Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis in high risk patients who have undergone prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting: a multicenter retrospective study

Evaluation of a Novel Easy Loop-Forming Guidewire to Reduce Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis for Serial Pancreatic Juice Aspiration Cytologic Examination: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate whether a novel, easy loop-forming guidewire could reduce post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) in patients undergoing endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage tube placement for serial pancreatic juice aspiration cytologic examination (SPACE).

METHODS

We evaluated patients with suspected pancreatic cancer who underwent SPACE at our institution between January 2015 and April 2023 retrospectively. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the type of guidewire used, namely, easy loop-forming and control groups. Propensity score matching was used to compare the incidence of PEP between the groups.

RESULTS

We included 101 patients, with 51 and 50 in the easy loop-forming and control groups, respectively. After propensity score matching, 29 pairs of patients were selected from each group. Intraductal ultrasonography of the pancreas was performed more frequently in the easy loop-forming group than in the control group (27.6% vs 0%; P = 0.004); however, PEP incidence was significantly lower in the easy loop-forming group than in the control group (3.4% vs 27.6%; odds ratio, 0.097; 95% confidence interval, 0.002-0.82; P = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

The use of the novel easy loop-forming guidewire decreased PEP occurrence in patients who underwent endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage tube placement for SPACE.

Pancreatic Juice Cytology Evaluations Using Synthetic Secretin and Serial Pancreatic Juice Aspiration Cytological Examination for the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pathological examination by endoscopic ultrasound-fine needle aspiration is not possible in approximately 10% of pancreatic tumor cases. Pancreatic juice cytology (PJC) is considered an alternative diagnostic method. However, its diagnostic capability is insufficient, and PJC has been repeatedly redevised. Serial pancreatic juice aspiration cytological examination (SPACE) and secretin-loaded PJC (S-PJC) have been recently introduced as alternative diagnostic methods. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic capacity and safety of SPACE and S-PJC using a propensity score-matched analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 75.0%, 100%, and 92.3% for S-PJC, respectively, and 71.4%, 100%, and 92.3% for SPACE, respectively, meaning that there was no significant difference between the groups. Four patients (15.4%) each in the S-PJC and SPACE groups experienced complications, including postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, pancreatitis, and cholangitis. Overall, there was no difference in efficacy and safety between the SPACE and S-PJC groups.

Optimization of Isolation Method for Extracellular Vesicles from Pancreatic Juice and Impact of Protease Activity

BACKGROUNDS

Pancreatic juice (PJ) is directly associated with pancreatic lesions, including pancreatic ductal cancer and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm-derived cancer. Therefore, EVs secreted from these lesions into PJ can be promising biomarkers for early diagnosis. However, there are limited data from analysis of EVs in PJ samples.

AIMS AND METHODS

We aimed to determine the stability of EVs in PJ collected using endoscopic naso-pancreatic drainage (ENPD) tubes as well as catheter during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP), with or without the impact of positive protease activity, and optimize the EV isolation method.

RESULTS

Size exclusion chromatography was found to be an optimal isolation method for EVs in PJ as it achieved higher recovery and purity of EVs compared with differential ultracentrifugation and polymer-based precipitation. Approximately 40% of the PJ samples collected during ERCP and more than 90% of those collected using ENPD tubes had positive protease activity. In vitro exposure to room temperature for less than 3 h was harmless to the structure of double-membrane EVs in PJ and the expression levels of TSG101, even with positive protease activity.

CONCLUSIONS

We clarified the physiobiological status of EVs in PJ and optimized the EV isolation method using suitable PJ samples; these findings can be utilized to discover biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and elucidate their function.

Single-operator peroral pancreatoscopy in the preoperative diagnostics of suspected main duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: efficacy and novel insights on complications

Background

Distinguishing intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) from other pancreatic cystic lesions is essential since IPMNs carry the risk of becoming malignant. Differentiating the main pancreatic duct involving IPMNs (MD-IPMNs) through conventional imaging is deficient. Single-operator peroral pancreatoscopy (SOPP) represents a promising method offering additional information on suspected lesions in the pancreatic main duct (MD). We aimed to determine the role of SOPP in the preoperative diagnostics of suspected MD-IPMNs and identify factors contributing to SOPP-related complications.

Materials and Methods

In this primarily retrospective study, SOPPs were performed at three high-volume centers on suspected MD-IPMNs. Primary outcome was the clinical impact of SOPP to subsequent patient care. Additionally, we documented post-SOPP complications and analyzed several assumed patient- and procedure-related risk factors.

Results

One hundred and one (101) SOPPs were performed. Subsequent clinical management was affected due to the findings in 86 (85%) cases. Surgery was planned for 29 (29%) patients. A condition other than IPMN explaining MD dilatation was found in 28 (28%) cases. In 35 (35%) cases, follow-up with MRI was continued. Post-SOPP pancreatitis occurred in 20 (20%) patients and one of them was fatal. A decrease in odds of post-SOPP pancreatitis was seen as the MD diameter increases (OR 0.714 for 1.0 mm increase in MD diameter, CI 95% 0.514–0.993, p = 0.045). Furthermore, a correlation between lower MD diameter values and higher severity post-SOPP pancreatitis was seen (T_JT = 599, SE = 116.6, z = − 2.31; p = 0.020). History of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was a confirmed risk factor for post-SOPP pancreatitis. Conclusions between complications and other risk factors could not be drawn.

