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Vera M, Aguilar J, Coronel S, Juela D, Vanegas E, Cruzat C. Machine learning for the adsorptive removal of ciprofloxacin using sugarcane bagasse as a low-cost biosorbent: comparison of analytic, mechanistic, and neural network modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:48674-48686. [PMID: 39037629 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Contamination with traces of pharmaceutical compounds, such as ciprofloxacin, has prompted interest in their removal via low-cost, efficient biomass-based adsorption. In this study, classical models, a mechanistic model, and a neural network model were evaluated for predicting ciprofloxacin breakthrough curves in both laboratory- and pilot scales. For the laboratory-scale (d = 2.2 cm, Co = 5 mg/L, Q = 7 mL/min, T = 18 °C) and pilot-scale (D = 4.4 cm, Co = 5 mg/L, Q = 28 mL/min, T = 18 °C) setups, the experimental adsorption capacities were 2.19 and 2.53 mg/g, respectively. The mechanistic model reproduced the breakthrough data with high accuracy on both scales (R2 > 0.4 and X2 < 0.15), and its fit was higher than conventional analytical models, namely the Clark, Modified Dose-Response, and Bohart-Adams models. The neural network model showed the highest level of agreement between predicted and experimental data with values of R2 = 0.993, X2 = 0.0032 (pilot-scale) and R2 = 0.986, X2 = 0.0022 (laboratory-scale). This study demonstrates that machine learning algorithms exhibit great potential for predicting the liquid adsorption of emerging pollutants in fixed bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Vera
- TECNOCEA-H2O Group (Center for Environmental Studies), Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Jonnathan Aguilar
- Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Stalin Coronel
- Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Diego Juela
- TECNOCEA-H2O Group (Center for Environmental Studies), Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Aix-Marseille University, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Eulalia Vanegas
- TECNOCEA-H2O Group (Center for Environmental Studies), Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | - Christian Cruzat
- TECNOCEA-H2O Group (Center for Environmental Studies), Department of Applied Chemistry and Production Systems, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, 010203, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Kang S, Ling B, Wang G, Xu Y, Xu J, Liang X, Wei J, Tan W, Ma L, Zhu J, He H. Transport dynamics of rare earth elements in weathering crust soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172843. [PMID: 38685421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In modern industries, rare earth elements (REEs) are considered as essential metals and invaluable natural resources. Ion-adsorption deposits (IADs) are repositories of REE in the weathering crust soils, in which REEs are adsorbed on clay minerals. In the last few decades, the mining of REEs from IADs has caused substantial environmental damage owing to the overuse of leaching agents for the desorption and transport of REEs in weathering crust soils. These environmental issues have sparked extensive research interest in modeling REE transport dynamics in weathering crust soils. Nevertheless, because current models treat REE adsorption and transport independently, they do not accurately describe REE transport dynamics. Therefore, in this study, a unified workflow that synergizes adsorption and transport dynamics is proposed to predict REE transport. The adsorption of REEs on IADs was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm with the coefficient of determination exceeding 0.9826. The adsorption capacities of La3+, Sm3+, Er3+, and Y3+ reach 1.3127, 1.4423, 1.5793, and 1.1061 mg g-1 at 300 ppm, respectively. For the breakthrough curve, an advection-dispersion-adsorption-equation (ADAE) model was developed and utilized to accurately and reliably predict REE transport dynamics in soil columns. It was found the saturation time of REEs in soils is 39.22, 44.15, 50.64, and 32.17 h, respectively at 2 mL min-1 and decreased with the increase of flow velocity. The upper and lower limits of REE transport are ADAE-Freundlich and ADAE-Toth. More importantly, the model was applied to simulate REEs transport in field-scale weathering crusts over 100 years and predict REE accumulation in the highly weathered layered, which is found in natural weathering crusts. The qualitative prediction of REE transport dynamics in weathering crusts may help fundamentally lower the usage of leaching agents and mitigate concomitant the environmental impacts of mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bowen Ling
