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Giraldo LDR, Baez PVX, Forero CZJ, Arango WM. Production, Extraction, and Solubilization of Exopolysaccharides Using Submerged Cultures of Agaricomycetes. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4841. [PMID: 37817899 PMCID: PMC10560690 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi, also known as mushrooms, can produce various bioactive compounds, including exopolysaccharides (EPS) with distinct biological properties and subsequent industrial applications in the preparation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. EPS are extracellular polymers with diverse chemical compositions and physical properties secreted by macrofungi in the form of capsules or biofilms into the cellular medium. Submerged cultivation is an industrially implemented biotechnological technique used to produce a wide variety of fungal metabolites, which are of economic and social importance due to their food, pharmaceutical, and agronomic applications. It is a favorable technique for cultivating fungi because it requires little space, minimal labor, and low production costs. Moreover, it allows for control over environmental variables and nutrient supply, essential for the growth of the fungus. Although this technique has been widely applied to yeasts, there is limited knowledge regarding optimal growth conditions for filamentous fungi. Filamentous fungi exhibit different behavior compared to yeast, primarily due to differences in cell morphology, reproductive forms, and the type of aggregates generated during submerged fermentation. Furthermore, various growing conditions can affect the production yield of metabolites, necessitating the development of new knowledge to scale up metabolite production from filamentous fungi. This protocol implements the following culture conditions: an inoculum of three agar discs with mycelium, agitation at 150 rpm, a temperature of 28 °C, an incubation time of 72 h, and a carbon source concentration of 40 g/L. These EPS are precipitated using polar solvents such as water, ethanol, and isopropanol and solubilized using water or alkaline solutions. This protocol details the production procedure of EPS using submerged culture; the conditions and culture medium used are described. A detailed description of the extraction is performed, from neutralization to lyophilization. The concentrations and conditions necessary for solubilization are also described. Key features • Production and extraction of EPS from submerged cultures of mycelial forms of macrofungi. • Modification of the method described by Fariña et al. (2001), extending its application to submerged cultures of mycelial forms of the macrofungi. • Determination of EPS production parameters in submerged cultures of mycelial forms of macrofungi. • EPS solubilization using NaOH (0.1 N). Graphical overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Dávila R. Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
- Laboratorio Socio-jurídico en Creación e Innovación - IusLab, Departamento de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Paula Villanueva X. Baez
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Cristian Zambrano J. Forero
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y; Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Walter Murillo Arango
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
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Igwegbe CA, Obiora-Okafo IA, Iwuozor KO, Ghosh S, Kurniawan SB, Rangabhashiyam S, Kanaoujiya R, Ighalo JO. Treatment technologies for bakers' yeast production wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11004-11026. [PMID: 35001268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researchers in recent years have utilized a broad spectrum of treatment technologies in treating bakers' yeast production wastewater. This paper aims to review the treatment technologies for the wastewater, compare the process technologies, discuss recent innovations, and propose future perspectives in the research area. The review observed that nanofiltration was the most effective membrane process for the treatment of the effluent (at >95% pollutant rejection). Other separation processes like adsorption and distillation had technical challenges of desorption, a poor fit for high pollutant load and cost limitations. Chemical treatment processes have varying levels of success but they are expensive and produce toxic sludge. Sludge production would be a hurdle when product recovery and reuse are targeted. It is difficult to make an outright choice of the best process for treating the effluent because each has its merits and demerits and an appropriate choice can be made when all factors are duly considered. The process intensification of the industrial-scale production of the bakers' yeast process will be a very direct approach, where the process optimisation, zero effluent discharge, and enhanced recovery of value-added product from the waste streams are important approaches that need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B, Awka, 5025, Nigeria.
| | | | - Kingsley O Iwuozor
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B, Awka, 5025, Nigeria
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- , Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Selvasembian Rangabhashiyam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India.
| | - Rahul Kanaoujiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B, Awka, 5025, Nigeria.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B, Ilorin, 1515, Nigeria.