Conclusion

SOPP aids clinical decision-making in suspected MD-IPMNs. Risk for post-SOPP pancreatitis is not negligible compared to non-invasive imaging methods. The risk for pancreatitis decreases as the diameter of the MD increases.

Laparoscopic clamp-crushing enucleation with a pancreatic duct stent for tumors located close to the main pancreatic duct

The perioperative management and technical details of laparoscopic clamp-crushing enucleation for low-malignant-potential pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) located close to the main pancreatic duct (MPD) in the body/tail of the pancreas using a perioperative MPD stent are reported. The procedure was performed in two patients with PNEN (13 and 10 mm in diameter) in the body/tail of the pancreas. A naso-pancreatic stent (NPS) was placed preoperatively in both patients. Resection was performed using Maryland-type bipolar forceps. The surgical duration was 139 and 55 min, and the estimated blood loss was 5 and 0 mL, respectively. One patient was discharged uneventfully on postoperative day (POD) 12. The other patient developed a grade B pancreatic fistula, but was discharged on POD 22. Laparoscopic clamp-crushing enucleation with an NPS might be a viable treatment option for tumors located close to the MPD.

Reappraisal of factors impacting the cannulation rate and clinical efficacy of endoscopic minor papilla sphincterotomy

BACKGROUND

We aimed to assess factors impacting the endoscopic minor papilla sphincterotomy (EMPS) success rate, clinical efficacy, and safety in a large cohort of patients with symptomatic pancreas divisum (PD).

METHODS

Retrospective study including patients with PD referred to the Pancreas Institute of Verona from May 2009 to May 2020 to undergo EMPS. The whole population was analyzed to assess EMPS technical success, defined as the rate of deep cannulation of the dorsal duct. Patients treated for recurrent pancreatitis (RP) with a minimum follow-up of 1 year were included to evaluate the clinical efficacy, defined as resolution or significant reduction of acute pancreatitis (AP) episodes. Safety was defined as the rate of procedure-related adverse events (AEs) according to an international lexicon. The effects of the main determinants on study outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

Overall, 106 patients were evaluated. Technical success was obtained in 87 (82.1%). The presence of pancreatic calcifications was associated with failure (p < 0.0001). Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 59 patients. Resolution/reduction of AP episodes after EMPS was observed in 93% of patients over a median follow-up of 49 months (IQR 37-92). Smoking habit was associated with AP recurrence (p = 0.026). The overall AE rate was 14.9%, with post-ERCP pancreatitis as the most common complication (12.6%).

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, performed at a tertiary center, EMPS showed satisfactory technical success and an acceptable safety profile. If confirmed by prospective multicenter studies, EMPS could become the standard of care for the treatment of RP in PD.

Development and validation of a risk prediction model and scoring system for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Background

A few models have been proposed for the prediction of the risk of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP), but many include factors that are not assessed routinely. Herein, we intend to develop and validate a predictive model for the occurrence of PEP.

Methods

Data of patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) from January 01, 2016 to May 16, 2019 (training set and internal test set) and from May 17, 2019 to December 25, 2019 (external test set) were retrospectively collected. The performance of the model was validated in the two validation cohorts.

Results

A total of 342 patients were included for the external test set, and 47 (13.7%) developed PEP. The variables included in the scoring system were gastrectomy history, high direct bilirubin (DBIL), high albumin (ALB), villous type of papillary orifice, nodular type of papillary orifice, pancreatic guidewire passages, precut sphincterotomy, and high operator experience. A total score >5 indicated high risk. In the external test set, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.718, the sensitivity was 0.723, and the specificity was 0.676. In the external test set, the probability of PEP was 6.1%, 17.0%, and 37.5% in patients with low (<0), moderate (0-5), and high (>5) risk scores, respectively.

Conclusions

This study established a scoring system for predicting the risk of PEP using routinely measured clinical variables. Its application in routine work warrants further investigation.

Risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients despite prevention with prophylactic pancreatic stents

Objectives: To analyze risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in high risk patients in whom prophylactic pancreatic stents (PPSs) were intended to use to prevent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP)-related complications.Patients and methods: Three hundred and seventeen high-risk patients for developing PEP were considered for preventive pancreatic stent placement in our endoscopy unit over 5 years. 5 Fr, 3-5 cm long PPSs were used. All data were collected in a predefined database. Development of PEP despite PPS placement was analyzed.Results: PEP occurred in 29 of 288 successfully stented patients (10.07%; 24 mild, four moderate, one severe). PPS was protective against all risks factors except for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). PPS related complication rate was 2.78% (n = 8). Unsuccessful stenting occurred in 29 patients (9.15%), PEP developed in 41.38% (n = 12; seven mild, four moderate, one severe). Those patients who had more patient related risk factors were more likely to develop PEP despite preventive measures with PPS. On the contrary, PPS placement was less successful in patients who had more procedure related risk factors.Conclusions: PPS is protective against all risks factors of PEP except for SOD in high-risk patients. More vulnerable patients who have more patient-related risk factors are more likely to develop PEP despite PPS is used, while more complex procedures predispose to unsuccessful PPS placement in patients with more procedure-related risk factors. PPS insertion in high-risk patients is effective and safe preventive method and the procedure related complication rate is reasonably low.

