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Bahniuk MS, Alidina F, Tan X, Unsworth LD. The last 25 years of research on bioflocculants for kaolin flocculation with recent trends and technical challenges for the future. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1048755. [PMID: 36507274 PMCID: PMC9731118 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1048755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of kaolin-containing wastewater is an inevitable consequence in a number of industries including mining, wastewater treatment, and bitumen processing. In some cases, the production of kaolin tailings waste during the production of bitumen or phosphate is as high as 3 times greater than the actual produced product. The existing inventory of nearly five billion barrels of oil sands tailings alone represents a massive storage and reclamation challenge, as well as a significant economic and environmental liability. Current reclamation options like inorganic coagulants and organic synthetic polymers may settle kaolin effectively, but may themselves pose an additional environmental hazard. Bioflocculants are an emerging alternative, given the inherent safety and biodegradability of their bio-based compositions. This review summarizes the different research attempts towards a better bioflocculant of kaolin, with a focus on the bioflocculant source, composition, and effective flocculating conditions. Bacillus bacteria were the most prevalent single species for bioflocculant production, with wastewater also hosting a large number of bioflocculant-producing microorganisms while serving as an inexpensive nutrient. Effective kaolin flocculation could be obtained over a broad range of pH values (1-12) and temperatures (5-95°C). Uronic acid and glutamic acid were predominant sugars and amino acids, respectively, in a number of effective bioflocculants, potentially due to their structural and charge similarities to effective synthetic polymers like polyacrylamide. Overall, these results demonstrate that bioflocculants can be produced from a wide range of microorganisms, can be composed of polysaccharides, protein or glycoproteins and can serve as effective treatment options for kaolin. In some cases, the next obstacle to their wide-spread application is scaling to industrially relevant volumes and their deployment strategies.
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Qi X, Zheng Y, Tang N, Zhou J, Sun S. Bioconversion of citrus peel wastes into bioflocculants and their application in the removal of microcystins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136885. [PMID: 32041043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the mechanism for converting citrus peel wastes (CPW) into bioflocculants using Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. phenolicus ZY-16 was analysed. The results demonstrated that the ZY-16 strain could produce various lignocellulolytic enzymes, containing cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, protease, and ligninase, enhancing the hydrolysis of citrus peel wastes. Molecular distillation removes antimicrobial limonene, which could inhibit bioflocculant production. The optimal fermentation conditions with the highest bioflocculant yield (3.49 g/L) were 38.79 g/L of CPW, 35.54 °C, and pH 4.48. Furthermore, the bioflocculant was used to eliminate microcystins for the first time, and the highest removal efficiency (90.05%) was achieved at a pH of 3.0, after 800 mg/L of bioflocculant was added into the microcystins solution (10 mg/L) for 60 min. Therefore, this paper demonstrated that CPW could be a cost-effective feedstock for the production of bioflocculants, which have potential application in microcystin removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Ningjia Tang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jiangang Zhou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China; Engineering Research Centre for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Su Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Lai H, Fang H, Huang L, He G, Reible D. A review on sediment bioflocculation: Dynamics, influencing factors and modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:1184-1200. [PMID: 30045500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment in a water column provides excellent substratum for microorganism colonization, and biological processes would alter the physical and chemical of sediment, resulting in substantial changes in sediment dynamics. The flocculation of sediment with biological processes are defined as sediment bioflocculation, which has been ubiquitously observed across aquatic ecosystems, activated sludge plants and bioflocculant applications, as a result of various processes involving particle aggregation and breakage under the complex effects of microorganisms and their metabolic products (e.g., extracellular polymeric substances EPS). EPS are complex high-molecular-weight mixtures of polymers, which are the primary components that hold microbial aggregates together by acting as a biological glue. Several mechanistic aggregation theories such as the alginate theory, adsorption bridging theory, divalent cation bridging theory, and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, and a number of influencing factors (e.g., sediment properties, microbial activity, EPS quantities and components, and external environment conditions) have been proposed to elucidate the role of microorganisms and EPS in sediment aggregation, promoting the investigation of the sediment bioflocculation evolution and kinetics models. However, due to the complex interrelationships of multiple physical, chemical, and biological processes and the incomprehensive knowledge of microorganisms and EPS, considerable research should be further conducted to fully understand their precise roles in the sediment bioflocculation process. In this study, a review of dynamic characterizations, mechanism, influencing factors and models of sediment bioflocculation are given to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of sediment bioflocculation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guojian He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
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Bacillus toyonensis strain AEMREG6, a bacterium isolated from South African marine environment sediment samples produces a glycoprotein bioflocculant. Molecules 2015; 20:5239-59. [PMID: 25806549 PMCID: PMC6272666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20035239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioflocculant-producing bacteria, isolated from sediment samples of a marine environment in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa demonstrated a flocculating activity above 60% for kaolin clay suspension. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) nucleotide sequence of the isolate in the GenBank database showed 99% similarity to Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112 and it was deposited in the GenBank as Bacillus toyonensis strain AEMREG6 with accession number KP406731. The bacteria produced a bioflocculant (REG-6) optimally in the presence of glucose and NH4NO3 as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, initial medium pH of 5 and Ca2+ as the cation of choice. Chemical analysis showed that purified REG-6 was a glycoprotein mainly composed of polysaccharide (77.8%) and protein (11.5%). It was thermally stable and had strong flocculating activity against kaolin suspension over a wide range of pH values (3-11) with a relatively low dosage requirement of 0.1 mg/mL in the presence of Mn2+. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and amide groups preferred for flocculation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that bridging was the main flocculation mechanism of REG-6. The outstanding flocculating performance of REG-6 holds great potential to replace the hazardous chemical flocculants currently used in water treatment.
