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Janousek S, Vlkova A, Jirova G, Kejlova K, Krsek D, Jirova D, Kandarova H, Wittlingerova Z, Heinonen T, Mannerstrom M, Maly M. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Certain Aspects of the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Hazard of Hospital Wastewaters by Using a Range of In Vitro Assays. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 49:33-48. [PMID: 33910377 DOI: 10.1177/02611929211004956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Health care facilities and hospitals generate significant amounts of wastewater which are released into the sewage system, either after a preliminary treatment or without any further treatment. Hospital wastewater may contain large amounts of hazardous chemicals and pharmaceuticals, some of which cannot be eliminated entirely by wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, hospital effluents may be loaded with a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms or other microbiota and microbiome residues. The need to monitor hospital effluents for their genotoxic hazard is of high importance, as detailed information is scarce. DNA-based information can be acquired directly from samples through the application of various molecular methods, while cell-based biomonitoring assays can provide important information about impaired cellular pathways or mechanisms of toxicity without prior knowledge of the identity of each toxicant. In our study, we evaluated samples of chlorinated hospital wastewater discharged into the sewage system after this disinfection process. The assessment of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the hospital effluents was performed in vitro by using a broad battery of biomonitoring assays that are relevant for human health effects. All the tested hospital wastewater samples could be classified as potentially genotoxic, and it is concluded that the microbiota present in hospital wastewater might contribute to this genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Janousek
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Vlkova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 48371Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Jirova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 48371Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Kejlova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Krsek
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Jirova
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kandarova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdenka Wittlingerova
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, 48371Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tuula Heinonen
- FICAM, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marika Mannerstrom
- FICAM, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marek Maly
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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Furtado AO, Almeida IV, Almeida ACC, Zotesso JP, Tavares CRG, Vicentini VEP. Evaluation of hospital laundry effluents treated by advanced oxidation processes and their cytotoxic effects on Allium cepa L. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:360. [PMID: 32399591 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hospital laundries are responsible for a significant part of the amount of wastewater that is generated in hospitals. Hospital laundry wastewater represents a complex mixture of chemicals that arouse concerns about possible environmental risks. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of different laundry effluents from the Regional University Hospital of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, on Allium cepa L. meristematic root cells. The effluents were characterised as rinsing, wetting, prewashing, washing, softening, wastewater (the effluent generated at the end of the washing process), the wastewater that was treated by physicochemical (PC) processes and the wastewater that was treated by advanced oxidation processes (PC + UV, PC + H2O2 and PC + UV/H2O2). The mitotic indexes were calculated by scoring 5000 cells per group and the statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05). Results showed that the rinsing, wetting, prewashing and wastewater laundry effluents were cytotoxic at 24 h of exposure, significantly reducing the mitotic index. Despite the slight cytotoxicity of the PC + UV/H2O2 treatment, physicochemical and advanced oxidation processes efficiently reduced the critical parameters of wastewater, such as the biochemical and chemical oxygen demands, to tolerable levels of effluent discharge. It is essential to perform constant monitoring of these effluents in order to reduce the possible occurrence of environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Oliveira Furtado
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5. 790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Igor Vivian Almeida
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5. 790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
- Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Campus Capitão Poço, Estrada Pau Amarelo, Vila Nova, Capitão Poço, Pará, 68650-000, Brazil.
| | - Ana Clara Canesin Almeida
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5. 790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Pirão Zotesso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5. 790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Granhen Tavares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5. 790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Veronica Elisa Pimenta Vicentini
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5. 790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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