A long (7 cm) prophylactic pancreatic stent decreases incidence of post-endoscopic papillectomy pancreatitis: a retrospective study

Background and study aims  Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) is a minimally invasive treatment for ampullary neoplasms and is recognized as an alternative treatment to surgical resection; however, there are few reports on a suitable pancreatic stent (PS) after EP for preventing pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a long PS after EP. Patients and methods  In this retrospective single-center study, 39 patients with pathologically proven ampullary neoplasms who underwent EP between March 2012 and August 2018 were enrolled. The study participants were divided into two subgroups according to the PS length: those with a PS shorter than 5 cm (short PS group, n = 17) and those with a PS of 7 cm (long PS group, n = 22). The incidence of adverse events and risk factors for pancreatitis were evaluated. Results  The diameter of all PSs was 5 Fr. Post-EP pancreatitis occurred in nine patients (23.1 %), with two cases of severe pancreatitis (5.1 %). Pancreatitis occurred more frequently in the short PS group (7/17, 41.2 %) than in the long PS group (2/22, 9.1 %) ( P  = 0.026). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of other adverse events. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that a long PS was the only factor associated with a decreased incidence of post-EP pancreatitis ( P  = 0.042; odds ratio, 0.16; 95 % confidence interval, 0.027-0.94). Conclusion  A long (7 cm) PS significantly decreased incidence of pancreatitis after EP. Prospective randomized studies with a larger number of patients and wider range of PS lengths are required.

Risk Factors for Pancreatitis and Cholecystitis after Endoscopic Biliary Stenting in Patients with Malignant Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction

Background/Aims:

For the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction, endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) has been widely accepted as a standard procedure. However, post-ERBD complications can affect the lives of patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the predictive factors for these complications, including the patient’s status, cancer status, and stent type.

Methods:

This was a retrospective analysis conducted in a single tertiary hospital from January 2007 to July 2017. The following variables were evaluated: sex, age, body mass index, cancer type, history of pancreatitis, gallbladder stone, previous biliary stenting, precut papillotomy, stent type, contrast injection into the pancreatic duct or gallbladder, cystic duct invasion by the tumor, and occlusion of the cystic duct orifice by a metal stent.

Results:

Multivariate analysis showed that contrast injection into the pancreatic duct was a risk factor for pancreatitis. Patients with a history of bile drainage showed a lower risk of pancreatitis. For cholecystitis, the analysis revealed contrast injection into the gallbladder and cystic duct invasion by the tumor as important predictive factors. Metal stents showed a greater risk of post-procedure pancreatitis than plastic stents, but did not affect the incidence of cholecystitis.

Conclusions:

Considering that contrast injection is the most important factor for both complications, a careful approach by the physician is essential in preventing the occurrence of any complications. Further, choosing the type of stent is an important factor for patients at a risk of post-procedure pancreatitis.

Evaluation of efficacy of pancreatic juice cytology for risk classification according to international consensus guidelines in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; a retrospective study

OBJECTIVES

Pancreatic juice cytology (PJC) for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is a possible tool to enhance preoperative diagnostic ability by improving risk classification for malignant IPMN, but its efficacy is controversial. This study evaluated the efficacy of PJC for risk classification according to international guidelines.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 127 IPMN patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) preoperatively. PJC was performed in 125 of the 127 cases. High-risk stigmata (HRS, n = 57), worrisome features (WF, n = 64), and other characteristics (n = 6) were classified according to the 2017 international guidelines.

RESULTS

Among the 127 IPMN patients, 71 (55.9%) had malignant IPMN (invasive and non-invasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma). The accuracy of WF for classifying malignant IPMN was increased by the addition of PJC, but the accuracy of HRS was not (WF to WF + PJC: 33.1% [42/127] to 48.8% [61/125], HRS to HRS + PJC: 65.4% [83/127] to 52.8% [66/125]). Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) occurred in 32 (25.2%) of 127 IPMN patients. Severe PEP was not detected. Significant risk factors for PEP were female sex, obesity, and endoscopic naso-pancreatic drainage (ENPD) (P = .03, P = .0006, and P = .02, respectively). In patients with ENPD tube placement, a main pancreatic duct size of <5 mm was a significant risk factor for PEP (P = .02).

CONCLUSION

PJC could increase the accuracy of WF for classifying malignant IPMN. The additive effect of PJC for risk classification may be limited, however, and it is not recommended for all IPMN cases due to the high frequency of PEP.

A pancreatic zone at higher risk of fistula after enucleation

Background

To determine predictive factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) in patients undergoing enucleation (EN).

Methods

From 2005 to 2017, 47 patients underwent EN and had magnetic resonance imaging available for precise analysis of tumor location. Three pancreatic zones were delimited by the right side of the portal vein and the main pancreatic head duct (zone #3 comprising the lower head parenchyma and the uncinate process).

