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Güvenç U, Ünlü N, Yaralı HN, Özbek NY. Does thalassemia truly cause microvascular changes without us noticing? An optical coherence tomography angiography study of the children with beta-thalassemia. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3755-3765. [PMID: 37389762 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It was aimed to evaluate the retinochoroidal microvascular alterations of pediatric beta-thalassemia patients and investigate the effect of blood transfusion on perfusion among transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT), by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS In this multicentered, prospective, cross-sectional study, 56 TDT, 14 non-TDT (NTDT), and 63 healthy children were evaluated. The vessel density (VD) in superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus, radial peripapillary capillary network, choriocapillaris, and the foveal avascular zone area (FAZ) were evaluated by OCTA. Before and after transfusion values of the TDT group were compared, and correlations were made with blood values and iron accumulation. RESULTS Foveal and parafoveal zones were significantly thinner among TDT patients, with larger FAZ area. Macula VD of SCP and ppVD was lowest in NTDT group. In the TDT group, a decrease in retinal nerve fiber thickness and ppVD values was detected after transfusion. A negative significant relationship was found between both hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Htc), and ppVD. CONCLUSIONS OCTA provides a better insight into retinal and choriocapillaris vascular impairment influenced by tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress in different clinical phenotypes of beta-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Güvenç
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nurten Ünlü
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital Ophthalmology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüsniye Neşe Yaralı
- Ankara City Hospital Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Namık Yaşar Özbek
- Ankara City Hospital Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Ankara, Turkey
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Gupta PP, Shaikh ST, Goyal RP, Gupta DP. Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Presenting with Thoracic Spinal Cord Compression in a Young Adult with Thalassemia Major: A Case Report. J Pediatr Neurosci 2021; 16:303-306. [PMID: 36531779 PMCID: PMC9757527 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_183_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) refers to the production of blood cellular components at sites other than the bone marrow, namely liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The common sites associated with this condition are the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes whereas the common conditions associated with it are myelofibrosis, myelodysplasia, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and polycythemia vera. CASE DESCRIPTION This report describes a young male with thalassemia major, who presented with symptomatic cord compression due to a thoracic intraspinal lesion. It was surgically excised and diagnosed as a case of EMH. The boy recovered fully and has been asymptomatic for six months now. CONCLUSION The occurrence of EMH in the thoracic spine is uncommon, whereas symptomatic cord compression as a result of it is even more unusual. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the diagnostic imaging of choice and treatment options that can be offered are surgical decompression, radiotherapy, hydroxyurea, and transfusion of packed red blood cells (RBCs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salman T Shaikh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Deepak Premnarayan Gupta
- Department of Anaesthesia, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Boussaa H, Kaffel D, Maatallah K, Lassoued Ferjani H, Hamdi W. A rare cause of lumbar nerve root compression: Extramedullary hematopoiesis in a patient with thalassemia major. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04119. [PMID: 34026159 PMCID: PMC8123554 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) can rarely involve the epidural space, leading to spinal cord compression syndrome. No treatment guidelines have been established yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Boussaa
- University of Tunis El ManarFaculty of Medicine of TunisTunisia
- Department of RheumatologyMohamed Kassab Institute of OrthopedicsLa ManoubaTunisia
| | - Dhia Kaffel
- University of Tunis El ManarFaculty of Medicine of TunisTunisia
- Department of RheumatologyMohamed Kassab Institute of OrthopedicsLa ManoubaTunisia
| | - Kaouther Maatallah
- University of Tunis El ManarFaculty of Medicine of TunisTunisia
- Department of RheumatologyMohamed Kassab Institute of OrthopedicsLa ManoubaTunisia
| | - Hanene Lassoued Ferjani
- University of Tunis El ManarFaculty of Medicine of TunisTunisia
- Department of RheumatologyMohamed Kassab Institute of OrthopedicsLa ManoubaTunisia
| | - Wafa Hamdi
- University of Tunis El ManarFaculty of Medicine of TunisTunisia
- Department of RheumatologyMohamed Kassab Institute of OrthopedicsLa ManoubaTunisia