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Fang D, Wang J, Cui D, Dong X, Tang C, Zhang L, Yue D. Recent Advances of Landfill Leachate Treatment. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brasil YL, Silva AFR, Gomes RF, Amaral MCS. Technical and economic evaluation of the integration of membrane bioreactor and air-stripping/absorption processes in the treatment of landfill leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:110-119. [PMID: 34418741 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A membrane bioreactor inoculated with commercial baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (MBRy) integrated to an air-stripping/absorption (AS/AB) as pre-treatment (aiming ammonia recovery) or a post-treatment (polishment step) was assessed for the landfill leachate treatment. The effect of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen (N) ratio (C:N) on the performance of the MBRy was also investigated. At high COD/N ratio, high organic matter removal in terms of COD (71 ± 4%) and ammonia removal (97 ± 3%) was observed. Lower COD/N ratio favored yeast growth in the mixed liquor even under adverse conditions. The results of ammonia removal and recovery, and economic analysis demonstrated that the best way to integrate the AS/BS processes is as pre-treatment of MBRy. The ammonia concentration in the AS/AB process feed was a key factor to achieve the market specification. Although pH and temperature adjustment were adequate to promote ammonia removal/recovery, the AS operation at high temperatures showed the highest ammonia removal rate (99%). Therefore, the integration of AS/AB with MBRy allows obtaining a permeate with a final concentration of 2902 ± 374 mg L-1 of COD and 9 ± 7.5 mg L-1 of ammonia. Although it was possible to reach the Brazilian discharge standard for ammonia (20 mg L-1), it was not possible to reach the standard for COD, where the remaining fraction is recalcitrant organic matter, requiring the integration of a physico-chemical process. It should be noted that the proposed route allowed recovery 7 kg of ammonia per m3 of treated leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara L Brasil
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ana F R Silva
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosimeire F Gomes
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Míriam C S Amaral
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Arabi S, Pellegrin ML, Aguinaldo J, Sadler ME, McCandless R, Sadreddini S, Wong J, Burbano MS, Koduri S, Abella K, Moskal J, Alimoradi S, Azimi Y, Dow A, Tootchi L, Kinser K, Kaushik V, Saldanha V. Membrane processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1447-1498. [PMID: 32602987 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides a review for publications in 2018 and 2019 and includes information membrane processes findings for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review for Treatment Systems section. The following topics are covered in this literature review: industrial wastewater and membrane. Bioreactor (MBR) configuration, membrane fouling, design, reuse, nutrient removal, operation, anaerobic membrane systems, microconstituents removal, membrane technology advances, and modeling. Other sub-sections of the Treatment Systems section that might relate to this literature review include the following: Biological Fixed-Film Systems, Activated Sludge, and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes, Anaerobic Processes, and Water Reclamation and Reuse. This publication might also have related information on membrane processes: Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Wong
- Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeff Moskal
- Suez Water Technologies & Solutions, Oakville, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrew Dow
- Donohue and Associates, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Mycoremediation of Old and Intermediate Landfill Leachates with an Ascomycete Fungal Isolate, Lambertella sp. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an Ascomycete fungal strain, Lambertella sp., isolated from environmental polluted matrices, was tested for the capacity to reduce the contamination and the toxicity of intermediate and old landfill leachates. Batch tests in flasks, under co-metabolic conditions, were performed with two different old leachates, with suspended and immobilized Lambertella sp. biomass, resulting in a soluble chemical oxygen demand depletion of 70% and 45%, after 13 and 30 days, respectively. An intermediate landfill leachate was treated in lab-scale reactors operating in continuous conditions for three months, inoculated with immobilized Lambertella sp. biomass, in absence of co-substrates. The Lambertella sp. depleted the corresponding total organic carbon by 90.2%. The exploitability of the Lambertella sp. strain was evaluated also in terms of reduction of phyto-, cyto-, and mutagenicity of the different Landfill Leachates at the end of the myco-based treatment, resulting in an efficient depletion of leachate clastogenicity.
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Zhang L. Advanced treatment of oilfield wastewater by a combination of DAF, yeast bioreactor, UASB, and BAF processes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1711411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhang
- Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China
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