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Dey DK, Sharma C, Vadlamudi Y, Kang SC. CopA3 peptide inhibits MDM2-p53 complex stability in colorectal cancers and activates p53 mediated cell death machinery. Life Sci 2023; 318:121476. [PMID: 36758667 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The diverse expression patterns of the tumor suppressor p53 in cancer cells reflect the regulatory efficiency of multiple cellular pathways. By contrast, many human tumors are reported to develop in the presence of wild-type p53. Recently, several oncogene inhibitors have been used clinically to suppress tumor development by functionally reactivating other oncoproteins. On the other hand, p53 reactivation therapies have not been well established, as few of the p53-MDM2 complex inhibitors such as Nutlin-3 induces mutation in p53 gene upon prolonged usage. Therefore, in this study CopA3, a 9-mer dimeric D-type peptide with anticancer activity against the human colorectal cancer cells, was used to explore the efficacy of p53 reactivation in-vitro and in-vivo. The anticancer activity of CopA3 was more selective towards the wild-type p53 expressing cells than the p53 deficient or mutant colorectal cancer cells. In response to this, this study investigated the signaling pathway in vitro and validated its anti-tumor activity in-vivo. The protein-peptide interaction and molecular docking efficiently provided insight into the specific binding affinity of CopA3 to the p53-binding pocket of the MDM2 protein, which efficiently blocked the p53 and MDM2 interaction. CopA3 plays a crucial role in the binding with MDM2 and enhanced the nuclear translocation of the p53 protein, which sequentially activated the downstream targets to trigger the autophagic mediated cell death machinery through the JNK/Beclin-1 mediated pathway. Collectively, CopA3 affected the MDM2-p53 interaction, which suppressed tumor development. This study may provide a novel inhibitor candidate for the MDM2-p53 complex, which could ultimately suppress the growth of colorectal cancer cells without being cytotoxic to the healthy neighboring cells present around the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kumar Dey
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanchal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Yellamandayya Vadlamudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhang W, Li S, Li C, Li T, Huang Y. Remodeling tumor microenvironment with natural products to overcome drug resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051998. [PMID: 36439106 PMCID: PMC9685561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With cancer incidence rates continuing to increase and occurrence of resistance in drug treatment, there is a pressing demand to find safer and more effective anticancer strategy for cancer patients. Natural products, have the advantage of low toxicity and multiple action targets, are always used in the treatment of cancer prevention in early stage and cancer supplement in late stage. Tumor microenvironment is necessary for cancer cells to survive and progression, and immune activation is a vital means for the tumor microenvironment to eliminate cancer cells. A number of studies have found that various natural products could target and regulate immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, mast cells as well as inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. Natural products tuning the tumor microenvironment via various mechanisms to activate the immune response have immeasurable potential for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, it highlights the research findings related to natural products regulating immune responses against cancer, especially reveals the possibility of utilizing natural products to remodel the tumor microenvironment to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shubo Li
- Liaoning Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunting Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianye Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongye Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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Zhao W, Yang J, Xie X, Li C, Zhang W, Chen E, Guo Y, Yan L, Fang F, Yao H, Liu X. A MDM2 inhibitor MX69 inhibits adipocytes adipogenesis and differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 625:9-15. [PMID: 35944364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, a key regulator of systemic energy homeostasis, can synthesize and store triglycerides to meet long-term energy demands. In response to nutrient overload, adipose tissue expands by hypertrophy or hyperplasia. As an oncogene, MDM2 has exerted diverse biological activities including human development, tissue regeneration, and inflammation, in addition to major oncogenic activities. Recently, some studies indicated that MDM2 plays an important role in adipose tissue function. However, the role of MX69, a MDM2 inhibitor, in adipose tissue function has not been fully elucidated. Here, we administered MX69 intraperitoneally to high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) wild type C57BL/6 mice and found that MX69 could promote the body weight and white adipose tissue weight of DIO mice. Moreover, MX69 had no effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in DIO mice. And MX69 treatment decreased the size of adipocytes and fat deposition in adipose tissue and inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation. Mechanistically, MX69 inhibited the protein levels of MDM2 and the mRNA levels of genes related to adipogenesis and differentiation. In summary, our results indicated that MDM2 has a crucial and complex role in regulating adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xianghong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Enhui Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanfang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Fude Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Japonicone A and related dimeric sesquiterpene lactones: molecular targets and mechanisms of anticancer activity. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:267-276. [PMID: 35034149 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Japonicone A (Jap-A) is a sesquiterpene lactone (SL) dimer isolated from the plant Inula japonica Thunb. and the leading compound in the japonicone series of SL dimers which comprises 25 members (Jap-A to Jap-Y). We have analyzed the anticancer properties of Jap-A and the associated molecular targets. METHODS All literature data on japonicones and related SL dimers, including inulanolide A (Inu-A) and lineariifolianoid A (Lin-A) have been analyzed. Molecular models of the compound/target interactions were constructed to support our analysis. RESULTS Inulae Flos (Xuan Fu Hua) is used in traditional medicine in China and Korea to treat inflammatory diseases. The plant contains diverse japonicones and structurally related SL dimers. The interactions of Jap-A with the two main proteins, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the ubiquitin ligase MDM2, are at the origin of the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Molecular docking analyses suggest that Inu-A is better adapted than Lin-A and Jap-A to form stable complexes with both TNF-α and MDM2. Jap-A exhibits marked capacities to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and dissemination and to trigger apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo in several tumor models in mice. Its analogue Inu-A is more potent, functioning as a dual inhibitor of the MDM2-NFAT1 pathway. CONCLUSION This review shed some new light on the molecular targets and potential therapeutic benefits of these SL dimers and should help the design of novel anticancer agents derived from these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- Inserm, INFINITE-U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, 59006, Lille, France
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5
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Swain S, Samal S, Meher R, Dubey D, Mir S, Nayak B, Sahu M, Naik P, Rath G. In-silico and in-vitro evaluation of docetaxel and berberine as potential p53 modulating apoptotic inducers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-1691.363879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Butala S, Suvarna V, Mallya R, Khan T. An insight into cytotoxic activity of flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids from selected plants of Asteraceae species. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:1116-1130. [PMID: 34626448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a disease that is difficult to cure and the current therapeutic regimen is associated with severe side effects and the issue of emerging drug resistance. According to the World Health Organization fact sheet 2017, cancer is the second major cause of morbidity and death and a 70% rise in new cases is expected over the next 20 years. The quest for new anticancer chemical entities is a thrust area identified by many government agencies and industry research and development groups. Nature-derived entities have played a very important role in therapeutics especially cancer Asteraceae is a large family consisting of around 1700 genera and more than 24,000 species. Several genera belonging to this family have ethnopharmacological uses such as cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antioxidant. This review highlights the cytotoxic potential of structurally novel flavonoids and sesquiterpenes isolated from some selected species of Asteraceae plants native to Asia, Europe, parts of Africa and America. The existing literature suggests that sesquiterpenes and flavonoids from various species of Asteraceae represent a viable class of secondary metabolites with strong cytotoxic potential. These have demonstrated potent activity in cell cycle arrest, inhibition of neoangiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. The sesquiterpenoids exhibiting potent cytotoxic activity were found to contain an α- methylene-butyrolactone conjugated with an exomethylene group and the flavonoids obtained from various plant species of Blumea suggest that a dihydroxy ring system present in structure is essential for activity. Most of the published literature contains in vitro data of extracts/secondary metabolites with very few in vivo studies. Additionally, there is dearth of knowledge on mechanisms of cytotoxic activity and molecular targets impacted by the active secondary metabolites. This review hopes to fuel interest in researchers to take up detailed investigations on these scaffolds that could contribute significantly as potential leads in anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Butala
- Department of Quality Assurance, Indoco Remedies, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vasanti Suvarna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & QA, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Rashmi Mallya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & QA, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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7
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Han B, He XH, Liu YQ, He G, Peng C, Li JL. Asymmetric organocatalysis: an enabling technology for medicinal chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1522-1586. [PMID: 33496291 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and synthetic versatility of asymmetric organocatalysis have contributed enormously to the field of organic synthesis since the early 2000s. As asymmetric organocatalytic methods mature, they have extended beyond the academia and undergone scale-up for the production of chiral drugs, natural products, and enantiomerically enriched bioactive molecules. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of asymmetric organocatalysis in medicinal chemistry. A general picture of asymmetric organocatalytic strategies in medicinal chemistry is firstly presented, and the specific applications of these strategies in pharmaceutical synthesis are systematically described, with a focus on the preparation of antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular, antibacterial, and antiparasitic agents, as well as several miscellaneous bioactive agents. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges, limitations and future prospects for organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of medicinally valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiang-Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jun-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China. and Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
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8
