1
|
Oxidative Degradation of Pharmaceutical Waste, Theophylline, from Natural Environment. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of organic contaminants from natural resources is extremely important to ensure their (re-)usability. In this report, the degradation of a model pharmaceutical compound, theophylline, is compared between natural and laboratory-controlled environments. While the concentration of H2O2 variably affected the degradation efficiency (approximately from 8 to 20 min for complete degradation) in the photo-irradiation experiments, the inorganic compounds (NaNO3, KH2PO4 and ZnSO4) present in the medium seemed to affect the degradation by scavenging hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The end-product studies using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) ruled out the involvement of secondary radicals in the degradation mechanism. The quantitative calculation with the help of authentic standards pointed out the predominant role of hydroxylation pathways, especially in the initial stages. Although a noticeable decline in the degradation efficiency was observed in river water samples (complete degradation after 25 min with an approximately 20% total organic carbon (TOC) removal), appreciable TOC removal (70%) was eventually achieved after prolonged irradiation (1 h) and in the presence of additional H2O2 (5 times), revealing the potential of our technique. The results furnished in this report could be considered as a preliminary step for the construction of •OH-based wastewater treatment methodologies for the remediation of toxic pollutants from the real environment.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bogdanov AV, Sirazieva AR, Voloshina AD, Abzalilov TA, Samorodov AV, Mironov VF. Synthesis and Antimicrobial, Antiplatelet, and Anticoagulant Activities of New Isatin Deivatives Containing a Hetero-Fused Imidazole Fragment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9007260 DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of isatin derivatives containing an adenine or theophylline fragment have been synthesized. The corresponding N′-[2-(trimethylammonio)acetyl] and N′-(2-pyridinioacetyl) hydrazones have been found to exhibit neither cytotoxicity nor hemotoxicity. Quaternary salts based on adenine derivatives of 5-methyl- and 5-ethylisatins showed the highest antiplatelet activity which exceeded the activity of acetylsalicylic acid by a factor of 1.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Bogdanov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - A. R. Sirazieva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - A. D. Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - T. A. Abzalilov
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 450008 Ufa, Russia
| | - A. V. Samorodov
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 450008 Ufa, Russia
| | - V. F. Mironov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shahzadi I, Zahoor AF, Rasul A, Mansha A, Ahmad S, Raza Z. Synthesis, Hemolytic Studies, and In Silico Modeling of Novel Acefylline-1,2,4-Triazole Hybrids as Potential Anti-cancer Agents against MCF-7 and A549. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11943-11953. [PMID: 34056349 PMCID: PMC8154016 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel theophylline-7-acetic acid (acefylline)-derived 1,2,4-triazole hybrids with N-phenyl acetamide moieties (11a-j) have been synthesized and tested for their inhibitory (in vitro) potential against two cancer cell lines, A549 (lung) and MCF-7 (breast), using MTT assay. Among these derivatives, 11a, 11c, 11d, 11g, and 11h displayed remarkable activity against both cancer cell lines having cell viability values in the 21.74 ± 1.60-55.37 ± 4.60% range compared to acefylline (86.32 ± 1.75%) using 100 μg/μL concentration of compounds. These compounds were further screened against the A549 cancer cell line (lung) to find their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) by applying various concentrations of these compounds. Compound 11g (2-(5-((1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)methyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio)-N-p-tolylacetamide) with the least IC50 value (1.25 ± 1.36 μM) was discerned as a strong inhibitor of cancer cell multiplication in both cell lines (A549 and MCF-7). Their hemolytic studies revealed that all of them had very low cytotoxicity. Finally, in silico modeling was carried out to find the mode of binding of the highly active compound (11g), which was according to the results of anti-cancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irum Shahzadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department
of Zoology, Government College University
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department
of Chemistry, Government College University
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Engineering
and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Raza
- Department
of Pharmacology, Government College University
Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shahzadi I, Zahoor AF, Rasul A, Rasool N, Raza Z, Faisal S, Parveen B, Kamal S, Zia‐ur‐Rehman M, Zahid FM. Synthesis, anticancer, and computational studies of 1, 3,
4‐oxadiazole‐purine
derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irum Shahzadi
- Department of ChemistryGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ameer F. Zahoor