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Lopes RRS, Cardoso LS, Onishi F. Spinal cord compression due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in beta-thalassemia. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:663-664. [PMID: 33111847 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz Onishi
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Ben Ammar L, Ferjani H, Maatallah K, Bouallegue S, Riahi H, Kaffel D, Hamdi W. Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hematopoiesis in beta-thalassemia major. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1433-1436. [PMID: 32884769 PMCID: PMC7455443 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis is a normal compensatory reaction that can affect the epidural space, leading to spinal cord compression syndrome. MRI is the imaging method of choice for diagnosis and monitoring. Treatment is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Ben Ammar
- Department of RheumatologyMohammed Kassab National Institute of OrthopaedicsMannoubaTunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Hanene Ferjani
- Department of RheumatologyMohammed Kassab National Institute of OrthopaedicsMannoubaTunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Kaouther Maatallah
- Department of RheumatologyMohammed Kassab National Institute of OrthopaedicsMannoubaTunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Sonia Bouallegue
- Faculty of Medicine of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
- Departments of General MedicineHospital of ZaghouanZaghouanTunisia
| | - Hend Riahi
- Faculty of Medicine of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
- Department of RadiologyMohammed Kassab National Institute of OrthopaedicsMannoubaTunisia
| | - Dhia Kaffel
- Department of RheumatologyMohammed Kassab National Institute of OrthopaedicsMannoubaTunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Wafa Hamdi
- Department of RheumatologyMohammed Kassab National Institute of OrthopaedicsMannoubaTunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
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Saliba AN, Atoui A, Labban M, Hamade H, Bou-Fakhredin R, Mufarrij A, Taher AT. Thalassemia in the emergency department: special considerations for a rare disease. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:1967-1977. [PMID: 32621178 PMCID: PMC7333588 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thalassemia is characterized by a defect in the synthesis of one or more of the globin subunits of hemoglobin. This defect results in imbalance in the α/β-globin chain ratio, ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic hemolytic anemia, and iron overload. With advances in diagnosis, treatment, and transfusion support, the prognosis of patients with thalassemia has improved over the past few decades. An increasing number of patients with thalassemia is living with long-term complications, including cardiomyopathy, chronic liver disease, endocrinopathy, and infections. In this paper, we review common complications that bring the patient with thalassemia to urgent or emergent medical attention. We also discuss the aspects of emergency care that are most relevant while caring for the patient with thalassemia in the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine N Saliba
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ali Atoui
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Labban
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hani Hamade
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rayan Bou-Fakhredin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Afif Mufarrij
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali T Taher
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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7
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Compressive Dorsal Myelopathy Secondary to Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in a Thalassemic Patient. Case Rep Neurol Med 2019; 2019:5827626. [PMID: 31781438 PMCID: PMC6855030 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5827626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is one of the rare causes of spinal cord compression (SCC). It results from noncancerous proliferation of hematopoietic tissue outside the bone marrow as a compensatory mechanism for ineffective erythropoiesis. It occurs in the paraspinal area in 11-15% of thalassemic patients in intermediate and severe cases causing a paraspinal compressive mass. We present a rare case of spinal EMH with thoracic cord compression in a 22-year-old female with beta thalassemia who presented with paraparesis and we provide a review of literature. Case Report A 22-year-old female patient with a known history of beta thalassemia presented with subacute onset of weakness and numbness of both lower limbs with a sensory level at T6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the dorsal spine showed cord compression secondary to paraspinal EMH from T2 to T9 with most prominent compression over T5. She was managed with blood transfusion and low-dose radiotherapy. Conclusion Although rare, EMH should be suspected in thalassemic patients presenting with paraplegia. Treatment with blood transfusions is usually effective. Other options include radiotherapy, surgery, hydroxyurea or a combination of these modalities.