Results

The mortality and morbidity rates were 0% and 62%, respectively. POPF occurred in 23 patients (49%) and was graded as B or C (severe) in 15 patients (32%). Four patients (8.5%) developed a postoperative hemorrhage, and 5 patients (11%) needed a reintervention. In univariate and multivariate analyses, the pancreatic zone was the unique predictive factor of overall (P = .048) or severe POPF (P = .05). We did not observe any difference in postoperative courses when comparing the EN achieved in zones #1 and #2. We noted a longer operative duration (P = .016), higher overall (P = .017) and severe POPF (P = .01) rates, and longer hospital stays (P = .04) when comparing the EN achieved in zone #3 versus that in zones #1 and #2. Patients who underwent EN in zone #3 had a relative risk of developing a severe POPF of 3.22 compared with patients who underwent EN in the two other pancreatic zones.

Conclusion

Our study identifies the lower head parenchyma and the uncinate process as a high-risk zone of severe POPF after EN. Patients with planned EN in this zone could be selected and benefit from preoperative and/or intraoperative techniques to reduce the severe POPF rate.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12957-018-1476-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Risk of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis After Double-Guidewire Biliary Cannulation in an Average-Risk Population

OBJECTIVES

Double-guidewire cannulation (DGC) for selective biliary access has been associated with increased risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in patients who have had pancreatic duct (PD) contrast injection. The objective of this study was to determine whether DGC increases PEP risk in standard risk individuals when controlling for procedural aspects such as PD contrast injection.

METHODS

Consecutive adults with native papillae who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography from 2009 to 2014 were retrospectively identified, and clinical data were collected.

RESULTS

There were 879 subjects who met inclusion criteria. Increased incidence of PEP was observed after DGC (18% with DGC vs 4% without DGC, P < 0.005). Additional factors associated with increased PEP risk included the following: PD contrast injection, PD wire cannulations, and biliary stent placement. The association between DGC and increased PEP risk remained significant in a multivariate model controlling for age, sex, PD contrast injection, biliary sphincterotomy, biliary stent placement, and rectal indomethacin administration (odds ratio = 2.87, 95% confidence interval = 1.23-6.36).

CONCLUSIONS

Double-guidewire cannulation is associated with increased risk of PEP when controlling for confounding variables. Prospective studies should be undertaken to assess whether prophylactic interventions reduce risk of PEP after DGC in an average-risk population.

Risk factors of post- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in biliary type sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in Japanese patients

OBJECTIVE

Suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a well-known risk factor for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). The indication of ERCP for suspected SOD patients was very low in Japan compared to other countries. Therefore, the risk of PEP may be different in Japanese SOD patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of PEP in suspected biliary type SOD in Japan.

METHODS

From December 1996 to January 2017, 72 patients were suspected as having biliary type SOD, by questionnaire, liver function tests, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, abdominal ultrasonography, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Finally, 60 patients who underwent ERCP were included in this study, and the factors associated with PEP were evaluated.

RESULTS

The overall PEP rate was 23.3% (n = 14). Diagnostic ERCP alone for SOD did not increase the risk of PEP. The correlation of PEP incidence with pancreatic duct guidewire (PGW) technique and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) was indicated in univariate and multivariate analysis. Pancreatic stent placement was a risk in univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

PGW technique and EST for biliary type SOD were important risk factors for PEP. Pancreatic stenting was ineffective for prevention of PEP.

Analysis of the risk factors for severity in post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: The indication of prophylactic treatments

AIM

To determine the risk factors of severe post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (sPEP) and clarify the indication of prophylactic treatments.

METHODS

At our hospital, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed on 1507 patients from May 2012 to December 2015. Of these patients, we enrolled all 121 patients that were diagnosed with post endoscopic retrograde PEP. Fourteen of 121 patients diagnosed as sPEP were analyzed.

RESULTS

Forty-one patients had contrast media remaining in the pancreatic duct after completion of ERCP. Seventy-one patients had abdominal pain within three hours after ERCP. These were significant differences for sPEP (P < 0.05). The median of Body mass index, the median time for ERCP, the median serum amylase level of the next day, past histories including drinking and smoking, past history of pancreatitis, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, whether emergency or not, expertise of ERCP procedure, diverticulum nearby Vater papilla, whether there was sphincterotomy or papillary balloon dilation, pancreatic duct cannulation, use of intra-ductal ultrasonography enforcement, and transpapillary biopsies had no significant differences with sPEP.

CONCLUSION

Contrast media remaining in the pancreatic duct and the appearance of abdominal pain within three hours after ERCP were risk factors of sPEP.

Value of Raw Rhubarb Solution in the Precaution of Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis in Patients with High-Risk Factors: A Predictive Random Compared Research in One Center

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Post-ERCP pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia are common complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), especially in high-risk patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a raw rhubarb solution can reduce the incidence of PEP and post-ERCP hyperamylasemia.

METHODS

From October 2012 to October 2013, 2100 patients received ERCP in our Endoscopic Center. Five hundred patients with high-risk factors were enrolled randomly into the raw rhubarb group (RG, 250 cases drank a raw rhubarb soak solution per 3 h until defecation after ERCP) and the control group (CG, 250 cases drank water after ERCP) in the study. The serum amylase concentration was measured. The abdominal pain, purge time and symptoms of patients were observed in the two groups.

