1
|
Kooi EMW, Mintzer JP, Rhee CJ, Ergenekon E, Schwarz CE, Pichler G, de Boode WP. Neonatal somatic oxygenation and perfusion assessment using near-infrared spectroscopy : Part of the series on near-infrared spectroscopy by the European Society of Paediatric Research Special Interest Group "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy". Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03226-z. [PMID: 38730022 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge and applications of somatic near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), with a focus on intestinal, renal, limb, and multi-site applications in neonates. Assessing somatic oxygenation at various body locations in neonates may aid in the understanding of underlying pathophysiology of organ injury. Considering cerebral autoregulation may be active to protect the brain during systemic circulatory failure, peripheral somatic oxygenation may potentially provide an early indication of neonatal cardiovascular failure and ultimate hypoxemic injury to vital organs including the brain. Certain intestinal oxygenation patterns appear to be associated with the onset and course of necrotizing enterocolitis, whereas impaired renal oxygenation may indicate the onset of acute kidney injury after various types of hypoxic events. Peripheral muscle oxygenation measured at a limb may be particularly effective in the early prediction of shock in neonates. Using multi-site NIRS may complement current approaches and clinical investigations to alert for neonatal tissue hypoxemia, and potentially even guide management. However, somatic NIRS has its inherent limitations in regard to accuracy. Interpretation of organ-specific values can also be challenging. Last, currently there are limited prospective intervention studies, and clinical benefits need to be examined further, after the clarification of critical threshold-values. IMPACT: The assessment of somatic oxygenation using NIRS may contribute to the prediction of specific diseases in hemodynamically challenged neonates. Furthermore, it may give early warning signs for impending cardiovascular failure, and impaired cerebral circulation and oxygenation. We present a comprehensive overview of the literature on applications of NIRS to various somatic areas, with a focus on its potential clinical applicability, including future research directions. This paper will enable prospective standardized studies, and multicenter collaboration to obtain statistical power, likely to advance the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M W Kooi
- Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jonathan P Mintzer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Christoph E Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Pichler
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Willem P de Boode
- Department of Neonatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wolfsberger CH, Hoeller N, Suppan E, Schwaberger B, Urlesberger B, Nakstad B, Pichler G. Peripheral fractional oxygen extraction measured with near-infrared spectroscopy in neonates-A systematic qualitative review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:940915. [PMID: 36081622 PMCID: PMC9445360 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.940915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral fractional oxygen extraction (pFOE) measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with venous occlusion is of increasing interest in term and preterm neonates. OBJECTIVE The aim was to perform a systematic qualitative review of literature on the clinical use of pFOE in term and preterm neonates and on the changes in pFOE values over time. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Medline was performed using following terms: newborn, infant, neonate, preterm, term, near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS, oximetry, spectroscopy, tissue, muscle, peripheral, arm, calf, pFOE, OE, oxygen extraction, fractional oxygen extraction, peripheral perfusion and peripheral oxygenation. Additional articles were identified by manual search of cited references. Only studies in human neonates were included. RESULTS Nineteen studies were identified describing pFOE measured with NIRS in combination with venous occlusion. Nine studies described pFOE measured on the forearm and calf at different time points after birth, both in stable preterm and term neonates without medical/respiratory support or any pathological findings. Nine studies described pFOE measured at different time points in sick preterm and term neonates presenting with signs of infection/inflammation, anemia, arterial hypotension, patent ductus arteriosus, asphyxia or prenatal tobacco exposure. One study described pFOE both, in neonates with and without pathological findings. CONCLUSION This systematic review demonstrates that pFOE may provide additional insight into peripheral perfusion and oxygenation, as well as into disturbances of microcirculation caused by centralization in preterm and term neonates with different pathological findings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42021249235].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Wolfsberger
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Hoeller
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ena Suppan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schwaberger
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Berndt Urlesberger
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Britt Nakstad
