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Kobayashi J, Minamizuka T, Koshizaka M, Maezawa Y, Ono H, Yokote K. Serum HDL-C values: An extremely useful marker for differentiating homozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency from severe hypertriglyceridemia with other causes in Japan: A meta-analysis based on literatures on Japanese homozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:85-89. [PMID: 34242636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIM Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a genetic disorder with a defective gene for lipoprotein lipase, leading to very high triglycerides. In the daily practice it is much more common to come across severely hypertriglyceridemia without homozygous or compound heterozygous LPL deficiency (SHTG). METHODS We investigated on how to screen homozygous or compound heterozygous LPL deficiency using lipid parameters by meta-analyzing past 20 subjects on this genetic disease reported by Japanese investigators. As a comparison with LPL deficiency, 21 subjects with SHTG from recent two studies were included in this study. RESULTS Serum HDL-C levels were significantly lower in LPL deficiency than in SHTG (0.38 ± 0.13 vs 0.94 ± 0.28 mmol/L (mean ± SD), p < 0.001), whereas other serum lipids did not differ between the two groups. The ROC curve ± standard error for serum HDL-C for discriminating the two groups was 0.97 ± 0.019. Sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing the two groups were 90% and 95%, respectively when serum HDL-C 0.62 mmol/L was adopted as cut point. CONCLUSION We found for the first time that serum HDL-C is an extremely useful marker for discriminating LPL deficiency from SHTG in Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Endocrine Metabolism/Hematology/Geriatric Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Takuya Minamizuka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Endocrine Metabolism/Hematology/Geriatric Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masaya Koshizaka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Endocrine Metabolism/Hematology/Geriatric Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Endocrine Metabolism/Hematology/Geriatric Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Hiraku Ono
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Endocrine Metabolism/Hematology/Geriatric Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Endocrine Metabolism/Hematology/Geriatric Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
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Chandramohan R, Pari L. Antihyperlipidemic effect of tyrosol, a phenolic compound in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:507-516. [PMID: 33942700 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1926030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the antihyperlipidemic effects of tyrosol in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with STZ (40 mg/kg), and these established experimental rats were treated with tyrosol (20 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (600 µg/kg) for 45 days. The observed results revealed that tyrosol treatment significantly reduced plasma glucose, plasma, and liver total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, and significantly increased plasma insulin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase significantly reduced in the liver, whereas the activities of lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase were significantly increased in the plasma of tyrosol treated STZ-induced diabetic rats. Histological examination showed that tyrosol treatment remarkably reduced lipid accumulation in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats. The present study revealed that tyrosol exhibits potent antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Chandramohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Leelavinothan Pari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
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Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the most common lipid abnormalities encountered in clinical practice. Many monogenic disorders causing severe hypertriglyceridemia have been identified, but in most patients triglyceride elevations result from a combination of multiple genetic variations with small effects and environmental factors. Common secondary causes include obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, alcohol misuse, and various commonly used drugs. Correcting these factors and optimizing lifestyle choices, including dietary modification, is important before starting drug treatment. The goal of drug treatment is to reduce the risk of pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease in those with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. This review discusses the various genetic and acquired causes of hypertriglyceridemia, as well as current management strategies. Evidence supporting the different drug and non-drug approaches to treating hypertriglyceridemia is examined, and an easy to adopt step-by-step management strategy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Simha
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tsuchiya S, Sawada S, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Nakajima T, Kohata M, Kurosawa S, Satake C, Imai J, Kikuchi K, Aiba S, Katagiri H. Eruptive xanthomas in a patient with soft-drink diabetic ketosis and apolipoprotein E4/2. Endocr J 2019; 66:107-114. [PMID: 30393272 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft-drink diabetic ketosis, characterized by acute onset ketosis induced by excessive ingestion of sugar-containing drinks, is often seen in obese, young patients, even with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. We herein report a 15-year-old obese patient with the apolipoprotein E4/2 phenotype, in whom eruptive xanthomas lead to a diagnosis of soft-drink diabetic ketosis. He developed multiple asymptomatic yellowish papules on the auricles, back, buttocks and the extensor surfaces of the elbows and knees. He initially visited a dermatology clinic and his blood triglyceride and HbA1c levels were found to be 6,490 mg/dL and 16.5%, respectively. He was referred to our hospital for treatment of hyperglycemia and hypertyriglyceridemia. On admission, he had ketonuria and increased blood levels of 3-hydroxybutylate and acetoacetate. He habitually drank 1-3 litters of sweet beverages daily to quench his thirst. Therefore, "soft-drink diabetic ketosis" was diagnosed. Severe hypertriglyceridemia was considered to have been a consequence of impaired insulin action and his apolipoprotein E4/2 phenotype. We treated the diabetic ketosis and hypertriglyceridemia with intensive insulin therapy and a fat-restricted diet. At discharge, he no longer required insulin therapy and his blood glucose levels were controlled with metformin and voglibose. Along with amelioration of the hyperglycemia, triglyceride levels decreased to 247 mg/dL without administration of anti-hyperlipidemia agents. The eruptive xanthoma lesions gradually diminished in size and number and eventually disappeared by 12 months. This case provides an instructive example of eruptive xanthomas serving as a sign of severe dysregulation, not only of lipid, but also glucose, metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kana Takeda