RESULTS

There were no differences in patient demographics, medical history, ERCP procedure, and patient- and procedure-related high-risk factors between the two groups. PEP incidence was 2% (5/250) in the RG group, which was lower than that in the CG group (7.6%, 19/250) (P < 0.01). The rate of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia was 5.2% (13/250) and 16.8% (42/250) in the RG group and CG group, respectively. The incidence of hyperamylasemia in the RG group was significantly lower than that in the CG group (P < 0.01). The incidence of abdominal pain 24 h after ERCP in the RG group was lower than that in the CG group (P < 0.01). No side effects were observed for raw rhubarb solution.

CONCLUSIONS

A raw rhubarb solution is safe and effective in preventing the incidence of PEP and hyperamylasemia in high-risk patients.

Endoscopic and pharmacological treatment for prophylaxis against postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (post-ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common complication following ERCP. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global literature on PEP prevention to provide clinical guidance and a framework for future research in this important field.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Science Citation Index, Ovid, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched by two independent reviewers to identify full-length, prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up until March 2016 investigating the use of pancreatic duct stents and pharmacological agents to prevent PEP.

RESULTS

Twelve RCTs comparing the risk of PEP after pancreatic duct stent placement (1369 patients) and 30 RCTs comparing pharmacological agents over placebo (10251 patients) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for final review and analysis. Meta-analysis showed that prophylactic pancreatic stents significantly decreased the odds of post-ERCP pancreatitis [odds ratio (OR), 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.18-0.42]. Significant OR reduction of PEP was also observed in relation to rectal administration of diclofenac (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12-0.48) and rectal administration of indometacin (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44-0.79) compared with placebo. Subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction with bolus-administered somatostatin (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11-0.49). Subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction with bolus-administered somatostatin (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11-0.49).

CONCLUSION

Pancreatic stent placement, rectal diclofenac, and bolus administration of somatostatin appear to be most effective in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis.

The safety and benefit of pancreatic juice cytology under ERCP in IPMN patients

BACKGROUND

International consensus guidelines 2012 for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia (IPMN), defined two characteristics: high-risk stigmata (HRS) and worrisome features (WF). Patients with WF require detailed examination including cytology. However, routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for cytology is not recommended in the guidelines due to risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Our aim was to clarify what types of IPMN were susceptible for PEP and gain benefit of ERCP.

PATIENTS/METHODS

We examined 138 consecutive IPMN patients who underwent ERCP in our hospital, retrospectively. Patients were classified into HRS, WF and the others (N) based on imaging findings before ERCP. We assessed pancreatic juice cytology, PEP frequency and rate of malignant IPMN at 12 months after ERCP.

RESULTS

The rates of cytological malignancy were 0% (N), 4.8% (WF) and 19.5% (HRS). The PEP frequency was 14.5%, and these risk factors were branch duct (BD)-IPMN, body/tail cysts and brush cytology by multivariate logistic analysis. The rates of malignant IPMN were 0% (N), 16.4% (WF) and 48.8% (HRS). Furthermore, we examined patients with WF in detail. The PEP frequency/rate of malignancy were 3.6%/23.1% in patients with main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilatation (5-9 mm), and the sensitivity of cytology was 33.3%. On the other hand, the PEP frequency/rate of malignancy were 17.2%/0% in patients with BD-IPMN fulfilling only cyst size over 30 mm.

CONCLUSIONS

Routine ERCP for IPMN, especially for BD-IPMN, is not recommended. ERCP may be beneficial for WF patients with MPD dilatation based on a balance between PEP risk and presence of malignancy.

Diclofenac sodium versus ceftazidime for preventing pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

We aimed to compare the efficacy of prophylactic, parenterally administered ceftazidime and rectally applied diclofenac sodium for the prophylaxis of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP).

METHODS

We prospectively enrolled patients who underwent ERCP. In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, patients received a suppository containing diclofenac sodium rectally (100 mg) and placebo intravenously (group A) or ceftazidime intravenously (1 g) and placebo rectally (group B) immediately before the procedure. The serum and urine amylase levels were recorded and the patients were clinically evaluated after ERCP.

RESULTS

Of the 272 patients enrolled (group A: 129; group B: 143), 32 developed pancreatitis (group A: 11 [8.5 %]; group B: 21 [14.7 %]; P = 0.17; relative risk = 1.72; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.86-3.43). The severity of the pancreatitis or complications did not significantly differ between the groups. A serum amylase level of ≥560 U/L and urine amylase level of ≥1150 U/L indicated a positive likelihood ratio for post-ERCP pancreatitis of ≥10. Moreover, the threshold visual analog scale score of ≤5 for abdominal pain after ERCP had excellent diagnostic potential for predicting the presence or absence of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

CONCLUSIONS

The PEP incidence did not differ between the ceftazidime and diclofenac sodium groups. In patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug contraindications, antibiotics can be considered a safe alternative to diclofenac sodium for PEP prevention. Moreover, the visual analog scale for abdominal pain has excellent diagnostic value for predicting PEP. CLINICAL TRIALS.

GOV NUMBER

NCT 01784445.