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8
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Hisamud-Din N, Mustafah NM, Fauzi AA, Hashim NM. Incomplete paraplegia caused by extramedullary hematopoiesis in a patient with thalassemia intermedia. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2017; 3:17020. [PMID: 28503326 DOI: 10.1038/scsandc.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is the production of blood cell precursors outside the bone marrow that occur in various hematological diseases. In patients with thalassemia intermedia, ineffective erythropoiesis drives compensatory EMH in the liver, pancreas, pleura, spleen, ribs and spine. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a patient with thalassemia intermedia who presented with acute neurological symptoms caused by paraspinal EMH, which responded well to combination therapy of steroid, hypertransfusion, laminectomy and excision of pseudotumor and hydroxyurea therapy to boost the formation of fetal haemoglobin. DISCUSSION Prompt recognition of EMH based on clinical presentation and typical radiological findings should be made. Early treatment is recommended to prevent irreversible damage to the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhasyimah Hisamud-Din
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.,Discipline of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Mohd Mustafah
- Discipline of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aishah Ahmad Fauzi
- Discipline of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Natiara Mohamad Hashim
- Discipline of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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Lasley FD, Chang DS, Simmons J, Bartlett G, McMullen KP. Proton Therapy for Cord Compression from Extramedullary Hematopoiesis. Int J Part Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.14338/ijpt.13-00001.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Garg K, Singh PK, Singh M, Chandra PS, Sharma BS. Long segment spinal epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4:161. [PMID: 24404404 PMCID: PMC3883269 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.123657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Extramedullary hematopoiesis is defined as the formation of blood cells outside the bone marrow. It is a common manifestation of many chronic hemolytic anemias, and typically involves the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Only rarely is the spinal epidural space involved. Methods: We describe a 25-year-old male, known to have thalassemia intermedia, who presented with a 1-month history of stiffness and weakness in both lower extremities. On physical examination, he had palpable splenomegaly accompanied by spinal tenderness at the D5 level, weakness in both lower extremities, hyperactive bilateral Patellar and Achilles reflexes with bilateral Babinski responses, and a graded sensory loss to pin appreciation below D5. Results: The magnetic resonance (MR) study revealed a posterior, isointense and soft tissue epidural mass extending from D2 to D12 on both the T1- and T2-weighted images. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of “red marrow,” and long-segment spinal epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis. Conclusions: Although extramedullary hematopoiesis is rarely encountered within the spinal canal, it should be considered among the differential diagnoses when a posterior compressive thoracic lesion contributes to myelopathy in a patient with a history of thalassemia intermedia and the accompanying chronic hemolytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwaljeet Garg
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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11
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Mattei TA, Higgins M, Joseph F, Mendel E. Ectopic extramedullary hematopoiesis: evaluation and treatment of a rare and benign paraspinal/epidural tumor. J Neurosurg Spine 2013; 18:236-42. [DOI: 10.3171/2012.12.spine12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), defined as the formation of blood cells outside the bone marrow, usually occurs in a scenario of chronic anemia when, even after conversion of the bony yellow marrow to red marrow, the body is still unable to meet the demand for red blood cells. Ectopic extramedullary hematopoiesis most commonly occurs in the liver and spleen but may, in fact, occur almost anywhere in the body. Although previous reports have documented EMH presenting as paraspinal masses, such lesions have almost always been associated with a predisposing hematological disorder such as hemolytic anemia, myelofibrosis or myelodysplastic syndromes, thalassemia, polycythemia vera, leukemia, or lymphoma.