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Wang Z, Shen L, Zhuang X, Shi J, Wang Y, He N, Chang YI. Flocculation Characterization of a Bioflocculant from Bacillus licheniformis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhuang
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangshui Shi
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Im Chang
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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Salehizadeh H, Yan N. Recent advances in extracellular biopolymer flocculants. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1506-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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More TT, Yadav JSS, Yan S, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Extracellular polymeric substances of bacteria and their potential environmental applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 144:1-25. [PMID: 24907407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are considered a potential alternative to conventional chemical polymers because of their ease of biodegradability, high efficiency, non-toxicity and non-secondary pollution. Recently, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS, biopolymers produced by the microorganisms) have been recognised by many researchers as a potential flocculent for their applications in various water, wastewater and sludge treatment processes. In this context, literature information on EPS is widely dispersed and is very scarce. Thus, this review marginalizes various studies conducted so far about EPS nature-production-recovery, properties, environmental applications and moreover, critically examines future research needs and advanced application prospective of the EPS. One of the most important aspect of chemical composition and structural details of different moieties of EPS in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, extracellular DNA, lipid and surfactants and humic substances are described. These chemical characteristics of EPS in relation to formation and properties of microbial aggregates as well as degradation of EPS in the matrix (biomass, flocs etc) are analyzed. The important engineering properties (based on structural characteristics) such as adsorption, biodegradability, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of EPS matrix are also discussed in details. Different aspects of EPS production process such as bacterial strain maintenance; inoculum and factors affecting EPS production were presented. The important factors affecting EPS production include growth phase, carbon and nitrogen sources and their ratio, role of other nutrients (phosphorus, micronutrients/trace elements, and vitamins), impact of pH, temperature, metals, aerobic versus anaerobic conditions and pure and mixed culture. The production of EPS in high concentration with high productivity is essential due to economic reasons. Therefore, the knowledge about all the aspects of EPS production (listed above) is highly essential to formulate a logical and scientific basis for the research and industrial activities. One of the very important issues in the production/application/biodegradation of EPS is how the EPS is extracted from the matrix or a culture broth. Moreover, EPS matrix available in different forms (crude, loosely bound, tightly bound, slime, capsular and purified) can be used as a bioflocculant material. Several chemical and physical methods for the extraction of EPS (crude form or purified form) from different sources have been analyzed and reported. There is ample information available in the literature about various EPS extraction methods. Flocculability, dewaterability and biosorption ability are the very attractive engineering properties of the EPS matrix. Recent information on important aspects of these properties qualitatively as well as quantitatively has been described. Recent information on the mechanism of flocculation mediated by EPS is presented. Potential role of EPS in sludge dewatering and biosorption phenomenon has been discussed in details. Different factors influencing the EPS ability to flocculate and dewaterability of different suspensions have been included. The factors considered for the discussion are cations, different forms of EPS, concentration of EPS, protein and carbohydrate content of EPS, molecular weight of EPS, pH of the suspension, temperature etc. These factors were selected for the study based upon their role in the flocculation and dewatering mechanism as well the most recent available literature findings on these factors. For example, only recently it has been demonstrated that there is an optimum EPS concentration for sludge flocculation/dewatering. High or low concentration of EPS can lead to destabilization of flocs. Role of EPS in environmental applications such as water treatment, wastewater flocculation and settling, colour removal from wastewater, sludge dewatering, metal removal and recovery, removal of toxic organic compounds, landfill leachate treatment, soil remediation and reclamation has been presented based on the most recent available information. However, data available on environmental application of EPS are very limited. Investigations are required for exploring the potential of field applications of EPS. Finally, the limitations in the knowledge gap are outlined and the research needs as well as future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T More
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - J S S Yadav
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - S Yan
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre & Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - R Y Surampalli
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 17-2141, Kansas City, KS 66117, USA