- Key Laboratory for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yongjin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingming Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingya Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Mou J, Liu Z, Gong X, Wang J. Exploring the Micropore Functional Mechanism of N 2O Adsorption by the Eucalyptus Bark-based Porous Carbon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10393-10404. [PMID: 38666366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O), recognized as a significant greenhouse gas, has received insufficient research attention in the past. In view of their low energy consumption and cost-effectiveness, the application of porous materials in adsorption is increasingly regarded as a potent strategy to reduce N2O pollution. In this study, a series of microporous porous carbons with a preeminent specific surface area (244.54-2018.08 m2 g-1), which are derived from the fast-growing eucalyptus bark, were synthesized by KOH activation at high temperatures. The obtained materials demonstrated a relatively fine N2O capture capability (0.19-0.68 mmol g-1) at normal temperature and pressure. More importantly, the optimal pore size affecting N2O adsorption (0.8 and 1.0 nm) has been detected, which is a meaningful view that has never been put forward in previous studies. The rationality of the N2O adsorption mechanism was also validated by combining the experimental analysis and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. The calculated results showed that 0.8 and 1.0 nm of the porous carbon were the preferred pore sizes for N2O adsorption, and the interaction force between N2O and the pore wall decreased with the increase of distance. This study provides a significant theoretical basis for the preparation of biomass porous carbon with excellent N2O adsorption performance and practical adsorption application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Mou
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection (Guangxi University), Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection (Guangxi University), Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiyue Gong
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection (Guangxi University), Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection (Guangxi University), Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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Fakhfakh N, Ltaief OO, Dammak N, Siffert S, Benzina M. New zeolite made from Tunisian raw clay: study and modeling for C 3H 6 breakthrough dynamic adsorption onto zeolite material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:29357-29373. [PMID: 38573574 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, Tunisian raw clay (RC) was utilized as a cheap source of silicium and aluminum for the preparation of faujasite zeolite (FAUsyn) using the alkaline fusion technique. The zeolite's structural analysis was carried out using the XRD, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and SEM-EDX techniques. The data collected demonstrate that the produced zeolite only included one homogeneous faujasite phase. Textural analysis shows that the FAUsyn prepared from RC has a hierarchical porosity (micro-, meso-, and macropores). The total porosity was found to be 0.33 cm3/g as well as the BET area was equal to 360 m2/g. Adsorption experiments for propene capture were performed using the FAUsyn as adsorbent material. The performance of the column was examined in relation to various parameter impacts, including flow rate (50, 100, and 150 mL/min), input concentration (4, 8, and 12 mg/L), and bed depth (10, 14, and 18 cm). Finally, experimental and theoretical studies were investigated to predict adsorption capacities and kinetics parameters. To clarify and estimate column inputs, a model that incorporates axial dispersion, Langmuir equation, and migration within the adsorbent's pore was improved. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to execute the model and resolve it computationally. The results of the experiments and the expected breakthrough curves were very well agreed. Modeling obtained results can be extrapolated to industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Fakhfakh
- Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, University of Sfax, ENIS B.P. W, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Olfa Ouled Ltaief
- Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, University of Sfax, ENIS B.P. W, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Dammak
- Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, University of Sfax, ENIS B.P. W, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Stéphane Siffert
- Unity of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions On the Living Organisms, ULCO, A4492, Dunkirk, France
| | - Mourad Benzina
- Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, University of Sfax, ENIS B.P. W, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Jiang J, Luo HH, Wang SF, Su J, Yu YD. A two-dimensional analytical model for heavy metal contaminants transport in permeable reactive barrier. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:393-406. [PMID: 36706289 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) remediation technology has been widely used in the remediation of groundwater contamination. In numerical simulations, neglecting the non-uniform distribution of heavy metal contamination along the depth may lead to deviations between simulation results and reality. The distribution of heavy metals in the soil layer around a non-ferrous mining area in Hezhou, Guangxi, southern China was investigated, and it was found that the standard Gaussian function could well describe the non-uniform distribution of heavy metals in the soil layer. A two-dimensional analytical model solved by the finite element method was used to simulate the migration process of heavy metal contamination in the aquifer and PRB. The results show that the uniform distribution of contaminants along the depth ignores the dilution effect, which may underestimate the service life of the PRB and lead to an overly conservative design of the PRB. The breakthrough time of the PRB decreases with the increase of the maximum initial concentration (Cin,max) and the high concentration range (σ), and increases almost linearly with the barrier thickness (Lw). An optimal design method for PRB location and thickness is proposed, which can provide a reference for the engineering application of PRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