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gerhard Pichler
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pocivalnik M, Urlesberger B, Ziehenberger E, Binder C, Schwaberger B, Schmölzer GM, Avian A, Pichler G. Oropharyngeal suctioning in neonates immediately after delivery: influence on cerebral and peripheral tissue oxygenation. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91:153-7. [PMID: 25618390 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine oropharyngeal suctioning in term vigorous neonates immediately after birth is a questionable practice. Current recommendations favor suctioning only in the presence of considerable obstruction due to secretions, blood or other matter. We aimed to analyze the influence of oropharyngeal suctioning on cerebral and peripheral muscle oxygenation in term neonates during transition immediately after birth. METHODS We included term neonates after elective cesarean section for this prospective observational study. Oropharyngeal suctioning was performed based on the clinicians' judgment of threatening airway obstruction. From a total of 138 enrolled neonates, 36 were suctioned and then compared to 36 controls matched for gestational age. Heart rate (HR) and pre/postductal arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2pre/SpO2post) were measured by pulse oximetry. Cerebral (rSO2brain) and pre/postductal peripheral muscle tissue oxygenation (rSO2pre/rSO2post) were measured by near infrared spectroscopy during the first 15min of life. RESULTS All neonates in both groups experienced normal postnatal transition with normal Apgar scores (Apgar 9/10/10) and with no events of apnea or bradycardia induced by suctioning. SpO2pre values were slightly lower at 2 and 4min after birth. Suctioning had no main and interaction effect on HR, SpO2post, rSO2brain, rSO2pre and rSO2post in the first 15min after birth. CONCLUSION In the present study we were able to show that, in term neonates, when correctly indicated, immediate postnatal oropharyngeal suctioning does not compromise cerebral and peripheral muscle tissue oxygenation. However, any suction maneuver must be performed with caution and strict indication during neonatal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pocivalnik
- Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - B Urlesberger
- Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - E Ziehenberger
- Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - C Binder
- Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - B Schwaberger
- Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - G M Schmölzer
- Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Centre for the Studies of Asphyxia and Resuscitation, Neonatal Research Unit, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Canada
| | - A Avian
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - G Pichler
- Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Höller N, Urlesberger B, Mileder L, Baik N, Schwaberger B, Pichler G. Peripheral Muscle Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Neonates: Ready for Clinical Use? A Systematic Qualitative Review of the Literature. Neonatology 2015; 108:233-45. [PMID: 26338668 DOI: 10.1159/000433515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral muscle near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements are of increasing interest especially in the care of critically ill patients. OBJECTIVE The aim was to perform a systematic qualitative review on peripheral muscle NIRS measurements in the clinical care of term and preterm neonates. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed and Ovid Embase was performed using the following terms: neonate, neonates, newborn, newborns, infant, infants, near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS, oxygenation, perfusion, oxygen extraction, peripheral, tissue, muscle, calf, forearm and thigh. Additional articles were identified by a manual search of the cited references. Only human studies were included. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were identified to use peripheral muscle NIRS measurements as a single method, 17 studies combined cerebral and peripheral muscle NIRS measurements and 1 study used multi-site NIRS measurements in human neonates. Two randomized studies were identified. Two additional publications were included because they provided important general information about peripheral muscle NIRS measurements. CONCLUSION In the care of critically ill neonates peripheral muscle NIRS measurements alone or in combination with cerebral or multi-site NIRS measurements provide useful additional information about peripheral circulation and oxygenation. This method is a promising tool in the recognition of early states of centralization (compensated shock) in this vulnerable group of patients. However, before this method can be used in the clinical routine it has to be tested as monitoring to guide interventions in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Höller
