h after exercise, and an even smaller peak of Mb (9%) 1 h after exercise. The mean post-exercise increase for both CK and Mb in the 21 DMD carriers was significantly higher than in controls; the maximum of Mb, on average 70% of baseline levels, was reached 1 h after exercise and was higher than that for CK (48%), which was reached 8 h after exercise. It is concluded that myoglobin levels after exercise are a good index of increased vulnerability of the muscle membrane.
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42
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Amelink GJ, Koot RW, Erich WB, Van Gijn J, Bär PR. Sex-linked variation in creatine kinase release, and its dependence on oestradiol, can be demonstrated in an in-vitro rat skeletal muscle preparation. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1990; 138:115-24. [PMID: 2316375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1990.tb08823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) release from male and female rat soleus muscles was studied for 4.5 h in vitro, under basal conditions and after electrical stimulation. Basal CK release was greater from male than from female muscles, and CK release from male muscles increased significantly when the muscle tension in the in-vitro set-up was increased. CK release after electrical stimulation was also more marked in male soleus muscles. Pretreatment of male rats and ovariectomized female rats with oestradiol for 3 weeks attenuated the enzyme efflux, but ovariectomy 24 h before in females, or oestradiol administration 24 h before in males, did not affect the release of CK in vitro. The data show that sex-linked differences in CK efflux are still present, under both basal and stimulated conditions, when muscles are isolated from the intact animal, and that hormone treatment of the intact animal affects these properties in the isolated muscle in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Amelink
- Department of Neurology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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