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Yu D, Xu Z, Cheng X, Qin J. The role of miRNAs in MDMX-p53 interplay. J Evid Based Med 2021; 14:152-160. [PMID: 33988919 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs of 19-24 nucleotides in length and are tightly related to tumorigenesis and progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that the tumor suppressor p53 and its negative controller MDMX are regulated by miRNAs in different ways. Some miRNAs directly target p53 and regulate its expression and function, whereas some miRNAs target MDMX and regulate p53's activity indirectly. The overexpression of several miRNAs can restore the activity of p53 by negatively regulating MDMX in cancer cells. Therefore, a better understanding of the miRNAs-MDMX-p53 network will put forward potential research directions for developing anticancer therapeutics. In the present review, we mainly focus on the regulatory effects of miRNAs on the MDMX-p53 interplay as well as the role of the miRNAs-MDMX-p53 network in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Pan M, Blattner C. Regulation of p53 by E3s. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:745. [PMID: 33670160 PMCID: PMC7916862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years of research on p53 have given us tremendous knowledge about this protein. Today we know that p53 plays a role in different biological processes such as proliferation, invasion, pluripotency, metabolism, cell cycle control, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, apoptosis, inflammation and autophagy. In the nucleus, p53 functions as a bona-fide transcription factor which activates and represses transcription of a number of target genes. In the cytoplasm, p53 can interact with proteins of the apoptotic machinery and by this also induces cell death. Despite being so important for the fate of the cell, expression levels of p53 are kept low in unstressed cells and the protein is largely inactive. The reason for the low expression level is that p53 is efficiently degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the vast inactivity of the tumor suppressor protein under normal growth conditions is due to the absence of activating and the presence of inactivating posttranslational modifications. E3s are important enzymes for these processes as they decorate p53 with ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like proteins and by this control p53 degradation, stability and its subcellular localization. In this review, we provide an overview about E3s that target p53 and discuss the connection between p53, E3s and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Blattner
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO-box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany;
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Ahmad SM, Nayak D, Mir KB, Faheem MM, Nawaz S, Yadav G, Goswami A. Par-4 activation restrains EMT-induced chemoresistance in PDAC by attenuating MDM-2. Pancreatology 2020; 20:1698-1710. [PMID: 33039292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported prostate apoptosis response 4 (Par-4), a potential tumor suppressor protein restrains epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties and promotes mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) in invasive cancer cells by repressing Twist-1 promoter activity. Here, we demonstrate that genetic as well as pharmacological modulation of Par-4 by NGD16 (a small molecule antimetastatic agent), limits EMT-induced chemoresistance in aggressive cancer cells by suppressing MDM-2, a downstream effector of Twist-1. METHODS Matrigel invasion assay, gelatin degradation assay, cell scattering assay, MTT assay and colony formation assay were used to study the proliferation and migration abilities of invasive cancer cells. Immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation analysis were utilized for determining protein expression and protein-protein interaction. 4T1 aggressive mouse carcinoma model was employed to evaluate tumor growth and lung metastasis. RESULTS Treatment of gemcitabine (nucleoside analogue anticancer agent) to pancreatic cancer (Panc-1, MiaPaca-2) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells amplified MDM-2 expression along with increase in EMT properties. Conversely, NGD16 boosted expression of tumor suppressor Par-4 and inhibited invasion and migration abilities of these cells. Moreover, induction of Par-4 effectively diminished MDM-2 along with pro-EMT markers, whereas, augmented the expression of epithelial markers. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated silencing of Par-4 divulged that NGD16 exerts its EMT inhibitory effects in a Par-4-dependent manner. Mechanistically, Par-4 activation provokes p53 by disrupting MDM-2-p53 interaction, which restored epithelial characteristics in cancer cells. Additionally, partial knockdown of MDM-2 through siRNA pronounced the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of NGD16. Finally, NGD16 efficiently inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis in mouse mammary carcinoma model without showing any undesirable effects. CONCLUSION Our findings unveil Par-4 as a key therapeutic target and NGD16 (the pharmacological modulator of Par-4) are potential tools to suppress EMT and associated chemoresistance, which could be exploited clinically for the treatment of aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mudabir Ahmad
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Khalid Bashir Mir
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Mir Mohd Faheem
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Shah Nawaz
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Govind Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Central Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.
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Targeting the p53-MDM2 pathway for neuroblastoma therapy: Rays of hope. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:16-29. [PMID: 33007410 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite being the subject of extensive research and clinical trials, neuroblastoma remains a major therapeutic challenge in pediatric oncology. The p53 protein is a central safeguard that protects cells against genome instability and malignant transformation. Mutated TP53 (the gene encoding p53) is implicated in many human cancers, but the majority of neuroblastomas have wild type p53 with intact transcriptional function. In fact, the TP53 mutation rate does not exceed 1-2% in neuroblastomas. However, overexpression of the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene in neuroblastoma is relatively common, and leads to inhibition of p53. It is also associated with other non-canonical p53-independent functions, including drug resistance and increased translation of MYCN and VEGF mRNA. The p53-MDM2 pathway in neuroblastoma is also modulated at several different molecular levels, including via interactions with other proteins (MYCN, p14ARF). In addition, the overexpression of MDM2 in tumors is linked to a poorer prognosis for cancer patients. Thus, restoring p53 function by inhibiting its interaction with MDM2 is a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma. A number of p53-MDM2 antagonists have been designed and studied for this purpose. This review summarizes the current understanding of p53 biology and the p53-dependent and -independent oncogenic functions of MDM2 in neuroblastoma, and also the regulation of the p53-MDM2 axis in neuroblastoma. This review also highlights the use of MDM2 as a molecular target for the disease, and describes the MDM2 inhibitors currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. We also briefly explain the various strategies that have been used and future directions to take in the development of effective MDM2 inhibitors for neuroblastoma.