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takeko Nakajima
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Kohata
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoko Kurosawa
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chihiro Satake
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuko Kikuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Lee J, Hegele RA. Investigated treatments for lipoprotein lipase deficiency and related metabolic disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1311784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chen K, Yuan R, Zhang Y, Geng S, Li L. Tollip Deficiency Alters Atherosclerosis and Steatosis by Disrupting Lipophagy. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004078. [PMID: 28396568 PMCID: PMC5532987 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Compromised lipophagy with unknown mechanisms may be critically involved in the intracellular accumulation of lipids, contributing to elevated atherosclerosis and liver steatosis. We hypothesize that toll‐interacting protein (Tollip), a key innate immune molecule involved in the fusion of autolysosome, may play a significant role in lipophagy and modulate lipid accumulation during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and liver steatosis. Methods and Results By comparing mice fed with either a Western high‐fat diet or a regular chow diet, we observed that both atherosclerosis and liver steatosis were aggravated in apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE−/−)/Tollip−/− mice as compared with ApoE−/− mice. Through electron microscopy analyses, we observed compromised fusion of lipid droplets with lysosomes within aortic macrophages as well as liver hepatocytes from ApoE−/−/Tollip−/− mice as compared with ApoE−/− mice. As a molecular indicator for disrupted lysosome fusion, the levels of p62 were significantly elevated in aortic and liver tissues from ApoE−/−/Tollip−/− mice. Molecules involved in facilitating lipophagy completion such as Ras‐related protein 7 and gamma‐aminobutyric acid receptor‐associated protein were reduced in ApoE−/−/Tollip−/− mice as compared with ApoE−/− mice. Intriguingly, ApoE−/−/Tollip−/− mice had reduced circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α and increased levels of transforming growth factor‐β. The reduced inflammation due to Tollip deficiency is consistent with a stable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype with increased levels of plaque collagen and smooth muscle cells in ApoE−/−/Tollip−/− mice. Conclusions Tollip deficiency selectively leads to enlarged yet stable atherosclerotic plaques, increased circulating lipids, liver steatosis, and reduced inflammation. Compromised lipophagy and reduced expression of inflammatory mediators due to Tollip deficiency may be the underlying causes. Our data suggest that lipid accumulation and inflammation may be intertwined yet independent processes during the progression of atherosclerosis and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Ruoxi Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
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Yamaguchi T, Murano T, Tatsuno I, Hiruta N, Suzuki T, Sawada S, Katagiri H, Shirai K, Schneider WJ, Bujo H. Severely impaired activity of lipoprotein lipase Arg243His is partially ameliorated by emulsifying phospholipids in in vitro triolein hydrolysis analysis. Ann Clin Biochem 2017; 54:712-715. [PMID: 28114790 DOI: 10.1177/0004563217693258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We investigated the in vitro effects of various phospholipids as emulsifiers on the hydrolysing activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Arg243His against triolein as substrate. LPL Arg243His, identified in a patient with hyperchylomicronaemia, displays severely diminished activity for triolein when emulsified with Triton X-100. Methods Lipolytic activities of plasma obtained by heparin injection from a homozygous patient with LPL Arg243His were analysed using triolein emulsified with phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), or Triton X-100 as substrates. Results The hydrolysing activities of the patient's plasma for triolein emulsified with PC, PE, PS, PI, LPC and Triton X-100 were 9.22 ± 1.06 μmol/ml/h/ngLPL, 2.94 ± 1.60 μmol/ml/h/ng LPL, 3.72 ± 1.63 μmol/ml/h/ng LPL, 3.40 ± 1.20 μmol/ml/h/ngLPL, 3.72 ± 1.96 μmol/ml/h/ngLPL and 7.80 ± 4.48 μmol/ml/h/ng LPL, respectively. Thus, the specific activities of the patient's LPL determined with triolein emulsified with PC were significantly higher than those with PE, PS, PI or LPC as emulsifiers. Relative to the activities of normal plasma measured with PC, PE, PS, PI and LPC as emulsifiers, the mutant's activities were 49.1 ± 5.2%, 44.1 ± 5.7%, 31.7 ± 12.6%, 19.2 ± 6.9% and 23.8 ± 11.3%, respectively. Using PC, PE, PS, PI and LPC as emulsifiers, the mutant's activities for triolein-lipolysis relative to normal were significantly increased in comparison to the relative activity measured with the classical emulsifier, Triton X-100 (12.9 ± 6.7%). Conclusions Impaired triolein hydrolysis by LPL Arg243His was partially ameliorated by triolein emulsification with phospholipids. The in vitro analysis of triolein hydrolysis using various phospholipid emulsifiers may be useful for the further understanding of impaired LPL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamaguchi
- 1 Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Takeyoshi Murano
- 2 Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- 1 Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hiruta
- 2 Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Toru Suzuki
- 3 Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- 3 Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- 3 Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kohji Shirai
- 4 Department of Vascular Function, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- 5 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- 2 Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
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