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Kawada T, Li M, Zheng C, Sugimachi M. Acute Effects of Vagotomy on Baroreflex Equilibrium Diagram in Rats with Chronic Heart Failure. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2016; 10:139-47. [PMID: 27594790 PMCID: PMC5003122 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s38443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The arterial baroreflex system can be divided into the neural arc, from pressure input to efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), and the peripheral arc, from SNA to arterial pressure (AP). Plotting the neural and peripheral arcs on a pressure–SNA plane yields a baroreflex equilibrium diagram. We examined the effects of vagotomy on the open-loop static characteristics of the carotid sinus baroreflex in normal control rats (NC, n = 10) and rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI, n = 10). In the NC group, vagotomy shifted the neural arc toward higher SNA and decreased the slope of the peripheral arc. Consequently, the operating-point SNA increased without a significant change in the operating-point AP on the baroreflex equilibrium diagram. These vagotomy-induced effects were not observed in the MI group, suggesting a loss of vagal modulation of the carotid sinus baroreflex function in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Can Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Sugimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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Kawada T, Sugimachi M. Open-loop static and dynamic characteristics of the arterial baroreflex system in rabbits and rats. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:15-41. [PMID: 26541155 PMCID: PMC4742515 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The arterial baroreflex system is the most important negative feedback system for stabilizing arterial pressure (AP). This system serves as a key link between the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular system, and is thus essential for understanding the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and accompanying autonomic abnormalities. This article focuses on an open-loop systems analysis using a baroreceptor isolation preparation to identify the characteristics of two principal subsystems of the arterial baroreflex system, namely, the neural arc from pressure input to efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and the peripheral arc from SNA to AP. Studies on the static and dynamic characteristics of the two arcs under normal physiological conditions and also under various interventions including diseased conditions are to be reviewed. Quantitative understanding of the arterial baroreflex function under diseased conditions would help develop new treatment strategies such as electrical activation of the carotid sinus baroreflex for drug-resistant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Masaru Sugimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
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Kawada T, Li M, Sata Y, Zheng C, Turner MJ, Shimizu S, Sugimachi M. Calibration of baroreflex equilibrium diagram based on exogenous pressor agents in chronic heart failure rats. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2015; 9:1-9. [PMID: 25698884 PMCID: PMC4319654 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s18759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A baroreflex equilibrium diagram describes the relation between input pressure and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and that between SNA and arterial pressure (AP). To calibrate the SNA axis (abscissa) of the baroreflex equilibrium diagram, the AP response to intravenous bolus injections of phenylephrine (0.2-50 μg/kg) or norepinephrine (NE, 0.02-5 μg/kg) was examined in normal control rats (NC, n = 9) and rats with chronic heart failure (CHF, n = 6). The maximum slope of the dose-effect curve was significantly smaller in the CHF group than in the NC group (57.3 ± 5.2 vs 80.9 ± 6.3 mmHg/decade for phenylephrine, 60.2 ± 7.8 vs 80.4 ± 5.9 mmHg/decade for NE; P < 0.01). The CHF/NC ratio of the maximum slope was used to calibrate SNA. While the calibrated baroreflex equilibrium diagram showed increased maximum SNA and operating-point SNA in CHF rats compared with NC rats, the magnitude of increase was smaller than that expected from the excess plasma NE concentration in CHF rats. Plasma NE concentration in the CHF group could be disproportionally high relative to SNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan. ; Department of Artificial Organ Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Can Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michael J Turner
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Sugimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan. ; Department of Artificial Organ Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Effects of intravenous cariporide on release of norepinephrine and myoglobin during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rabbits. Life Sci 2014; 114:102-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kawada T, Li M, Zheng C, Shimizu S, Uemura K, Turner MJ, Yamamoto H, Sugimachi M. Chronic vagal nerve stimulation improves baroreflex neural arc function in heart failure rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1308-14. [PMID: 24674859 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00140.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested whether 6-wk vagal stimulation (VS) treatment improved open-loop baroreflex function in rats after myocardial infarction (MI). The following three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were examined: normal control (NC, n = 9), MI with no treatment (MI-NT, n = 8), and MI treated with VS (MI-VS, n = 7). Under anesthesia, a stepwise input ranging from 60 to 180 mmHg was imposed on isolated carotid sinus baroreceptor regions, while the responses in splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure (AP) were measured. The response range of percent SNA was greater in the MI-VS than in the MI-NT group (63.8 ± 4.9% vs. 33.1 ± 3.8%, P < 0.01). The slope of the AP response to percent SNA was not different between the MI-VS and MI-NT groups (0.611 ± 0.076 vs. 0.781 ± 0.057 mmHg/%). The difference in the response range of AP between the MI-VS and MI-NT groups did not reach statistical significance (40.7 ± 6.2 vs. 26.4 ± 3.5 mmHg). In conclusion, the 6-wk VS treatment significantly improved the baroreflex control of SNA, but the effect was limited for the baroreflex total-loop function due to the lack of significant improvement in the AP response to percent SNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Can Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Shuji Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Kazunori Uemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Michael J Turner