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14
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Kakegawa S, Matsumoto I, Tamura M, Takata M, Yoshida S, Saito D, Tanaka Y, Takemura H, Ooi A. Semi-comprehensive analysis of gene amplification in thymic malignant tumors using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and fluorescence in situ hybridization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:1035-1044. [PMID: 32509076 PMCID: PMC7270679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on the amplification of oncogenes in thymic malignant tumor is limited. In this study, we aimed to determine the gene amplification status of receptor tyrosine kinases and other cell regulator genes in thymic malignant tumors, with a view toward the future introduction of molecular targeted therapy. In addition, we examined the usefulness of multiplex, ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in the semi-comprehensive detection of these gene amplifications. The participants of this study were nine patients with thymic carcinoma and one patient with atypical carcinoid who underwent resection at our department from 1999 to 2016. Twenty-four oncogenes (MDM4, MYCN, ALK, PDGFRA, KIT, KDR, DHFR, EGFR, MET, SMO, BRAF, FGFR1, MYC, ABL1, RET, CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, MDM2, AURKB, ERBB2, TOP2A, AURKA, AR) were analyzed for amplification by MLPA. In cases where amplification by MLPA was suspected, confirmation was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Immunostaining for detected oncoproteins and p53 were performed in cases with confirmed oncogene amplification. MYC (2/10, 20%) and MDM2 (1/10, 10%) amplifications were detected using MLPA and FISH. Immunostaining in both cases was positive. The MDM2-amplified tumor relapsed and spread rapidly after operation despite the use of post-operative chemo-radiotherapy. MYC amplification may be involved in the carcinogenesis of thymic malignant tumors. In addition, MDM2 amplification may be a concern in the increased malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Kakegawa
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Tamura
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Munehisa Takata
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshida
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takemura
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
| | - Akishi Ooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa UniversityIshikawa, Japan
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15
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Miller JJ, Gaiddon C, Storr T. A balancing act: using small molecules for therapeutic intervention of the p53 pathway in cancer. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6995-7014. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules targeting various aspects of the p53 protein pathway have shown significant promise in the treatment of a number of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Inserm UMR_S 1113
- Université de Strasbourg
- Molecular Mechanisms of Stress Response and Pathologies
- ITI InnoVec
- Strasbourg
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
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16
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Wang W, Qin JJ, Rajaei M, Li X, Yu X, Hunt C, Zhang R. Targeting MDM2 for novel molecular therapy: Beyond oncology. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:856-880. [PMID: 31587329 DOI: 10.1002/med.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene exerts major oncogenic activities in human cancers; it is not only the best-documented negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor, but also exerts p53-independent activities. There is an increasing interest in developing MDM2-based targeted therapies. Several classes of MDM2 inhibitors have been evaluated in preclinical models, with a few entering clinical trials, mainly for cancer therapy. However, noncarcinogenic roles for MDM2 have also been identified, demonstrating that MDM2 is involved in many chronic diseases and conditions such as inflammation and autoimmune diseases, dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure and cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, diabetes, obesity, and sterility. MDM2 inhibitors have been shown to have promising therapeutic efficacy for treating inflammation and other nonmalignant diseases in preclinical evaluations. Therefore, targeting MDM2 may represent a promising approach for treating and preventing these nonmalignant diseases. In addition, a better understanding of how MDM2 works in nonmalignant diseases may provide new biomarkers for their diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and monitoring of therapeutic outcome. In this review article, we pay special attention to the recent findings related to the roles of MDM2 in the pathogenesis of several nonmalignant diseases, the therapeutic potential of its downregulation or inhibition, and its use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mehrdad Rajaei
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney Hunt
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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17
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Qin J, Wang S, Shi J, Ma Y, Wang K, Ye H, Zhang X, Wang P, Wang X, Song C, Dai L, Wang K, Jiang B, Zhang J. Using recursive partitioning approach to select tumor-associated antigens in immunodiagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1829-1841. [PMID: 30950146 PMCID: PMC6550128 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to select anti‐tumor‐associated antigen (TAA) autoantibodies as biomarkers in the immunodiagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) by the recursive partitioning approach (RPA) and further construct and evaluate a predictive model. A case‐control study was designed including 407 GAC patients as the case group and 407 normal controls. In addition, 67 serial serum samples from 25 GAC patients were collected at different time points before and after gastrectomy treatment. Autoantibodies against 14 TAA were measured in sera from all subjects by enzyme immunoassay. Finally, RPA resulted in the selection of nine‐panel TAA (c‐Myc, p16, HSPD1, PTEN, p53, NPM1, ENO1, p62, HCC1.4) from all detected TAA in the case‐control study; the classification tree based on this nine‐TAA panel had area under curve (AUC) of 0.857, sensitivity of 71.5% and specificity of 71.3%; The optimal panel also can identify GAC patients at an early stage from normal individuals, with AUC of 0.737, sensitivity of 64.9% and specificity of 70.5%. However, frequencies of the nine autoantibodies showed no correlation with GAC stage, tumor size, lymphatic metastasis or differentiation. GAC patients positive for more than two autoantibodies in the nine‐TAA panel had a worse prognosis than that of the GAC patients positive for no or one antibody. Titers of 10 autoantibodies in serial serum samples were significantly higher in GAC patients after surgical resection than before. In conclusion, this study showed that the panel of nine multiple TAAs could enhance the detection of anti‐TAA antibodies in GAC, and may be potential prognostic biomarkers in GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Wang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keyan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaijuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Binghua Jiang
