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Elia S, Stylianou M, Agapiou A. Advanced micro-extraction techniques (SPME, HiSorb) for the determination of goat cheese whey wastewater VOCs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119934. [PMID: 38176384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
HiSorb and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), two environmentally friendly micro-extraction techniques based on the same fundamental principles, were evaluated for their extraction efficiency of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from goat cheese whey wastewater. For this purpose, a sample preparation method based on the headspace-HiSorb technique was developed and evaluated for its efficiency in terms of the amount of extracted compounds and reproducibility of results. Thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) and GC/MS analytical methods were used to perform the wastewater analysis, respectively. The experimental parameters of HiSorb were evaluated in terms of probe coating, extraction time, stirring speed, sample volume, extraction temperature and salt addition. Under optimal extraction conditions, it was observed that the use of the divinylbenzene/carbon wide range/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CWR/PDMS) triple coating for HiSorb and DVB/Carboxen (CAR)/PDMS for SPME, was best suited to extract a broader range of VOCs with higher peak intensities. A total of 34 VOCs were extracted and determined with the DVB/CWR/PDMS HiSorb probe, while only 23 VOCs were determined with the conventional DVB/CAR/PDMS SPME fiber. The DVB/CWR/PDMS HiSorb probe has a higher adsorbent capacity which results in a higher sensitivity for VOCs compared to the DVB/CAR/PDMS SPME fiber. Furthermore, the HiSorb technique exhibits better reproducibility, as indicated by the lower relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.7% compared to 7.1% for SPME. Therefore, the HiSorb technique is an effective method for detecting VOCs in complex matrices, such as wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soteria Elia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus
| | - Marinos Stylianou
- Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Open University of Cyprus, Giannou Kranitiodi 89, 2231, Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Agapios Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus.
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Hanková M, Hruška F, Schätz M, Čížková H. Effect of industrial wastewater treatment system upgrade on the composition of emitted odorants and volatile organic compounds from a cheese production facility. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10970. [PMID: 38173360 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the rarely studied volatile organic compound emissions from a cheese production facility and the impact of its wastewater treatment system upgrade on the composition of emitted odorants. Wastewater grab samples were collected from six separate wastewater channels before (2019) and after (2021) the system upgrade and analyzed for volatile organic compounds, pH, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity. Results showed that the channel from hard cheese production in 2021 had the highest number of volatile organic compounds (35), followed by the fresh cheese production channel (22). Following the industrial wastewater treatment system upgrade, a mineral oil contamination occurred; however, the number of odorants with nasal impact frequency (NIF) ≥ 0.5 in the effluent decreased from 11 to 5. 2-Propenoic acid butyl ester (NIF 0.75) stood out as the most prominent compound, described as fruity, waxy, or green. After the industrial wastewater treatment system upgrades, we observed a decrease in the number of odorants. However other measures must be taken to ensure proper wastewater processing. PRACTITIONER POINTS: More than 60 VOCs were identified in 6 channels from the cheese production facility.15 odorants in cheese production wastewater were detected by SPME-GC-MS/O. The most potent odorants before and after the system upgrade were 1-octen-3-ol and 2-propenoic acid butyl ester, respectively. The upgrades of the industrial wastewater treatment system had a positive impact on reducing the number of odorants and their odor intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hanková
- Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Hruška
- Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schätz
- Department of Mathematics, Informatics, and Cybernetics, University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Čížková
- Department of Food Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT), Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hayes JE, Barczak RJ, Mel Suffet I, Stuetz RM. The use of gas chromatography combined with chemical and sensory analysis to evaluate nuisance odours in the air and water environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108214. [PMID: 37769446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Varieties of gas chromatography (GC) combined with chemical detection (CD) and sensory analysis at the odour detection port (ODP) for the evaluation of environmental odorants has steadily increased in application and sophistication; this has given rise to a plethora of techniques that cater to specific tasks. With this diversity of approaches in mind, there is a need to assess the critical points at which these approaches differ, as well as likely risks and factors that may affect them. These critical points explained within this review include sample preparation, GC separation techniques (with associated co-elution risks), how the elute is separated between CD and sensory analysis, the type of CD, the type of sensory analysis (with particular attention paid to its factors and guidelines), integrative data techniques, as well as how that data may be used. Additionally, this review provides commentary on the current state of the research space and makes recommendations based on how these analyses should be reported, the standardisation of nomenclature, as well as the impediments to the future goals of this research area. By careful consideration of the critical points of varying analytical processes and how best to communicate these findings, the quality of output within this area will improve. This review provides a benchmark for how GC-CD/sensory analysis should be undertaken and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hayes
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Radosław J Barczak
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Irwin Mel Suffet
- Dept. of Env. Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard M Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Rajalakshmi BS, Fathima AAS, Jasmine BS, Vasanthy M, Selvi CT, Rajagopal R, Khan R, Hatamleh AA, Alnafisi BK, Gatasheh MK, Chang SW, Ravindran B. Pollutant removal from cheese processing effluent using effective indigenous natural scavengers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:12. [PMID: 36271213 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to come up with an efficient method for treating cheese production wastewater. Because the effluent has a higher concentration of organic and inorganic materials, the indigenous microbial treatment process was used to effectively remove total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color without the addition of any nutrients. The indigenous microorganisms were tested for color, TDS, and COD elimination by growing them in "nutrient broth medium" loaded with different amounts of cheese effluent. The isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the results revealed that strain 1 was Enterobacter cloacae, strain 2 was Lactococcus garvieae, and strains 3 and 4 were Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mycoides, respectively. After 36 h of incubation, the data were evaluated. Among all the microbes, E. cloacae reduced TDS and COD from the effluent the most (80 ± 0.2% and 87 ± 0.4% COD, respectively). When compared to individual species, consortia were more efficient (86 ± 0.2% TDS and 90 ± 0.3% COD). On treatment, the correlation coefficient "r" for TDS and COD elimination was found to be 1, resulting in a positive linear connection. The current study suggests that microbial therapies are both effective and environmentally beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sowmiya Rajalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India
| | - A Annes Silva Fathima
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India
| | - B Sunitha Jasmine
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Vasanthy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, Trichy, 620024, India
| | - C Thamarai Selvi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Rajinikanth Rajagopal
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, 225003, UP, India
| | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassam Khalid Alnafisi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour K Gatasheh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, India.
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