- Division of Neonatology, and Research Unit for Neonatal Micro- and Macrocirculation, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fujioka T, Takami T, Ishii H, Kondo A, Sunohara D, Kawashima H. Difference in cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics among term and preterm infants during the first three days of life. Neonatology 2014; 106:181-7. [PMID: 25012189 DOI: 10.1159/000362152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics during the early postnatal period has not been clarified. OBJECTIVES To evaluate cerebral and peripheral oxygenation and blood volumes between term and preterm infants during the first 3 days of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy on 32 term infants (term group) and 40 preterm infants (preterm group), with an optode placed on their forehead and upper arm. The cerebral blood volume (CBV), peripheral blood volume (PBV), cerebral Hb oxygen saturation (cSO2) and peripheral Hb oxygen saturation (pSO2) were measured at 3-6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after birth. RESULTS The CBV in the term group (2.45 ± 0.47 ml/100 g) was significantly higher than that in the preterm group (1.97 ± 0.33 ml/100 g). In contrast to the CBV, the PBV in the preterm group (3.63 ± 0.76 ml/100 g) was significantly higher than that in the term group (3.26 ± 0.56 ml/100 g). In the preterm group, there was a significant positive relationship between the CBVs and PBVs at each time point except at 72 h after birth. Despite the differences in blood volumes, there were no differences in the cSO2 and pSO2 between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The contrasting results in the CBV and PBV between the term and preterm infants might be explained by differences in the maturation of the physiological mechanism to control CBV and PBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fujioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pocivalnik M, Pichler G, Zotter H, Tax N, Müller W, Urlesberger B. Regional tissue oxygen saturation: comparability and reproducibility of different devices. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:057004. [PMID: 21639582 DOI: 10.1117/1.3575647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Comparability and reproducibility of different near-infrared spectroscopy devices measuring regional tissue oxygen saturation remain poor. Aim of the present study was to compare values and reproducibility of cerebral∕peripheral "tissue-oxygenation-index" (TOI; NIRO 300, Hamamatsu(®), Japan) with cerebral∕peripheral "regional-oxygen-saturation" (rSO; INVOS5100, Somanetics(®), USA), and to analyze the influence of quality criteria. METHODS cTOI and crSO2 were measured on the left forehead, pTOI and prSO2 were measured on the left calf. To analyse reproducibility, optodes were reapplied five times. A quality criterion was introduced for cTOI, crSO2 and prSO2. For pTOI quality criteria were introduced in combination with a venous occlusion technique. RESULTS Cerebral measurements were performed in 37 neonates. cTOI (72.7+∕-6.2%) was lower than crSO2 (83.3+∕-5.8%) (p < 0.001). The mean difference between cTOI and crSO2 was 10%. Mean standard deviations of cTOI and crSO2 were similar (cTOI: 4.9+∕-3.6; crSO2: 4.5+∕-2.6). Peripheral measurements were performed in 39 neonates. pTOI (66.0+∕-7.9%) was lower than prSO2 (82.0+∕-7.0%)(p < 0.001). The mean difference between pTOI and prSO2 was 15%. Mean standard deviations of pTOI (3.7+∕-2.6%) were lower than of prSO2 (5.0+∕-3.0%) (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION TOI values were significantly lower than rSO2 values, in cerebral and peripheral measurements. Reproducibility was higher for pTOI than for prSO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Pocivalnik
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, Styria, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pichler G, Grossauer K, Peichl E, Gaster A, Berghold A, Schwantzer G, Zotter H, Müller W, Urlesberger B. Combination of different noninvasive measuring techniques: a new approach to increase accuracy of peripheral near infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:014014. [PMID: 19256702 DOI: 10.1117/1.3076193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the problems of near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements is low reproducibility. The aim of the present study was to introduce quality criteria to increase reproducibility of peripheral NIRS measurements. In a prospective cohort study in 40 neonates, repeated NIRS measurements were performed on the calf. During five "reapplication" periods (of NIRS optodes), five "measurements" (venous occlusions) were performed. Tissue oxygenation index (TOI), mixed venous oxygenation (SvO2), fractional oxygen extraction (FOE), hemoglobin flow (Hbflow), oxygen delivery (DO2), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were assessed. Measurements with linear changes during venous occlusions were included for further analysis (first quality criterion: R(2)>0.95). The second quality criterion was the equation 0 < or = TOI-SvO2 < or = (SaO2-SvO2)x0.2. Variance components and mean standard deviations were analyzed after introduction of the quality criteria. Variance components of reapplication and measurement decreased after introduction of the second quality criterion (TOI: 46.6-35.0%, SvO2: 76.8-38.2%, FOE: 73.1-37.5%, Hbflow: 70.3-51.9%, DO2: 71.5-52.7%, and VO2: 70.9-63.8%). Mean standard deviations of TOI (6.6+/-3.0 to 4.7+/-3.2%), SvO2 (11.1+/-4.8 to 5.7+/-3.9%), FOE (11.3+/-4.8 to 5.9+/-4.0%), Hbflow (4.3+/-2.0 to 2.9+/-1.6 micromol100 mLmin), and DO2 (17.8+/-7.6 to 11.4+/-6.2 micromol100 mLmin) decreased significantly, too. Only 12% of measurements fulfilled both quality criteria. With the introduction of two quality criteria, test-retest variability of peripheral NIRS measurements decreased significantly and reproducibility increased significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Pichler
- Medical University of Graz, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Auenbruggerplatz 30, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|