| | - Hao-Hao Luo
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
| | - Shu-Fei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
| | - Jian Su
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yun-Dong Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China E-mail:
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Nazari MT, Schnorr C, Rigueto CVT, Alessandretti I, Melara F, da Silva NF, Crestani L, Ferrari V, Vieillard J, Dotto GL, Silva LFO, Piccin JS. A review of the main methods for composite adsorbents characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88488-88506. [PMID: 36334205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is a promising technology for removing several contaminants from aqueous matrices. In the last years, researchers worldwide have been working on developing composite adsorbents to overcome some limitations and drawbacks of conventional adsorbent materials, which depend on various factors, including the characteristics of the adsorbents. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the composite adsorbents to describe their properties and structure and elucidate the mechanisms, behavior, and phenomenons during the adsorption process. In this sense, this work aimed to review the main methods used for composite adsorbent characterization, providing valuable information on the importance of these techniques in developing new adsorbents. In this paper, we reviewed the following methods: X-Ray diffraction (XRD); spectroscopy; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET and BJH methods); thermogravimetry (TGA); point of zero charge (pHPZC); elemental analysis; proximate analysis; swelling and water retention capacities; desorption and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus T Nazari
- Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Schnorr
- Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 # 55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Cesar V T Rigueto
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ingridy Alessandretti
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávia Melara
- Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathália F da Silva
- Research Group On Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Crestani
- Research Group On Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Valdecir Ferrari
- Graduate Program in Metallurgical, Materials, and Mining Engineering (PPG3M), Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julien Vieillard
- CNRS, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, COBRA (UMR 6014 and FR 3038), Normandie University, Evreux, France
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Research Group On Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 # 55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Jeferson S Piccin
- Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering (PPGEng), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Tang VT, Li Q, Rene ER, Behera SK, Maleki A, Da CT, Phong NT. Immobilization of microorganisms in activated zeolite beads and alkaline pretreated straws for ammonium-nitrogen removal from urban river water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:63-76. [PMID: 35050866 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The non-treated wastewater from residential areas contains high concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N). When discharged into the drainage water system, it deteriorates the water quality in urban rivers. This study used two types of materials to form eco-bags, using activated zeolite bead (AZB) and alkaline pretreated straw (APS), in geotextile bags for easy recovery and reuse. The AZB and APS provided the breeding habitat for the microorganisms that promoted biofilm formation on their surface. The immobilization of engineered denitrification microorganisms facilitated the removal of NH4+-N from the urban river water. The NH4+-N removal in the AZB and APS bags were in the range of 64-73%, and 56-61%, respectively, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the AZB and APS bags ranged from 33-36%, and 30-31%, respectively. In addition, as evident from DNA and microbial community analysis, the microorganisms demonstrated a greater proclivity to grow and proliferate on the surface of AZB and APS and improved the water quality of urban rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Tai Tang
- Safety, Health and Environment Research Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Qiuhong Li
- NARI Technology Development Company Limited, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210012, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft 2601DA, The Netherlands
| | - Shishir Kumar Behera
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014, India
| | - Afshin Maleki
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province 72M2 + MHQ, Iran
| | - Chau Thi Da
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tan Phong
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam E-mail:
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Benjelloun M, Miyah Y, Akdemir Evrendilek G, Zerrouq F, Lairini S. Recent Advances in Adsorption Kinetic Models: Their Application to Dye Types. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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