Factors associated with post-ERCP pancreatitis and the effect of pancreatic duct stenting in a pediatric population

BACKGROUND

Risk factors for the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) have not been identified in the pediatric population. It remains unclear what constitutes appropriate prophylaxis in this patient population.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prevalence and severity of PEP in the pediatric population and identify factors associated with developing PEP and to evaluate the effect of prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting in high-risk patients.

DESIGN

Retrospective analysis of an ERCP database at a single large pediatric center.

SETTING

Academic center.

PATIENTS

A total of 432 ERCPs performed on 313 patients younger than 19 years of age from January 2004 to October 2013.

INTERVENTION

ERCP for any indication.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Rates and severity of PEP, preprocedural and procedural risk factors for the development of PEP, and the effect of pancreatic stents on preventing PEP in high-risk patients.

RESULTS

PEP occurred after 47 procedures (prevalence, 10.9%). Thirty-four cases were mild, 9 were moderate, and 4 were severe. There was no mortality. On multiple logistic analysis, pancreatic duct injection (P<.0001; odds ratio 30.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.1-103.9) and pancreatic sphincterotomy (P<.01; OR 3.8; 95% CI, 1.6-9.8) were positively associated with PEP. A history of chronic pancreatitis was negatively associated with PEP (P<.05; OR 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15-0.93). On subset analysis, placing a prophylactic pancreatic stent was associated with significantly increased rates of PEP in patients with pancreatic duct injection compared with those who had no attempt at stent placement (P<.01). Two patients with severe pancreatitis had prophylactic pancreatic stents in place.

LIMITATIONS

Retrospective investigation.

CONCLUSIONS

In the pediatric population, pancreatic duct injection and pancreatic sphincterotomy are associated with significantly increased rates of PEP, whereas a history of chronic pancreatitis is negatively associated. Prophylactic pancreatic stenting is associated with higher rates of PEP in high-risk patients and does not eliminate severe PEP.

Risk Factors for Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Pancreatitis and Stent Dysfunction after Preoperative Biliary Drainage in Patients with Malignant Biliary Stricture

Objective To retrospectively evaluate the risk factors for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) and stent dysfunction after performing preoperative biliary drainage (BD) in patients with malignant biliary stricture. Methods Between January 2003 and February 2013, 105 consecutive patients who had undergone transpapillary BD before surgery were enrolled in this study. Procedure-related complications, stent dysfunction rates, and their respective risk factors were investigated. PEP was defined according to the consensus guidelines. Results Fifty-five patients had bile duct cancer, 31 had pancreatic cancer, 16 had ampullary cancer, and 3 had gallbladder cancer. Endoscopic biliary stenting (EBS) and nasobiliary drainage (NBD) were performed in 84 patients and 21 patients, respectively. PEP occurred in 10% of the patients, with a significantly higher frequency in those with hilar/upper bile duct stricture (p=0.026) and a normal bilirubin level at admission (p=0.016). Of the 84 patients who underwent initial EBS, stent dysfunction occurred in 13%. The mean number of days from EBS to stent dysfunction was 14±12 days. A multivariate analysis revealed a male gender (p=0.048), a stent diameter ≤8 Fr (p=0.036), and an ERCP procedure time ≥45 minutes (p=0.021) to be risk factors for stent dysfunction. No NBD tube dysfunction was observed. Conclusion Patients with upper/hilar bile duct stricture or a normal bilirubin level are at high risk of developing PEP after preoperative BD. NBD or EBS with a large-bore stent is therefore recommended as preoperative BD.

Pancreatic Stenting Reduces Post-ERCP Pancreatitis and Biliary Sepsis in High-Risk Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Study

Background. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an established treatment modality for bile duct disorders, but patients have a risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) and biliary sepsis. Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pancreatic stent for prophylaxis of PEP and biliary sepsis in high-risk patients with complicating common bile duct (CBD) disorders. Methods. Two hundred and six patients with complicating confirmed or suspected CBD disorders were randomly assigned to receive ERCP with pancreatic stenting (experimental group) or without stenting (control group). Primary outcome measure was frequency of PEP, and secondary outcome measures included operative time, blood loss, postoperative recovery times, and other ERCP-associated morbidities. Results. Baseline age, sex, CBD etiology, concomitant medical/surgical conditions, cannulation difficulty, and ERCP success were comparable between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Compared to the control group, the experimental group had a significantly lower frequency of PEP (7.7% versus 17.7%, P < 0.05) and positive bile microbial culture (40.4% versus 62.7%, P < 0.05). However, the two groups were similar in operative time, blood loss, postoperative recovery times, and other ERCP-associated morbidities (all P > 0.05). Conclusions. Pancreatic stenting can reduce the occurrence of PEP and biliary sepsis in high-risk patients with complicating CBD disorders but does not increase other ERCP-associated morbidities. This trial is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration identifier ChiCTR-OCH-14005134).

Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia: A retrospective single-center study

OBJECTIVE

With an increased use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), post-ERCP complications have attracted much attention. We aimed to identify independent risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) and hyperamylasemia, and to develop a simple scoring system of the factors contributing to the clinical prevention against PEP.

METHODS

A retrospective single-center analysis was performed in 4234 ERCP procedures between September 2007 and December 2012. Patient-related and procedure-related risk factors for PEP and post-ERCP hyperamylasemia were identified by univariate and multivariate regression analyses. A scoring system was developed based on the independent risk factors.

