Improvements in permeation and fouling resistance of PVC ultrafiltration membranes via addition of Tetronic-1107 and Triton X-100 as two non-ionic and hydrophilic surfactants

Preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane blended with acrylamide grafted bentonite for oily water treatment

The current work aims to advance the hydrophilicity, morphology, and antifouling characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes for oily wastewater separation by incorporating modified bentonite. The surface of bentonite nanoparticles is altered by adopting the "grafting from" method using the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) approach. The PVC-based membrane is first prepared by blending acrylamide grafted bentonite (AAm-g-bentonite). AAm is grafted on bentonite in the presence of 2,2'-Bipyridyl and copper (I) bromide as a catalyst. The modified bentonite nanoparticles are studied using multiple techniques, such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), sedimentation tests, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), etc. Flat-sheet PVC-based membrane is prepared by blending AAm-g-bentonite using the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technique. Different methods, including FE-SEM, FTIR, sedimentation test, contact angle, porosity, antifouling property, and filtration studies of pure and oily water, are used to characterize and determine the performance of mixed-matrix membranes. Membrane performance is improved in the presence of modified bentonite (i.e., AAm-g-bentonite), with the best result achieved at PVC/AAm-g-ben-8 (i.e., 8 wt % of AAm-g-bentonite). Enhanced pure water flux (293.14 Lm^-2h^-1), permeate flux (123.96 Lm^-2h^-1), and oil rejection >93.2% are obtained by the reduced contact angle (49.1°) and improved porosity (71.22%).