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Klebba PE, Newton SMC, Six DA, Kumar A, Yang T, Nairn BL, Munger C, Chakravorty S. Iron Acquisition Systems of Gram-negative Bacterial Pathogens Define TonB-Dependent Pathways to Novel Antibiotics. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5193-5239. [PMID: 33724814 PMCID: PMC8687107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable metabolic cofactor in both pro- and eukaryotes, which engenders a natural competition for the metal between bacterial pathogens and their human or animal hosts. Bacteria secrete siderophores that extract Fe3+ from tissues, fluids, cells, and proteins; the ligand gated porins of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane actively acquire the resulting ferric siderophores, as well as other iron-containing molecules like heme. Conversely, eukaryotic hosts combat bacterial iron scavenging by sequestering Fe3+ in binding proteins and ferritin. The variety of iron uptake systems in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens illustrates a range of chemical and biochemical mechanisms that facilitate microbial pathogenesis. This document attempts to summarize and understand these processes, to guide discovery of immunological or chemical interventions that may thwart infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Klebba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Salete M C Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - David A Six
- Venatorx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Taihao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Colton Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Somnath Chakravorty
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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Abstract
Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) is an evolving pathotype that is more virulent than classical K. pneumoniae (cKp). hvKp usually infects individuals from the community, who are often healthy. Infections are more common in the Asian Pacific Rim but are occurring globally. hvKp infection frequently presents at multiple sites or subsequently metastatically spreads, often requiring source control. hvKp has an increased ability to cause central nervous system infection and endophthalmitis, which require rapid recognition and site-specific treatment. The genetic factors that confer hvKp's hypervirulent phenotype are present on a large virulence plasmid and perhaps integrative conjugal elements. Increased capsule production and aerobactin production are established hvKp-specific virulence factors. Similar to cKp, hvKp strains are becoming increasingly resistant to antimicrobials via acquisition of mobile elements carrying resistance determinants, and new hvKp strains emerge when extensively drug-resistant cKp strains acquire hvKp-specific virulence determinants, resulting in nosocomial infection. Presently, clinical laboratories are unable to differentiate cKp from hvKp, but recently, several biomarkers and quantitative siderophore production have been shown to accurately predict hvKp strains, which could lead to the development of a diagnostic test for use by clinical laboratories for optimal patient care and for use in epidemiologic surveillance and research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Russo
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- The Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Candace M Marr
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Luo X, Guo R, Xu X, Li X, Yao L, Wang X, Lu H. Mass spectrometry and associated technologies delineate the advantageously biomedical capacity of siderophores in different pathogenic contexts. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:239-252. [PMID: 30035815 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are chemically diverse small molecules produced by microorganisms for chelation of irons to maintain their survival and govern some important biological functions, especially those cause that infections in hosts. Still, siderophores can offer new insight into a better understanding of the diagnosis and treatments of infectious diseases from the siderophore biosynthesis and regulation perspective. Thus, this review aims to summarize the biomedical value and applicability of siderophores in pathogenic contexts by briefly reviewing mass spectrometry (MS)-based chemical biology and translational applications that involve diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutic discovery for a variety of infectious conditions caused by different pathogens. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of siderophore discovery and applications in pathogenic contexts. Finally, we propose a panel of new and promising strategy as precision-modification metabolomics method, to rapidly advance the discovery of and translational innovations pertaining to these value compounds in broad biomedical niches. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev XX:XX-XX, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Center of Excellence for Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Center of Excellence for Chinmedomics, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Haitao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Bailey DC, Alexander E, Rice MR, Drake EJ, Mydy LS, Aldrich CC, Gulick AM. Structural and functional delineation of aerobactin biosynthesis in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7841-7852. [PMID: 29618511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobactin, a citryl-hydroxamate siderophore, is produced by a number of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria to aid in iron assimilation. Interest in this well-known siderophore was reignited by recent investigations suggesting that it plays a key role in mediating the enhanced virulence of a hypervirulent pathotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP). In contrast to classical opportunistic strains of K. pneumoniae, hvKP causes serious life-threatening infections in previously healthy individuals in the community. Multiple contemporary reports have confirmed fears that the convergence of multidrug-resistant and hvKP pathotypes has led to the evolution of a highly transmissible, drug-resistant, and virulent "super bug." Despite hvKP harboring four distinct siderophore operons, knocking out production of only aerobactin led to a significant attenuation of virulence. Herein, we continue our structural and functional studies on the biosynthesis of this crucial virulence factor. In vivo heterologous production and in vitro reconstitution of aerobactin biosynthesis from hvKP was carried out, demonstrating the specificity, stereoselectivity, and kinetic throughput of the complete pathway. Additionally, we present a steady-state kinetic analysis and the X-ray crystal structure of the second aerobactin synthetase IucC, as well as describe a surface entropy reduction strategy that was employed for structure determination. Finally, we show solution X-ray scattering data that support a unique dimeric quaternary structure for IucC. These new insights into aerobactin assembly will help inform potential antivirulence strategies and advance our understanding of siderophore biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Bailey
- From the Department of Structural Biology, The Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203.,the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203, and
| | - Evan Alexander
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Matthew R Rice
- the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203, and
| | - Eric J Drake
- From the Department of Structural Biology, The Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203.,the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203, and
| | - Lisa S Mydy
- From the Department of Structural Biology, The Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203.,the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203, and
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Andrew M Gulick
- From the Department of Structural Biology, The Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203, .,the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, Buffalo, New York 14203, and
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Iwasaki Y, Inokuchi R, Harada S, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Shinohara K. Bacterial Meningitis Caused by Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Capsular Genotype K54 with Development of Granuloma-like Nodal Enhancement in the Brain during the Subacute Phase. Intern Med 2017; 56:373-376. [PMID: 28154286 PMCID: PMC5348466 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 72-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department due to coma. The cerebrospinal fluid cell count was 40,080 cells/μL, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected on culture. Stretching the bacterial colonies on an agar plate showed the formation of a viscous string with a length exceeding 5 mm, indicating hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hv-KP). A genome analysis suggested hv-KP capsular genotype K54 with sequence type 29. Although no brain abscess was detected on contrast-enhanced computed tomography on Day 4 or on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on Day 7, contrast-enhanced MRI on Day 23 showed granuloma-like nodal enhancement on the surface of the left insula. Antibacterial therapy was continued until the enhancement disappeared on Day 40. MRI may help determine the duration required for antibacterial therapy. After six months, the patient was discharged and remained free from recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Iwasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, Japan
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