- Department of ChemistryGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of ZoologyGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of ChemistryGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Raza
- Department of PharmacologyGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Shahla Faisal
- Department of StatisticsGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Department of ChemistryGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Kamal
- Department of BiochemistryGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| | | | - Faisal M. Zahid
- Department of StatisticsGovernment College University Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng S, Lei Y, Lei X, Pan Y, Lee Y, Yang X. Coexposure Degradation of Purine Derivatives in the Sulfate Radical-Mediated Oxidation Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1186-1195. [PMID: 31865710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purines are the most widely occurring heterocyclic-N compounds. The degradation behaviors of purine derivatives, theophylline (TPL) and adenine (ADN) as representatives, in both single-component and mixture systems during UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS) treatment were explored. In the mixture system when the concentrations of SO4•- and HO• were reduced by more than half in comparison to a single-component system, the observed first-order rate constant of TPL was reduced by 11%, whereas ADN degradation was almost completely inhibited. An ADN "revert" pathway, that is, back transformation of ADN(-H)• to ADN by TPL via single electron-transfer reactions, was found. The second-order rate constant of ADN(-H)• with TPL was determined to be (1.94 ± 0.21) × 108 M-1 s-1. A kinetic model was developed, which successfully quantifies the contribution of each reaction pathway at various target compound concentrations. In the copresence of 0.1 μM TPL, 58% ADN (3.0 μM) was reduced back to ADN at the PDS dose of 290 μM. The ADN revert pathway's effectiveness is governed by the relative reduction potentials of the reactants. Purines and phenols with lower reduction potentials are able to react via the ADN revert pathway. These findings improve the understanding of the removal of mixture pollutants from real water media in advanced oxidation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohamadpour F. Synthesis of Pyran-Annulated Heterocyclic Systems Catalyzed by Theophylline as a Green and Bio-Based Catalyst. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1575246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohamadpour
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shanahan P, O'Sullivan J, Tipton KF, Kinsella GK, Ryan BJ, Henehan GTM. Theobromine and related methylxanthines as inhibitors of Primary Amine Oxidase. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12697. [PMID: 31353656 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Methylxanthines are among the most widely consumed drugs in the world and evidence of their health benefits has been growing in recent years. Primary Amine Oxidase (PrAO) has been recognized as a therapeutic target for the amelioration of inflammatory, vascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous work in our laboratories showed that caffeine inhibited Bovine PrAO with a Ki of 1.0 mM using benzylamine as substrate. This study aimed to extend our previous work and explore the possibility that related methylxanthines might influence PrAO activity. While paraxanthine, theophylline, and 7-methylxanthine had little effect on PrAO, theobromine was a noncompetitive inhibitor with a Ki of 276 ± 44 µM. The specific structural elements of methylxanthines that are required for inhibition allow us to suggest that their binding site on PrAO may be a target for therapeutics. The health benefits associated with dietary methylxanthine consumption could involve PrAO inhibition. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Inhibition of PrAO by methylxanthines may be significant in conferring health benefits. The design of PrAO inhibitors based on the structural motifs identified in this study (N-methylation at specific locations) is indicated. Existing therapeutics based on a core xanthine structure can be evaluated for their effects on PrAO. PrAO inhibition must be considered as a potential mediator of the beneficial health effects of some methylxanthines. If inhibition in human tissues is comparable to, or greater than, that found in these studies it points to an important role for these compounds in human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padraig Shanahan
- Applied Enzymology Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Science and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Keith F Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gemma K Kinsella
- Applied Enzymology Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Science and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barry J Ryan
- Applied Enzymology Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Science and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary T M Henehan