RESULTS

PEP occurred in 226 (5.3%) ERCP procedures and hyperamylasemia in 774 (18.3%) procedures. Female gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.449), first-time ERCP (OR 1.745), latent jaundice (OR 1.917), difficult cannulation (OR 3.317) and pancreatography (OR 1.823) were all proven to be significant risk factors for predicting PEP. In addition, difficult cannulation (OR 1.990) and pancreatography (OR 2.009), age <60 years (OR 1.294), prior diabetes (OR 0.614), biliary duct stent placement (OR 1.884) and nasobiliary drainage (OR 1.613) were associated with developing hyperamylasemia. Prophylactic pancreatic duct stent (PS) might prevent against PEP in significantly high-risk patients (score ≥6).

CONCLUSIONS

Both patient-related and procedure-related risk factors are important for predicting PEP and post-ERCP hyperamylasemia. Technical procedures, for example, PS, are necessary to prevent PEP in patients at the highest risk.

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for bile duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms

AIM: To investigate gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the bile duct (IPMN-B).

METHODS: The imaging findings of five cases of IPMN-B which were pathologically confirmed at our hospital between March 2012 and May 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Three of these cases were diagnosed by duodenal endoscopy and biopsy pathology, and two cases were diagnosed by surgical pathology. All five patients underwent enhanced and non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI; one case underwent both Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and positron emission tomography-CT. The clinical data and imaging results for these cases were compared and are presented.

RESULTS: Conventional imaging showed diffuse dilatation of bile ducts and multiple intraductal polypoid and papillary neoplasms or serrated changes along the bile ducts. In two cases, Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI revealed dilated biliary ducts and intraductal tumors, as well as filling defects caused by mucin in the dilated bile ducts in the hepatobiliary phase. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI in one case clearly showed a low-signal tumor in the hepatobiliary phase, similar to what was seen by positron emission tomography-CT. In two patients, routine inspection was unable to discern whether the lesions were inflammation or tumors. However, Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI revealed a pattern of gradual enhancement during the hepatobiliary phase, and the signal intensity of the lesions was lower than the surrounding liver parenchyma, suggesting tissue inflammation in both cases, which were confirmed by surgical pathology.

CONCLUSION: Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI reveals the intraductal mucin component of IPMN-B in some cases and the extent of tumor infiltration beyond the bile ducts in invasive cases.

Incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis from direct pancreatic juice collection in hereditary pancreatitis and familial pancreatic cancer before and after the introduction of prophylactic pancreatic stents and rectal diclofenac

OBJECTIVES

Individuals from hereditary pancreatitis (HP) and familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) kindreds are at increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Premalignant molecular changes may be detected in pancreatic juice collected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The objective was to determine the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP).

METHODS

A prospective study (1999-2013) was undertaken of 80 ERCPs (24 in HP and 56 in FPC) from 60 individuals and the impact of PEP prophylaxis using a self-expelling pancreatic stent and 50 mg diclofenac per rectum from 2008.

RESULTS

There was no PEP in the HP cohort and 13 (23.2%) PEP from 56 procedures in the FPC cohort (P = 0.0077). Up to 2008 PEP had occurred in 7 (43.8%) of 16 procedures in FPC individuals versus none of 18 procedures in HP individuals (P = 0.0021). After the introduction of prophylaxis, the incidence of PEP fell to 6 (15.0%) of 40 procedures in FPC individuals (P = 0.0347).The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.23 (0.06-0.84) in favor of prophylaxis (0.035).

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with HP are at minimal risk for PEP. Although the risk of PEP in individuals with FPC can be reduced by using prophylactic self-expelling stents and diclofenac, it remains too high for routine screening.

Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Pancreatitis is the most common and serious complication of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Prevention strategies targeting risk factors could be important to reduce the rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis. However, the risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) are still debated. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to identify risk factors for PEP.

METHODS

Medline (PubMed and Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials & Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springer links and WEB OF SCIENCE were searched for published studies in all languages. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined a priori. Eighteen probable risk factors were evaluated, and outcomes were expressed in the case of dichotomous variables, as an odds ratio (OR) (with a 95% confidence interval, (CI)).

RESULTS

When patient-related risk factors were analyzed, the ORs for female gender was 1.46 (95%CI: 1.30-1.64); for previous pancreatitis 2.03 (95%CI: 1.31-3.14); for previous PEP was 2.90 (95%CI: 1.87-4.48); for Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) was 2.04 (95%CI: 1.73-2.33) and for Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) was 3.01 (95%CI: 1.34-6.77). Four endoscopy-related factors were confirmed: the OR for difficult cannulation was 3.49 (95%CI: 1.364-8.925); for endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) it was 1.39 (95%CI: 1.09-1.79); for precut sphincterotomy it was 2.25 (95%CI: 1.70_2.96); and for main pancreatic duct injection it was 1.58 (95%CI: 1.21-2.08).

CONCLUSIONS

Female gender, previous pancreatitis, previous PEP, SOD, IPMN, difficult cannulation, EST, precut sphincterotomy and main pancreatic duct injection are risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Risk factors for therapeutic ERCP-related complications: an analysis of 2,715 cases performed by a single endoscopist

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is now the exclusive endoscopic therapeutic modality for biliary as well as pancreatic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate patient- and procedure-related risk factors for post-ERCP complications in a large-scale study of procedures performed by a single experienced endoscopist.