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Hernández-Rodríguez M, Mendoza Sánchez PI, Macias Perez ME, Rosales Cruz E, Mera Jiménez E, Nicolás Vázquez MI, Miranda Ruvalcaba R. In vitro and computational studies showed that perezone inhibits PARP-1 and induces changes in the redox state of K562 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:225-234. [PMID: 31063714 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease is characterized by uncontrolled growth and proliferation of abnormal cells with a high probability to develop metastasis. Recently, it was demonstrated that perezone, a sesquiterpene quinone, is capable to induce cell death in leukemia (K562), prostate (PC-3), colorectal (HCT-15) and lung (SKLU-1) cancer cell lines; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. Therefore, in this study, in vitro and computational studies were performed to determine the mechanism of action of perezone. Firstly, changes in K562 cell viability, as well as changes in the redox status of the cell in response to treatment with several concentrations of perezone were analyzed. The type of cell death induced, and the modification of the cell cycle were determined. In addition, MD simulations and docking studies were performed to investigate the interaction of perezone with seven regulators of the apoptotic process. Finally, the ability of perezone to inhibit PARP-1 was evaluated by in vitro studies. K562 cells treated with perezone exhibited decreased viability and more oxidized status, being this effect concentration-dependent. In addition, the increase of G0/G1 phase of cell cycle and apoptosis were observed. According to the performed computational studies conducted, perezone showed the highest affinity to PARP-1 enzyme being this complex the most stable due to the presence of a small and deep cavity in the active site, which allows perezone to fit deeply by forming hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, which drive this interaction. The activity of perezone as PARP-1 inhibitor was corroborated with an IC50 = 181.5 μM. The pro-apoptotic action of perezone may be related to PARP-1 inhibition and changes in the redox state of the cell. The obtained results allowed to understand the biological effect of perezone and, consequently, these could be employed to develop novel PARP-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Hernández-Rodríguez
- Química inorgánica-orgánica del Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida 1o de Mayo S/N, Santa María las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Pablo I Mendoza Sánchez
- Química inorgánica-orgánica del Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida 1o de Mayo S/N, Santa María las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Martha Edith Macias Perez
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de, Mexico
| | - Erika Rosales Cruz
- Laboratorio de Hematopatologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de, Mexico
| | - Elvia Mera Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón S/N, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de, Mexico
| | - María Inés Nicolás Vázquez
- Química inorgánica-orgánica del Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida 1o de Mayo S/N, Santa María las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - René Miranda Ruvalcaba
- Química inorgánica-orgánica del Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida 1o de Mayo S/N, Santa María las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, Mexico.
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19
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Qin JJ, Li X, Hunt C, Wang W, Wang H, Zhang R. Natural products targeting the p53-MDM2 pathway and mutant p53: Recent advances and implications in cancer medicine. Genes Dis 2018; 5:204-219. [PMID: 30320185 PMCID: PMC6176154 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a major role in controlling the initiation and development of cancer by regulating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and DNA repair. The MDM2 oncogene is a major negative regulator of p53 that inhibits the activity of p53 and reduces its protein stability. MDM2, p53, and the p53-MDM2 pathway represent well-documented targets for preventing and/or treating cancer. Natural products, especially those from medicinal and food plants, are a rich source for the discovery and development of novel therapeutic and preventive agents against human cancers. Many natural product-derived MDM2 inhibitors have shown potent efficacy against various human cancers. In contrast to synthetic small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors, the majority of which have been designed to inhibit MDM2-p53 binding and activate p53, many natural product inhibitors directly decrease MDM2 expression and/or MDM2 stability, exerting their anticancer activity in both p53-dependent and p53-independent manners. More recently, several natural products have been reported to target mutant p53 in cancer. Therefore, identification of natural products targeting MDM2, mutant p53, and the p53-MDM2 pathway can provide a promising strategy for the development of novel cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we focus our discussion on the recent advances in the discovery and development of anticancer natural products that target the p53-MDM2 pathway, emphasizing several emerging issues, such as the efficacy, mechanism of action, and specificity of these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Courtney Hunt
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA. Fax: +1 713 743 1229.
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20
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Abstract
Inflammation is recently recognized as one of the hallmarks of human cancer. Chronic inflammatory response plays a critical role in cancer development, progression, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Conversely, the oncogenic aberrations also generate an inflammatory microenvironment, enabling the development and progression of cancer. The molecular mechanisms of action that are responsible for inflammatory cancer and cancer-associated inflammation are not fully understood due to the complex crosstalk between oncogenic and pro-inflammatory genes. However, molecular mediators that regulate both inflammation and cancer, such as NF-κB and STAT have been considered as promising targets for preventing and treating these diseases. Recent works have further demonstrated an important role of oncogenes (e.g., NFAT1, MDM2) and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53) in cancer-related inflammation. Natural products that target these molecular mediators have shown anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities in preclinical and clinical studies. Sesquiterpenoids (STs), a class of novel plant-derived secondary metabolites have attracted great interest in recent years because of their diversity in chemical structures and pharmacological activities. At present, we and other investigators have found that dimeric sesquiterpenoids (DSTs) may exert enhanced activity and binding affinity to molecular targets due to the increased number of alkylating centers and improved conformational flexibility and lipophilicity. Here, we focus our discussion on the activities and mechanisms of action of STs and DSTs in treating inflammation and cancer as well as their structure-activity relationships.
