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Kawada T, Saku K. Renal denervation and perivascular adipose tissue browning. Hypertens Res 2024:10.1038/s41440-024-01847-9. [PMID: 39138368 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Keita Saku
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
- Bio Digital Twin Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
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Accentuated antagonism of vagal heart rate control and less potent prejunctional inhibition of vagal acetylcholine release during sympathetic nerve stimulation in the rat. Auton Neurosci 2019; 218:25-30. [PMID: 30890345 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Complex interactions are known to occur between the sympathetic and parasympathetic controls of the heart. Although sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) usually augments the heart rate (HR) response to vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), exogenously administered norepinephrine (NE) can attenuate the HR response as well as the myocardial interstitial acetylcholine (ACh) release during VNS. To provide a basis for an integrative knowledge about the opposing adrenergic effects on the vagal control of the heart, we examined whether SNS significantly attenuates VNS-induced myocardial interstitial ACh release in the in vivo beating heart. In nine anesthetized rats, changes in HR and myocardial interstitial ACh release in response to 5- and 20-Hz VNS were examined in both the absence and presence of a 5-Hz background SNS. The SNS significantly enhanced the VNS-induced HR reduction during 20-Hz VNS (-101.2 ± 33.1 vs. -163.0 ± 34.9 beats/min, P < 0.001, a 60% augmentation). By contrast, the SNS significantly attenuated the ACh release during 20-Hz VNS (4.30 ± 0.72 vs. 3.80 ± 0.75 nM, P < 0.01, a 12% attenuation). In conclusion, SNS exerted only a moderate inhibitory effect on the VNS-induced myocardial interstitial ACh release in the in vivo beating heart.
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Cong X, Xu X, Xu L, Li M, Xu C, Qin Q, Huo X. Elevated biomarkers of sympatho-adrenomedullary activity linked to e-waste air pollutant exposure in preschool children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:117-126. [PMID: 29558634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cardiovascular regulatory changes in childhood contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular events at older ages. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of air pollutant exposure on the child sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) system, which plays a vital role in regulating and controlling the cardiovascular system. Two plasma biomarkers (plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine) of SAM activity and heart rate were measured in preschool children (n = 228) living in Guiyu, and native (n = 104) and non-native children (n = 91) living in a reference area (Haojiang) for >1 year. Air pollution data, over the 4-months before the health examination, was also collected. Environmental PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO, plasma norepinephrine and heart rate of the e-waste recycling area were significantly higher than for the non-e-waste recycling area. However, there was no difference in plasma norepinephrine and heart rate between native children living in the non-e-waste recycling area and non-native children living in the non-e-waste recycling area. PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 data, over the 30-day and the 4-month average of pollution before the health examination, showed a positive association with plasma norepinephrine level. PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO concentrations, over the 24 h of the day of the health examination, the 3 previous 24-hour periods before the health examination, and the 24 h after the health examination, were related to increase in heart rate. At the same time, plasma norepinephrine and heart rate on children in the high air pollution level group (≤50-m radius of family-run workshops) were higher than those in the low air pollution level group. Our results suggest that air pollution exposure in e-waste recycling areas could result in an increase in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine, implying e-waste air pollutant exposure impairs the SAM system in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Cong
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Long Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qilin Qin
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangzhou and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangzhou and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Longer exercise duration delays post-exercise recovery of cardiac parasympathetic but not sympathetic indices. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1897-1906. [PMID: 28702808 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated non-invasive indices of post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation (using heart rate variability, HRV) and sympathetic withdrawal (using systolic time intervals, STI) following different exercise durations. METHODS 13 healthy males (age 26.4 ± 4.7 years) cycled at 70% heart rate (HR) reserve for two durations-8 min (SHORT) and 32 min (LONG)-on separate occasions: HRV (including natural logarithm of root mean square of successive differences, Ln-RMSSD) and STI (including pre-ejection period, PEP) were assessed throughout 10 min seated recovery. RESULTS Exercise HR was similar between SHORT and LONG (146 ± 7 and 147 ± 6 b min-1, respectively; p = 0.173), as was HR deceleration during 10 min recovery (p = 0.199). HR remained elevated above baseline (p < 0.001) throughout recovery for both trials (SHORT 82 ± 13 b min-1; LONG 86 ± 10 b min-1, at 10 min post-exercise). Ln-RMSSD was similar at end-exercise between trials (SHORT 1.10 ± 0.30 ms; LONG 1.05 ± 0.73 ms; p = 0.656), though it recovered more rapidly following SHORT (p = 0.010), with differences apparent from 1 min (SHORT 2.29 ± 1.08 ms; LONG 1.85 ± 0.82 ms; p = 0.005) to 10 min post-exercise (SHORT 2.89 ± 0.80 ms; LONG 2.46 ± 0.70 ms; p = 0.007). Ln-RMSSD remained suppressed below baseline throughout recovery following both trials (p < 0.001). PEP was the same at end exercise for both trials (70 ± 6 ms), with exercise duration having no effect on recovery (p = 0.659). By 10 min post-exercise, PEP increased to 130 ± 21 ms (SHORT) and 131 ± 20 ms (LONG), which was similar to baseline (p ≥ 0.143). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exercise duration attenuated the recovery of HRV indices of parasympathetic reactivation, but did not influence STI indices of sympathetic withdrawal. Therefore, duration must be considered when investigating post-exercise HRV. Monitoring these measures simultaneously can provide insights not revealed by underlying HR or either measure alone.
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Michael S, Jay O, Graham KS, Davis GM. Higher exercise intensity delays postexercise recovery of impedance-derived cardiac sympathetic activity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:834-840. [PMID: 28561596 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Systolic time intervals (STIs) provide noninvasive insights into cardiac sympathetic neural activity (cSNA). As the effect of exercise intensity on postexercise STI recovery is unclear, this study investigated the STI recovery profile after different exercise intensities. Eleven healthy males cycled for 8 min at 3 separate intensities: LOW (40%-45%), MOD (75%-80%), and HIGH (90%-95%) of heart-rate (HR) reserve. Bio-impedance cardiography was used to assess STIs - primarily pre-ejection period (PEP; inversely correlated with cSNA), as well as left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and PEP:LVET - during 10 min seated recovery immediately postexercise. Heart-rate variability (HRV), i.e., natural-logarithm of root mean square of successive differences (Ln-RMSSD), was calculated as an index of cardiac parasympathetic neural activity (cPNA). Higher preceding exercise intensity elicited a slower recovery of HR and Ln-RMSSD (p < 0.001), and these measures did not return to baseline by 10 min following any intensity (p ≤ 0.009). Recovery of STIs was also slower following higher intensity exercise (p ≤ 0.002). By 30 s postexercise, higher preceding intensity resulted in a lower PEP (98 ± 14 ms, 75 ± 6 ms, 66 ± 5 ms for LOW, MOD, and HIGH, respectively, p < 0.001). PEP recovered to baseline (143 ± 11 ms) by 5 min following LOW (139 ± 13 ms, p = 0.590) and by 10 min following MOD (145 ± 17 ms, p = 0.602), but was still suppressed at 10 min following HIGH (123 ± 21 ms, p = 0.012). Higher preceding exercise intensity attenuated the recovery of indices for cSNA (from STIs) and cPNA (from HRV) in a graded dose-response fashion. While exercise intensity must be considered, acute recovery may be a valuable period during which to concurrently monitor these noninvasive indices, to identify potentially abnormal cardiac autonomic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Michael
- a Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Ollie Jay
- a Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Kenneth S Graham
- a Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.,b New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW 2127, Australia
| | - Glen M Davis
- a Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
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Kawada T, Sugimachi M. Open-loop static and dynamic characteristics of the arterial baroreflex system in rabbits and rats. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:15-41. [PMID: 26541155 PMCID: PMC4742515 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The arterial baroreflex system is the most important negative feedback system for stabilizing arterial pressure (AP). This system serves as a key link between the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular system, and is thus essential for understanding the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and accompanying autonomic abnormalities. This article focuses on an open-loop systems analysis using a baroreceptor isolation preparation to identify the characteristics of two principal subsystems of the arterial baroreflex system, namely, the neural arc from pressure input to efferent sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and the peripheral arc from SNA to AP. Studies on the static and dynamic characteristics of the two arcs under normal physiological conditions and also under various interventions including diseased conditions are to be reviewed. Quantitative understanding of the arterial baroreflex function under diseased conditions would help develop new treatment strategies such as electrical activation of the carotid sinus baroreflex for drug-resistant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Masaru Sugimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