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Sugimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; and
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Guerri-Guttenberg RA, Siaba-Serrate F, Cacheiro FJ. [Clinical relevance of cardiopulmonary reflexes in anesthesiology]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2013; 60:448-456. [PMID: 23121709 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The baroreflex, chemoreflex, pulmonary reflexes, Bezold-Jarisch and Bainbridge reflexes and their interaction with local mechanisms, are a demonstration of the richness of cardiovascular responses that occur in human beings. As well as these, the anesthesiologist must contend with other variables that interact by attenuating or accentuating cardiopulmonary reflexes such as, anesthetic drugs, surgical manipulation, and patient positioning. In the present article we review these reflexes and their clinical relevance in anesthesiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Guerri-Guttenberg
- Departamento de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kawada T, Shimizu S, Li M, Kamiya A, Uemura K, Sata Y, Yamamoto H, Sugimachi M. Contrasting effects of moderate vagal stimulation on heart rate and carotid sinus baroreflex-mediated sympathetic arterial pressure regulation in rats. Life Sci 2011; 89:498-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kashihara K. Roles of arterial baroreceptor reflex during bezold-jarisch reflex. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 5:263-7. [PMID: 21037842 PMCID: PMC2842957 DOI: 10.2174/157340309789317805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many cardiopulmonary reflexes, this review specifically examines the roles of the arterial baroreflex during the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR). Activation of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent C-fibers induces hypotension, bradycardia, and apnea, which are known collectively as the BJR; myocardial ischemia and infarction might induce the BJR. Arterial baroreflex has been established as an important negative feedback system that stabilizes arterial blood pressure against exogenous pressure perturbations. Therefore, understanding the functions of the arterial baroreflex during the BJR is crucial for elucidating its pathophysiological implications. The main central pathways of the BJR and the baroreflex are outlined herein, particularly addressing the common pathway between the reflexes. Furthermore, the pathophysiological roles of the arterial baroreflex during the BJR are described along with a brief discussion of pathophysiological merits and shortcomings of the reflexes.
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Boku A, Sugimura M, Morimoto Y, Hanamoto H, Niwa H. Hemodynamic and autonomic response to acute hemorrhage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010; 9:78. [PMID: 21106105 PMCID: PMC3004820 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The various autonomic control systems lead to characteristic changes in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) during acute hemorrhage. However, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus may interfere with the normal compensation for hemorrhage. Materials and methods A controlled graded bleeding (6 - 36% loss of estimated total blood volume: ETBV) was performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ rats) under a conscious state. Hemodynamic and autonomic responses to acute hemorrhage were examined using analysis of BP-HR variability. The effects of dextran treatment after hemorrhage were also examined. Results A significant reduction in mean arterial pressure began at 12% ETBV loss in STZ rats and 18% in the control rats, respectively. When blood loss reached 18% of TEBV, the decrease in HR was prominent in STD rats due to the activation of a parasympathetic drive, as indicated by the increase in high frequency (HF; 0.75~3.0 Hz) power in HR variability, while in the control rats this response was not observed. The administration of dextran prevented the activation of the parasympathetic drive in STZ rats during hemorrhaging. In the control rats, the dextran treatment sustained the initial increase in HR with reduced HF power in HR variability. Conclusion STZ rats showed different hemodynamic and autonomic responses to acute hemorrhage from the control rats. STZ rats were prone to develop bradycardiac hypotension characterized by marked parasympathetic activation during hemorrhaging. This finding suggests enhancement of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex in STZ rats. Dextran treatment to maintain a normovolemic hemorrhage state inhibits this reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiji Boku
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
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Kawada T, Li M, Kamiya A, Shimizu S, Uemura K, Yamamoto H, Sugimachi M. Open-loop dynamic and static characteristics of the carotid sinus baroreflex in rats with chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction. J Physiol Sci 2010; 60:283-98. [PMID: 20514557 PMCID: PMC10717991 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-010-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We estimated open-loop dynamic characteristics of the carotid sinus baroreflex in normal control rats and chronic heart failure (CHF) rats after myocardial infarction. First, the neural arc transfer function from carotid sinus pressure to splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and its corresponding step response were examined. Although the steady-state response was attenuated in CHF, the negative peak response and the time to peak did not change significantly, suggesting preserved neural arc dynamic characteristics. Next, the peripheral arc transfer function from SNA to arterial pressure (AP) and its corresponding step response were examined. The steady-state response and the initial slope were reduced in CHF, suggesting impaired end-organ responses. In a simulation study based on the dynamic and static characteristics, the percent recovery of AP was reduced progressively as the size of disturbance increased in CHF, suggesting that a reserve for AP buffering is lost in CHF despite relatively maintained baseline AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
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Wavelet-Based System Identification of Short-Term Dynamic Characteristics of Arterial Baroreflex. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 37:112-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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