METHODS

This is a retrospective cohort study which included a total of 2,715 therapeutic ERCPs enrolled in the final analysis. Potential important patient- and procedure-related risk factors for overall post-ERCP complications, pancreatitis and post-endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) bleeding were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

Following the first therapeutic ERCP, 327 patients suffered complications; pancreatitis was observed in 132 (4.9%) patients, hemorrhage in 122 (4.5%) patients, cholangitis in 63 (2.3%) patients, perforation in 3 (0.11%) patients, and basket impaction in 7 (0.26%) patients. History of acute pancreatitis was more common in patients with post-ERCP complications (P<0.001). Female gender, young age (<40 years), periampullary diverticulum, suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, metal stent placement, opacification of main pancreatic duct and suprapapillary fistulotomy were not found to be risk factors for overall post-ERCP complications and post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). Multivariate analysis showed a history of acute pancreatitis, difficult cannulation, needle-knife papillotomy, transpancreatic sphincterotomy, opacification of first and second class pancreatic ductules and acinarization as independent risk factors for overall complications and PEP, whereas antiplatelet and anticoagulation drug use were not found to be independent risk factors for post-ES bleeding.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study demonstrate that the endoscopist's experience reduces patient- and procedure-related risk factors for post-ERCP complications.

Does preoperative cross-sectional imaging accurately predict main duct involvement in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm?

Main pancreatic duct (MPD) involvement is a well-demonstrated risk factor for malignancy in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Preoperative radiographic determination of IPMN type is heavily relied upon in oncologic risk stratification. We hypothesized that radiographic assessment of MPD involvement in IPMN is an accurate predictor of pathological MPD involvement. Data regarding all patients undergoing resection for IPMN at a single academic institution between 1992 and 2012 were gathered prospectively. Retrospective analysis of imaging and pathologic data was undertaken. Preoperative classification of IPMN type was based on cross-sectional imaging (MRI/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and/or CT). Three hundred sixty-two patients underwent resection for IPMN. Of these, 334 had complete data for analysis. Of 164 suspected branch duct (BD) IPMN, 34 (20.7%) demonstrated MPD involvement on final pathology. Of 170 patients with suspicion of MPD involvement, 50 (29.4%) demonstrated no MPD involvement. Of 34 patients with suspected BD-IPMN who were found to have MPD involvement on pathology, 10 (29.4%) had invasive carcinoma. Alternatively, 2/50 (4%) of the patients with suspected MPD involvement who ultimately had isolated BD-IPMN demonstrated invasive carcinoma. Preoperative radiographic IPMN type did not correlate with final pathology in 25% of the patients. In addition, risk of invasive carcinoma correlates with pathologic presence of MPD involvement.

Application of balloon suction radiography-assisted guidewire insertion in management of incarcerated stones in the common bile duct

AIM: To assess the application of balloon suction radiography-assisted guidewire insertion in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with incarcerated stones in the upper or middle segment of the common bile duct.

METHODS: Clinical data for 15 patients with incarcerated stones in the upper or middle segment of the common bile duct who underwent radiography-assisted guidewire insertion in ERCP at our hospital from June 2005 to January 2012 were retrospectively analzyed.

RESULTS: Radiography was successful in all 15 patients, and the guidewire went through the incarcerated stones in each patient. After ERCP, one patient developed acute pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia but recovered after receiving medical treatment for 2-5 d. No bleeding or perforation occurred.

CONCLUSION: Balloon suction radiography-assisted guidewire insertion can reduce operative time and improve the success rate and safety in patients with incarcerated stones in the common bile duct.

Predictive factors for pancreatitis and cholecystitis in endoscopic covered metal stenting for distal malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Pancreatitis and cholecystitis are major complications after self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement in distal malignant biliary obstruction. We aimed to clarify predictive factors for pancreatitis and cholecystitis after covered SEMS placement.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 74 consecutive patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction who underwent initial endoscopic drainage using covered SEMS. Predictive factors for pancreatitis and cholecystitis were evaluated in the 74 patients described above and in 66 patients who had not undergone cholecystectomy.

RESULTS

The incidences of pancreatitis and cholecystitis were 10.8% (8/74) and 6.1% (4/66), respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that non-pancreatic cancer (P = 0.018) and contrast injection into the pancreatic duct (P = 0.030) were significant predictive factors for pancreatitis. Multivariate analysis revealed that non-pancreatic cancer (odds ratio [OR], 4.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63-14.18; P = 0.007) and contrast injection into the pancreatic duct (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.33-9.60; P = 0.016) were significant independent predictive factors for pancreatitis. On the other hand, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that tumor involvement to the orifice of the cystic duct (OCD) was a significant independent predictive factor for cholecystitis (OR, 5.85; 95% CI, 1.91-27.74; P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

Non-pancreatic cancer and contrast injection into the pancreatic duct were predictive factors for pancreatitis, and tumor involvement to the OCD was a positive predictive factor for cholecystitis after endoscopic covered SEMS placement for distal malignant biliary obstruction.