The authors of this report describe the first reported instance of EMH in a patient presenting with a symptomatic epidural and paraspinal cervical lesion arising from the posterior spinal elements and no known predisposing hematological disease. Initial radiographs revealed a bony lesion arising posteriorly from the C2–3 laminae and spinous processes. Subsequent imaging suggested the diagnosis, which was confirmed by CT-guided biopsy, peripheral blood smears, and bone marrow aspirate. Despite epidural compression and slight displacement of the cervical cord and thecal sac, the patient's symptoms were limited to pain and diminished cervical range of motion. Therefore, surgery was deferred in favor of nonsurgical therapy. Several alternative modalities for the treatment of EMH have been suggested in the literature, including cytotoxic agents and radiotherapy. The authors opted for an approach utilizing directed low-dose radiotherapy of a total of 25 Gy divided in 2.5-Gy fractions. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient continued to be asymptomatic, and MRI demonstrated a significant reduction in the dimensions of the lesion.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis with spinal cord compression in the absence of a preexisting hematological disorder has not been described in the context of clinical neurosurgical practice. Recognizing that EMH may present as an epidural or paraspinal lesion is important since chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective therapeutic options in the majority of patients who suffer few if any symptoms. Extensive evaluation for underlying hematological disorders is necessary before undertaking directed therapy. Inadvertent resection of these highly vascularized masses may risk catastrophic intraoperative hemorrhage with no proven benefit as compared with medical treatment, which usually provides excellent long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Mattei
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Peoria, Illinois; and
| | | | - Flynn Joseph
- 3Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Ghieda U, Elshimy M, El Beltagi AH. Progressive spinal cord compression due to epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis in thalassemia intermedia. A case report and literature review. Neuroradiol J 2013; 26:111-7. [PMID: 23859178 DOI: 10.1177/197140091302600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) can occur in patients with thalassemia intermedia as a physiologic response to insufficient erythropoiesis to meet circulatory demands. Rarely, EMH involve the epidural space causing spinal cord compression. We describe a case of EMH in a 21-year-old man with β-thalassemia intermedia presenting with progressive low back pain, worsening paraparesis and sphincter disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated spinal cord compression by EMH epidural mass lesions extending from T3 to T10 levels. An emergency multilevel decompressive laminectomy was performed with excision of the masses and complete rehabilitation of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ghieda
- Radiology Department, MOH-Kuwait, Al-Amiri Hospital; Sulaibikhat, Kuwait.
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13
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Abstract
A 21-year-old man with thalassemia intermedia presented with progressive decrease in vision and was found to have severe bilateral optic atrophy. Orbital and brain neuroimaging revealed massive diffuse expansion of the diploe of the craniofacial bones, narrowing of the optic canals, and expansion of hematopoietic tissue in the sellar region with compression of the optic chiasm. Although increased bone marrow is a well-known consequence of thalassemia, optic atrophy due to and such marked extramedullary expansion of hematopoietic tissue is a very rare phenomenon. Decompression of extramedullary hematopoietic tumors from thalassemia may be achieved with blood transfusions alone without the need for radiation or surgery. These findings suggest careful periodic ophthalmic examination of thalassemic patients.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Esfandbod
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Oermann EK, Coppa ND, Margolis M, Sandhu FA. Extramedullary hematopoietic tumor mimicking a thoracic nerve root schwannoma. J Neurosurg Spine 2010; 13:78-81. [PMID: 20594021 DOI: 10.3171/2010.3.spine09277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis secondary to chronic anemia is well reported throughout the literature. A rare presentation of this condition is in the central nervous tissue reported most frequently as an epidural mass causing spinal cord compression. The authors report the case of a 51-year-old man with beta-thalassemia and chronic anemia who was found to have a 4-cm paravertebral mass suggestive of a schwannoma. The patient underwent transthoracic resection of the mass. Histological examination confirmed an extramedullary hematopoietic tumor. In this article the authors propose a method to distinguish extramedullary hematopoietic tumors from schwannomas. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case in the neurosurgical literature of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Oermann