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21
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Qin JJ, Wang W, Li X, Deokar H, Buolamwini JK, Zhang R. Inhibiting β-Catenin by β-Carboline-Type MDM2 Inhibitor for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29387014 PMCID: PMC5776119 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-catenin and MDM2 oncoproteins are overexpressed and constitutively activated in human pancreatic cancer and contribute to its initiation, progression, and metastasis. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway strongly interacts with the MDM2-p53 signaling pathway, accelerating the tumorigenesis and its development. Therefore, therapies inhibiting both β-catenin and MDM2 are suggested to be ideal treatments for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. We have recently identified a novel class of β-carboline compounds as the specific and potent MDM2 inhibitors, including a lead compound SP141. In the present study, we utilized SP141 as an exemplary β-carboline compound to characterize β-catenin as a molecular target of the β-carboline compounds and to demonstrate an important role of β-catenin in the anticancer activity of β-carboline. We found that the silencing of either β-catenin or MDM2 largely reduced the anticancer activity of SP141 while the double silencing of both genes almost completely blocked SP141’s activity. SP141 directly bound to β-catenin and inhibited its expression and activity in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effects of SP141 on β-catenin were mediated by the ubiquitin–proteasome system in an MDM2-independent manner. In conclusion, these results suggest that SP141 exerts its anticancer activity by dually inhibiting β-catenin and MDM2. We envision that β-carboline derivatives can be developed as promising dual inhibitors of β-catenin and MDM2 for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hemantkumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Center for Drug Discovery, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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22
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Mallick MN, Khan W, Parveen R, Ahmad S, Sadaf, Najm MZ, Ahmad I, Husain SA. Exploring the Cytotoxic Potential of Triterpenoids-enriched Fraction of Bacopa monnieri by Implementing In vitro, In vivo, and In silico Approaches. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S595-S606. [PMID: 29142420 PMCID: PMC5669103 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_397_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacopa monnieri (BM) is a herbaceous plant traditionally used from time immemorial in Ayurvedic and folklore medicines. We hypothesized that the extract of the whole plant might contain numerous molecules with having antitumor activities that could be very effective in killing of human cancer cells. Objectives: This work investigated anticancer activity of bioactive fraction of BM. Materials and Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of BM was fractionated with different solvent, namely, hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), acetone, methanol, and water. The in vitro anticancer activity was performed against various Human Cancer Cell lines, namely, Colon (HT29, Colo320, and Caco2), Lung (A549), Cervix (HeLa, SiHa), and Breast (MCF-7, MDAMB-231). Further, DCM fraction was evaluated in vivo for anticancer activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice since it showed the best cytotoxicity at 72 h (IC50 41.0–60.0 µg/mL). The metabolic fingerprinting of these extract were carried out using high-performance thin-layer chromatography along with quantification of bacoside A, bacoside B, cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, and bittulinic acid. Results: Oral administration of DCM fraction at a dose of 40 mg/kg rendered prominent reduction of tumor regression parameters such as tumor weight, packed cell volume, tumor volume and viable tumor cell count as compared to the untreated mice of the EAC control group. The anticancer activity of DCM fraction may be due to the presence of large amount of bacoside A, B and cucurbitacins. The molecular docking studies of major metabolites with targeted proteins predicted the anticancer activity of DCM fraction which was in support of in vivo activity. Conclusion: The in vitro, in vivo, analytical and in silico studies on DCM fraction of Bacopa monieri has proved its great potential for development of anticancer phytopharmaceuticals. SUMMARY A new HPTLC method has been developed and validated for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of bacoside A, B, cucurbitacin B, D, E and bittulinic acid in Bacopa monnieri extract. Enrichment of active anticancer metabolites was done by polarity based fractionations of hydroalcoholic extract of Bacopa. DCM fraction of a hydroalcoholic extract of Bacopa showed anticancer potential against human cancer cell line (IC50 41.0-60.0 µg/mL) and in EAC treated mice (at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight). The anticancer activity of Bacopa may be due to the presence of bacosides and cucurbitacin and it was confirmed by in silico screening.
Abbreviations used: DBM: DCM fraction of Bacopa monnieri; DCM: Dichloromethane; EAC: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma; HCT: Hematocrit; HGB: Hemoglobin; HPTLC: High performance thin layer chromatography; ICH: International council for Harmonisation; LOD: Limit of detection; LOQ: Limit of quantification; LYM: Lymphocytes; MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC); MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; MTT: 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PLT: Platelet; RBC: Red blood cell; RDW: Red blood cell distribution width; RSD: Relative standard deviation; WBC: White blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasar Mallick
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Department of Bioscience, Human Genetics Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Washim Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sadaf
- Department of Bioscience, Human Genetics Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan Najm
- Department of Bioscience, Human Genetics Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Istaq Ahmad
- Department of Bioscience, Human Genetics Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Akhtar Husain
- Department of Bioscience, Human Genetics Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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23
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Qin JJ, Wang W, Zhang R. Experimental Therapy of Advanced Breast Cancer: Targeting NFAT1-MDM2-p53 Pathway. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:195-216. [PMID: 29096894 PMCID: PMC6663080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced breast cancer, especially advanced triple-negative breast cancer, is typically more aggressive and more difficult to treat than other breast cancer phenotypes. There is currently no curable option for breast cancer patients with advanced diseases, highlighting the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. We have recently discovered that the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) activates the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene. Both MDM2 and NFAT1 are overexpressed and constitutively activated in breast cancer, particularly in advanced breast cancer, and contribute to its initiation, progression, and metastasis. MDM2 regulates cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and invasion through both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We have proposed to target the NFAT1-MDM2-p53 pathway for the treatment of human cancers, especially breast cancer. We have recently identified NFAT1 and MDM2 dual inhibitors that have shown excellent in vitro and in vivo activities against breast cancer, including triple-negative breast cancer. Herein, we summarize recent advances made in the understanding of the oncogenic functions of MDM2 and NFAT1 in breast cancer, as well as current targeting strategies and representative inhibitors. We also propose several strategies for inhibiting the NFAT1-MDM2-p53 pathway, which could be useful for developing more specific and effective inhibitors for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