- Applied Enzymology Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Science and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oxidation of theophylline by Ferrate (VI) and formation of disinfection byproducts during subsequent chlorination. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Basnet RM, Zizioli D, Guarienti M, Finazzi D, Memo M. Methylxanthines induce structural and functional alterations of the cardiac system in zebrafish embryos. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:72. [PMID: 29141695 PMCID: PMC5688754 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zebrafish embryos are emerging as a model for pharmacological and toxicological studies. We used zebrafish embryos to study the general toxicity and cardiovascular effects of eight methylxanthines: aminophylline, caffeine, diprophylline, doxofylline, etophylline, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), pentoxifylline and theophylline. Methods Microinjections of the eight methylxanthines were performed in 1-2 cell stage zebrafish embryos and the general toxicity and cardiovascular effects were analyzed at different time points. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity were evaluated to understand the general toxicity of these compounds. Structural and functional alterations of the heart were evaluated to assess the cardiovascular effects. Results Our results showed different activity patterns of the methylxanthines drugs. Caffeine, IBMX, pentoxifylline and theophylline were highly embryotoxic and teratogenic; aminophylline, doxofylline and etophylline were embryotoxic and teratogenic only at higher doses, and diprophylline showed a minimal (<10%) embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. Most of these drugs induced structural alteration of the heart in 20-40% of the injected embryos with the maximum dose. This structural alteration was fatal with the embryos ultimately dying within 120 hpf. All the drugs induced a transient increase in heart rate at 48 hpf which returned to baseline within 96 hpf. This functional effect of methylxanthines showed similarity to the studies done in humans and other vertebrates. Conclusion Our results indicate the potential toxicity and teratogenicity of different methylxanthines in the embryos during embryonic development, the most sensitive period of life. Although interspecies differences need to be considered before drawing any conclusion, our study elucidated that a single exposure of methylxanthines at therapeutic range could induce cardiac dysfunction besides causing embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. Of all the drugs, diprophylline appeared to be safer, with lower degree of embryotoxicity, teratogenicity and cardiac toxicity as compared to other methylxanthines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40360-017-0179-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Manohar Basnet
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Guarienti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dario Finazzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zebrafish Embryo as an In Vivo Model for Behavioral and Pharmacological Characterization of Methylxanthine Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030596. [PMID: 28282918 PMCID: PMC5372612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish embryo is emerging as an important tool for behavior analysis as well as toxicity testing. In this study, we compared the effect of nine different methylxanthine drugs using zebrafish embryo as a model. We performed behavioral analysis, biochemical assay and Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test in zebrafish embryos after treatment with methylxanthines. Each drug appeared to behave in different ways and showed a distinct pattern of results. Embryos treated with seven out of nine methylxanthines exhibited epileptic-like pattern of movements, the severity of which varied with drugs and doses used. Cyclic AMP measurement showed that, despite of a significant increase in cAMP with some compounds, it was unrelated to the observed movement behavior changes. FET test showed a different pattern of toxicity with different methylxanthines. Each drug could be distinguished from the other based on its effect on mortality, morphological defects and teratogenic effects. In addition, there was a strong positive correlation between the toxic doses (TC50) calculated in zebrafish embryos and lethal doses (LD50) in rodents obtained from TOXNET database. Taken together, all these findings elucidate the potentiality of zebrafish embryos as an in vivo model for behavioral and toxicity testing of methylxanthines and other related compounds.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yazdani-Elah-Abadi A, Maghsoodlou MT, Mohebat R, Heydari R. Theophylline as a new and green catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of spiro[benzo[ a ]pyrano[2,3- c ]phenazine] and benzo[ a ]pyrano[2,3- c ]phenazine derivatives under solvent-free conditions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Yazdani-Elah-Abadi A, Mohebat R, Maghsoodlou MT. Theophylline as the catalyst for the diastereoselective synthesis of trans-1,2-dihydrobenzo[a]furo[2,3-c]phenazines in water. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Theophylline-catalyzed efficient and environmentally benign procedure for the diastereoselective synthesis of trans-1,2-dihydrobenzo[a]furo[2,3-c]phenazines with pyridinium ylide assisted domino reaction in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Razieh Mohebat
- Department of Chemistry
- Yazd Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Yazd
- Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shams N, Mosslemin MH, Anaraki-Ardakani H. An Efficient Synthesis of Bis-Purine Derivatives by a PPh3-catalysed Double Addition of Dialkylated Xanthine Derivatives to Alkyl Propiolates. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14396278385301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reaction between 5,7-dialkylated xanthine derivatives (2 equiv.) and an alkyl propiolate in the presence of catalytic amounts of triphenyl phosphine yields alkyl 2,3-bis(1,3-dialkyl-2,6-dioxo/oxothio-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)propanoates in excellent yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Shams
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 89195-155, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sunil Paul MM, Aravind UK, Pramod G, Saha A, Aravindakumar CT. Hydroxyl radical induced oxidation of theophylline in water: a kinetic and mechanistic study. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5611-20. [PMID: 24957195 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative destruction and mineralization of emerging organic pollutants by hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) is a well established area of research. The possibility of generating hazardous by-products in the case of ˙OH reaction demands extensive investigations on the degradation mechanism. A combination of pulse radiolysis and steady state photolysis (H2O2/UV photolysis) followed by high resolution mass spectrometric (HRMS) analysis have been employed to explicate the kinetic and mechanistic features of the destruction of theophylline, a model pharmaceutical compound and an identified pollutant, by ˙OH in the present study. The oxidative destruction of this molecule, for intermediate product studies, was initially achieved by H2O2/UV photolysis. The transient absorption spectrum corresponding to the reaction of ˙OH with theophylline at pH 6, primarily caused by the generation of (T8-OH)˙, was characterised by an absorption band at 330 nm (k2 = (8.22 ± 0.03) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)). A significantly different spectrum (λmax: 340 nm) was observed at highly alkaline pH (10.2) due to the deprotonation of this radical (pKa∼ 10.0). Specific one electron oxidants such as sulphate radical anions (SO4˙(-)) and azide radicals (N3˙) produce the deprotonated form (T(-H)˙) of the radical cation (T˙(+)) of theophylline (pKa 3.1) with k2 values of (7.51 ± 0.04) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) and (7.61 ± 0.02) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) respectively. Conversely, oxide radicals (O˙(-)) react with theophylline via a hydrogen abstraction protocol with a rather slow k2 value of (1.95 ± 0.02) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1). The transient spectral studies were complemented by the end product profile acquired by HRMS analysis. Various transformation products of theophylline induced by ˙OH were identified by this technique which include derivatives of uric acids (i, iv & v) and xanthines (ii, iii & vi). Further breakdown of the early formed product due to ˙OH attack leads to ring opened compounds (ix-xiv). The kinetic and mechanistic data furnished in the present study serve as a basic frame work for the construction of ˙OH induced water treatment systems as well as to understand the biological implications of compounds of this kind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Sunil Paul
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Pasalic D, Marinkovic N, Feher-Turkovic L. Uric acid as one of the important factors in multifactorial disorders--facts and controversies. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2012; 22:63-75. [PMID: 22384520 PMCID: PMC4062324 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2012.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With considering serum concentration of the uric acid in humans we are observing hyperuricemia and possible gout development. Many epidemiological studies have shown the relationship between the uric acid and different disorders such are obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and coronary artery disease. Clinicians and investigators recognized serum uric acid concentration as very important diagnostic and prognostic factor of many multifactorial disorders. This review presented few clinical conditions which are not directly related to uric acid, but the concentrations of uric acid might have a great impact in observing, monitoring, prognosis and therapy of such disorders. Uric acid is recognized as a marker of oxidative stress. Production of the uric acid includes enzyme xanthine oxidase which is involved in producing of radical-oxigen species (ROS). As by-products ROS have a significant role in the increased vascular oxidative stress and might be involved in atherogenesis. Uric acid may inhibit endothelial function by inhibition of nitric oxide-function under conditions of oxidative stress. Down regulation of nitric oxide and induction of endothelial dysfunction might also be involved in pathogenesis of hypertension. The most important and well evidenced is possible predictive role of uric acid in predicting short-term outcome (mortality) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and stroke. Nephrolithiasis of uric acid origin is significantly more common among patients with the metabolic syndrome and obesity. On contrary to this, uric acid also acts is an “antioxidant”, a free radical scavenger and a chelator of transitional metal ions which are converted to poorly reactive forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Pasalic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|