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Zhong C, Xu A, Chen L, Yang X, Yang B, Hong W, Mao K, Wang B, Zhou J. Production of a bioflocculant from chromotropic acid waste water and its application in steroid estrogen removal. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:729-737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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More T, Mahmoudi A, Yan S, Tyagi RD. Extracellular polymeric substances production kinetics of 13 sludge isolates using wastewater sludge as raw material and its flocculation potential. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 36:3022-3035. [PMID: 25196662 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.952344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of batch fermentation of 13 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) producing bacterial strains (9 Bacillus, 2 Serratia and 2 Yersinia) were carried out using sterilized sludge as a raw material. The most of Bacillus (µ(max): 0.11-0.27 h⁻¹), Serratia (µ(max): 0.23-0.27 h⁻¹) and Yersinia (µ(max): 0.18-0.19 h⁻¹) strains had capability to grow and produce EPS (1.36-2.12 g/L) in the sterilized sludge. In general, EPS production was mixed growth associated for all the bacterial strains cultivated independently. Bacillus sp. 7, Serratia sp. 2 and Yersinia sp. 2 produced higher concentration (1.95-2.12 g/L) of EPS than the other remaining bacterial strains. Protein and carbohydrate contents of EPS remained constant during fermentation. Broth EPS (B-EPS) exhibited high kaolin flocculation activity (≥ 75%) in most of the cases except Bacillus sp. 1, Bacillus sp. 5 and Bacillus sp. 9, respectively. In general, high flocculation activities (FAs) (≥ 75%), were attained using 1.31-1.70 mg B-EPS/g kaolin, 0.45-0.97 mg protein/g kaolin and 0.11-0.21 mg carbohydrates/g kaolin. The study suggests that further systematic exploration is required for optimizing the process of EPS production. EPS produced in the sludge can potentially be used for different water and wastewater treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji More
- a Université du Québec, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement , 490 de la Couronne, Québec ( QC ), Canada G1 K 9A9
| | - Amine Mahmoudi
- a Université du Québec, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement , 490 de la Couronne, Québec ( QC ), Canada G1 K 9A9
| | - Song Yan
- a Université du Québec, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement , 490 de la Couronne, Québec ( QC ), Canada G1 K 9A9
| | - Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi
- a Université du Québec, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement , 490 de la Couronne, Québec ( QC ), Canada G1 K 9A9
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Zhong C, Xu A, Wang B, Yang X, Hong W, Yang B, Chen C, Liu H, Zhou J. Production of a value added compound from the H-acid waste water-Bioflocculants by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:583-590. [PMID: 25127749 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain (designated as ZCY-7) which could convert H-acid into bioflocculants was isolated from H-acid wastewater sludge. Conditions for bioflocculants production were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and determined to be inoculum size 9.65%, initial pH 7.0, and CODCr of the H-acid wastewater 520mg/L. The highest flocculating efficiency achieved for kaolin suspension was 95.1%, after 60h cultivation. The yielded bioflocculant was mainly composed of polysaccharide (82.4%) and protein (14.2%), and maintained its flocculating activity in 0.4% (w/w) kaolin suspensions over pH 2-8 and 20-80°C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that amino, amide and hydroxyl groups were present in the bioflocculant molecules. A viable alternative treatment technology of H-acid wastewater using this novel strain is suggested, which could largely reduce bioflocculants costs. In addition, flocculating mechanism investigation reveals that the bioflocculant could cause kaolin suspension instability by means of charge neutralization firstly and then promoted the aggregation of suspension particles by adsorption and bridge. It is evident from the results that H-acid wastewater could be used as a source to manufacture bioflocculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Zhong
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Aihua Xu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Buyun Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Wentao Hong
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Baokun Yang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Changhong Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jiangang Zhou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
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Wang L, Lee DJ, Ma F, Wang A, Ren N. Bioflocculants from isolated strain or mixed culture: Role of phosphate salts and Ca2+ ions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang L, Ma F, Lee DJ, Wang A, Ren N. Bioflocculants from hydrolysates of corn stover using isolated strain Ochrobactium ciceri W2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 145:259-63. [PMID: 23232033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study isolated a total of seven pure cultures from activated sludge that could produce bioflocculants from 1.7% v/v H2SO4 treated hydrolysates of corn stover. The most effective strain amongst the seven isolates was identified as Ochrobactrum ciceri W2. The W2 cells produced biopolymers in logarithm growth phase, peaking at 3.8 g l(-1)in productivity on 16 h. The yielded bioflocculant was primarily consisting of polysaccharides and proteins, and maintained its flocculating activity to 0.5% w/w kaolin suspensions over pH 1-10 (at 30°C) and 30-100°C (at pH 7). This study also revealed that the strain W2 could utilize biopolymers from hydrolysate of corn stover without addition of excess phosphate salts, which could largely reduce production costs of bioflocculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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The production of bioflocculants by Bacillus licheniformis using molasses and its application in the sugarcane industry. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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