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24
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Zhang R, Wang G, Zhang PF, Zhang J, Huang YX, Lu YM, Da W, Sun Q, Zhu JS. Sanguinarine inhibits growth and invasion of gastric cancer cells via regulation of the DUSP4/ERK pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:1117-1127. [PMID: 27957827 PMCID: PMC5431127 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanguinarine, a bioactive benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from plants of the Papaveraceae family, has shown antitumour effects in multiple cancer cells. But the therapeutic effects and regulatory mechanisms of sanguinatine in gastric cancer (GC) remain elusive. This study was aimed to investigate the correlation of dual‐specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) expression with clinicopathologic features and overall survival in patients with GC and explore the effects of sanguinarine on tumour growth and invasion in GC cells (SGC‐7901 and HGC‐27) and underlying molecular mechanisms. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that decreased DUSP4 expression was associated with the sex, tumour size, depth of invasion and distant metastasis in patients with GC. Functional experiments including CCK‐8, Transwell and flow cytometry analysis indicated that sanguinarine or DUSP4 overexpression inhibited GC cell viability and invasive potential, and induced cell apoptosis and cycle arrest in S phase, but DUSP4 knockdown attenuated the antitumour activity of sanguinarine. Further observation demonstrated that sanguinarine up‐regulated the expression of DUSP4 and Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax), but down‐regulated phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (p‐ERK), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) and B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that sanguinarine inhibits growth and invasion of GC cells through regulation of the DUSP4/ERK pathway, suggesting that sanguinarine may have potential for use in GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Xia Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Min Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Da
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Shui Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Gupta AK, Bharadwaj M, Kumar A, Mehrotra R. Spiro-oxindoles as a Promising Class of Small Molecule Inhibitors of p53-MDM2 Interaction Useful in Targeted Cancer Therapy. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 375:3. [PMID: 27943171 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the toxicity of currently available anticancer drugs and the inefficiency of chemotherapeutic treatments, the design and discovery of effective and selective antitumor agents continues to be a hot topic in organic medicinal chemistry. Targeted therapy is a newer type of cancer treatment that uses drugs designed to interfere with specific molecules necessary for tumor growth and progression. This review explains the mechanism of regulation of p53 (tumor suppressor protein) by MDM2 and illustrates the role of targeting p53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction using small molecules as a new cancer therapeutic strategy. Spirocyclic oxindoles or spiro-oxindoles, with a rigid heterocyclic ring fused at the 3-position of the oxindole core with varied substitution around it, are the most efficacious class of small molecules which inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells, leading to complete tumor growth regression without affecting activities of normal cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive account of the systematic development of and recent progress in diverse spiro-oxindole derivatives active as potent selective inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interaction with special emphasis on spiro-pyrrolidinyl oxindoles (the MI series), their mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship. This review will help in understanding the molecular mechanism of p53 reactivation by spiro-oxindoles in tumor tissues and also facilitates the design and exploration of more potent analogues with high efficacy and low side effects for the treatment of cancer. Recent progress in spiro-oxindole derivatives as potent small molecule inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interaction, useful as anticancer agents, is described with reference to their mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana K Gupta
- Division of Molecular Cytology, Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India.
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Molecular Cytology, Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India.
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26
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Gu L, Zhang H, Liu T, Zhou S, Du Y, Xiong J, Yi S, Qu CK, Fu H, Zhou M. Discovery of Dual Inhibitors of MDM2 and XIAP for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:623-636. [PMID: 27666947 PMCID: PMC5079537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 and XIAP are mutually regulated. Binding of MDM2 RING protein to the IRES region on XIAP mRNA results in MDM2 protein stabilization and enhanced XIAP translation. In this study, we developed a protein-RNA fluorescence polarization (FP) assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical libraries. Our FP-HTS identified eight inhibitors that blocked the MDM2 protein-XIAP RNA interaction, leading to MDM2 degradation. The compound-induced MDM2 downregulation resulted not only in inhibition of XIAP expression, but also in activation of p53, which contributed to cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vivo. Importantly, one of the MDM2/XIAP inhibitors, MX69, showed minimal inhibitory effect on normal human hematopoiesis in vitro and was very well tolerated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Gu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jing Xiong