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Extramedullary hematopoiesis within the clivus: an unusual cause of lower cranial nerve palsy. J Neurooncol 2010; 100:481-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Varlet G, N'dri Oka D, Drogba KL, Haïdara A, Zunon-Kipré Y, Ba Zézé V. [Beta-thalassemia intermedia complicated by spinal cord compression. Report of three cases and meta-analysis]. Neurochirurgie 2010; 56:315-23. [PMID: 20417531 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis is common in patients who suffer from beta-thalassemia. Extramedullary hematopoiesis is a compensatory mechanism of chronic anemia. Although the diagnosis is relatively easy, management is still the subject of considerable controversy. The aim of the present paper is to report three cases of spinal cord compression due to beta-thalassemia followed by a meta-analysis. In one of the three cases reported, spinal compression revealed beta-thalassemia. Forty-three cases have been reported in the last 10 years, i.e., four cases per year. The diagnosis was made by CT and myelography and confirmed by histology after surgical treatment. Two patients were followed in the hematology department. Young patients accounted for 95.45% of cases. The time to diagnosis was 3.33 months (3 days to 12 months). The most sensitive exam for diagnosis is magnetic resonance imaging before surgery. The MR image shows a hypointense lesion on T1-weighted sequences in 30.43% of cases or isointense on T2-weighted sequences in 34.78% of cases, and hypointense on T1-weighted sequences enhanced with gadolinium in 42.85% of cases. When MRI is absent, as in our patients, myelography can provide the diagnosis. The vertebrae are enlarged and translucent in 85.71% of cases with a hypodense lesion compressing the spinal cord. Laboratory tests show chronic microcytosis hemolytic anemia in 97.17% of cases. The diagnosis was established by histology performed after surgical removal. The patients recovered 97.5% of their neurologic deficiency after specific treatment. The mean follow-up was 2 years (4 weeks to 15 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Varlet
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU de Yopougon, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
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Paraspinal extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with thalassemia intermedia. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2010; 19:871-8. [PMID: 20204423 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-010-1357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ineffective erythropoiesis in patients with thalassemia intermedia drives extramedullary hematopoietic tumor formation in several parts of the body. Paraspinal involvement has received increasing attention due to the associated morbidity secondary to spinal cord compression. Although the history and physical examination may help narrow the differential diagnosis, radiographic imaging remains essential to confirm the existence of hematopoietic tissue. Characteristic appearance has been observed mainly on magnetic resonance imaging. Several treatment options have been described, including transfusion therapy, laminectomy, radiotherapy, and the use of fetal hemoglobin inducing agents that decrease the hematopoietic drive. However, the ideal management scheme remains controversial. Until large prospective trials evaluate the efficacy and safety of the available treatment options, both in single and in combination therapy, an individualized approach should be entertained.
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Dewan U, Kumari N, Jaiswal A, Behari S, Jain M. Extramedullary hemopoiesis with undiagnosed, early myelofibrosis causing spastic compressive myelopathy: Case report and review. Indian J Orthop 2010; 44:98-103. [PMID: 20165685 PMCID: PMC2822429 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.57281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extramedullary hemopoiesis (EMH) is a common compensatory phenomenon associated with chronic hemolytic anemia. Abnormal hemopoietic tissue usually develops in sites responsible for fetal hemopoiesis, such as spleen, liver and kidney; however, other regions such as the spine may also become involved. In this study, a patient presenting with spastic paraparesis due to EMH in the dorsal spine is described. A 62-year-old man presented with paraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large lesion involving the T2-L2 vertebral levels with a large extradural component causing thecal sac compression. Laminectomy with excision of mass was carried out. The histopathology revealed EMH. The patient had no known cause for EMH at the time of diagnosis but, subsequently, a bone marrow examination revealed early myelofibrosis. This case represents the rare occurrence of a large extradural extramedullary hematopoiesis in a patient with no known predisposing factor for hemopoiesis at the time of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Dewan
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Niraj Kumari
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Awadesh Jaiswal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjay Behari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Manoj Jain
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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