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Kawada T, Mizuno M, Shimizu S, Uemura K, Kamiya A, Sugimachi M. Angiotensin II disproportionally attenuates dynamic vagal and sympathetic heart rate controls. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1666-74. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01041.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the pathophysiological role of angiotensin II (ANG II) in the dynamic autonomic regulation of heart rate (HR), we examined the effects of intravenous administration of ANG II (10 μg·kg−1·h−1) on the transfer function from vagal or sympathetic nerve stimulation to HR in anesthetized rabbits with sinoaortic denervation and vagotomy. In the vagal stimulation group ( n = 7), we stimulated the right vagal nerve for 10 min using binary white noise (0–10 Hz). The transfer function from vagal stimulation to HR approximated a first-order low-pass filter with pure delay. ANG II attenuated the dynamic gain from 7.6 ± 0.9 to 5.8 ± 0.9 beats·min−1·Hz−1 (means ± SD; P < 0.01) without affecting the corner frequency or pure delay. In the sympathetic stimulation group ( n = 7), we stimulated the right postganglionic cardiac sympathetic nerve for 20 min using binary white noise (0–5 Hz). The transfer function from sympathetic stimulation to HR approximated a second-order low-pass filter with pure delay. ANG II slightly attenuated the dynamic gain from 10.8 ± 2.6 to 10.2 ± 3.1 beats·min−1·Hz−1 ( P = 0.049) without affecting the natural frequency, damping ratio, or pure delay. The disproportional suppression of the dynamic vagal and sympathetic regulation of HR would result in a relative sympathetic predominance in the presence of ANG II. The reduced high-frequency component of HR variability in patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure, may be explained in part by the peripheral effects of ANG II on the dynamic autonomic regulation of HR.
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Kawada T, Shimizu S, Yamamoto H, Shishido T, Kamiya A, Miyamoto T, Sunagawa K, Sugimachi M. Servo-Controlled Hind-Limb Electrical Stimulation for Short-Term Arterial Pressure Control. Circ J 2009; 73:851-9. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Shuji Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine
| | - Toshiaki Shishido
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Atsunori Kamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Tadayoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences
| | - Kenji Sunagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Masaru Sugimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
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Kamiya A, Kawada T, Yamamoto K, Mizuno M, Shimizu S, Sugimachi M. Upright tilt resets dynamic transfer function of baroreflex neural arc to minify the pressure disturbance in total baroreflex control. J Physiol Sci 2008; 58:189-98. [PMID: 18471343 DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp004308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of arterial pressure (AP) under orthostatic stress against gravitational fluid shift and pressure disturbance is of great importance. One of the mechanisms is that upright tilt resets steady-state baroreflex control to a higher sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). However, the dynamic feedback characteristics of the baroreflex system, a hallmark of fast-acting neural control, remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that upright tilt resets the dynamic transfer function of the baroreflex neural arc to minify the pressure disturbance in total baroreflex control. Renal SNA and AP were recorded in ten anesthetized, vagotomized and aortic-denervated rabbits. Under baroreflex open-loop condition, isolated intracarotid sinus pressure (CSP) was changed according to a binary white noise sequence at operating pressure +/- 20 mmHg, while the animal was placed supine and at 60 degrees upright tilt. Regardless of the postures, the baroreflex neural (CSP to SNA) and peripheral (SNA to AP) arcs showed dynamic high-pass and low-pass characteristics, respectively. Upright tilt increased the transfer gain of the neural arc (resetting), decreased that of the peripheral arc, and consequently maintained the transfer characteristics of total baroreflex feedback system. A simulation study suggests that postural resetting of the neural arc would significantly increase the transfer gain of the total arc in upright position, and that in closed-loop baroreflex the resetting increases the stability of AP against pressure disturbance under orthostatic stress. In conclusion, upright tilt resets the dynamic transfer function of the baroreflex neural arc to minify the pressure disturbance in total baroreflex control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Kamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics, National Cardiovascular Centre Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.
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