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sha Yi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Muxiang Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Qin JJ, Wang W, Voruganti S, Wang H, Zhang WD, Zhang R. Inhibiting NFAT1 for breast cancer therapy: New insights into the mechanism of action of MDM2 inhibitor JapA. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33106-19. [PMID: 26461225 PMCID: PMC4741752 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor NFAT1 has been recently identified as a new regulator of the MDM2 oncogene. Targeting the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway represents a novel approach to cancer therapy. We have recently identified a natural product MDM2 inhibitor, termed JapA. As a specific and potent MDM2 inhibitor, JapA inhibits MDM2 at transcriptional and post-translational levels. However, the molecular mechanism remains to be fully elucidated for its inhibitory effects on MDM2 transcription. Herein, we reported that JapA inhibited NFAT1 and NFAT1-mediated MDM2 transcription, which contributed to the anticancer activity of JapA. Its effects on the expression and activity of NFAT1 were examined in various breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in vivo. The specificity of JapA in targeting NFAT1 and NFAT1-MDM2 pathway and the importance of NFAT1 inhibition in JapA's anticancer activity were demonstrated using NFAT1 overexpression and knockdown cell lines and the pharmacological activators and inhibitors of NFAT1 signaling. Our results indicated that JapA inhibited NFAT1 signaling in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, which plays a pivotal role in its anticancer activity. JapA inhibited the nuclear localization of NFAT1, disrupted the NFAT1-MDM2 P2 promoter complex, and induced NFAT1 proteasomal degradation, resulting in the repression of MDM2 transcription. In conclusion, JapA is a novel NFAT1 inhibitor and the NFAT1 inhibition is responsible for the JapA-induced repression of MDM2 transcription, contributing to its anticancer activity. The results may pave an avenue for validating the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sukesh Voruganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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28
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Dai L, Tsay JCJ, Li J, Yie TA, Munger JS, Pass H, Rom WN, Zhang Y, Tan EM, Zhang JY. Autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens in the early detection of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2016; 99:172-9. [PMID: 27565936 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) identified in patients with advanced lung cancer may be detected in subjects with early lung cancer or even predate the diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to address the temporal relationship between lung cancer development and serum autoantibody response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two cohorts of patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer were included. The first cohort included 90 sera from patients with lung cancer (Stages I-III) and 89 normal control sera. In the second cohort, 93 serial serum samples from 25 patients with CT-scan screen-detected stage I lung cancer were collected before the diagnosis of lung cancer (average 32 months) and 56 controls were matched on age, gender, and smoking. Autoantibody levels were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Measurement of autoantibodies against seven TAAs (14-3-3ζ, c-Myc, MDM2, NPM1, p16, p53 and cyclin B1) individually could discriminate lung cancer patients from normal individuals in the first cohort and the area under curve (AUC) was 0.863 based on a panel of seven autoantibodies, with sensitivity of 68.9% and specificity of 79.5%. Autoantibodies in serial pre-diagnostic serum samples against the same panel of seven TAAs were detected prior to lung cancer diagnosis with sensitivity of 76.0% and specificity of 73.2% (AUC) (95%CI): 0.885 (0.797-0.973)). Elevated autoantibody levels could be detected greater than four years prior to lung cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION A panel of seven TAAs may enhance the early detection of lung cancer, consistent with a humoral immune response to TAAs that can be detected months to years prior to the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dai
- Center for Tumor Biotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jun-Chieh J Tsay
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jitian Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Ting-An Yie
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John S Munger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Harvey Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William N Rom
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Tumor Biotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Eng M Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Center for Tumor Biotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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29
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Oral nano-delivery of anticancer ginsenoside 25-OCH3-PPD, a natural inhibitor of the MDM2 oncogene: Nanoparticle preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anti-prostate cancer activity, and mechanisms of action. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21379-94. [PMID: 26041888 PMCID: PMC4673272 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene plays a critical role in cancer development and progression through p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. Both natural and synthetic MDM2 inhibitors have been shown anticancer activity against several human cancers. We have recently identified a novel ginsenoside, 25-OCH3-PPD (GS25), one of the most active anticancer ginsenosides discovered thus far, and have demonstrated its MDM2 inhibition and anticancer activity in various human cancer models, including prostate cancer. However, the oral bioavailability of GS25 is limited, which hampers its further development as an oral anticancer agent. The present study was designed to develop a novel nanoparticle formulation for oral delivery of GS25. After GS25 was successfully encapsulated into PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (GS25NP) and its physicochemical properties were characterized, the efficiency of MDM2 targeting, anticancer efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models of human prostate cancer. Our results indicated that, compared with the unencapsulated GS25, GS25NP demonstrated better MDM2 inhibition, improved oral bioavailability and enhanced in vitro and in vivo activities. In conclusion, the validated nano-formulation for GS25 oral delivery improves its molecular targeting, oral bioavailability and anticancer efficacy, providing a basis for further development of GS25 as a novel agent for cancer therapy and prevention.
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30
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Qin JJ, Sarkar S, Voruganti S, Agarwal R, Wang W, Zhang R. Identification of lineariifolianoid A as a novel dual NFAT1 and MDM2 inhibitor for human cancer therapy. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:322-33. [PMID: 27533941 PMCID: PMC4946323 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20160018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in development of novel anticancer agents that target oncogenes. We have recently discovered that nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) is a novel regulator of the Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene and the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway has been implicated in human cancer development and progression, justifying that targeting the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway could be a novel strategy for discovery and development of novel cancer therapeutics. The present study was designed to examine the anticancer activity and underlying mechanisms of action of lineariifolianoid A (LinA), a novel natural product inhibitor of the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway. The cytotoxicity of LinA was first tested in various human cancer cell lines in comparison with normal cell lines. The results showed that the breast cancer cells were highly sensitive to LinA treatment. We next demonstrated the effects of LinA on cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in breast cancer MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, in dose-dependent and p53-independent manners. LinA also inhibited the migration and invasion of these cancer cells. Our mechanistic studies further indicated that its anticancer activities were attributed to its inhibitory effects on the NFAT1-MDM2 pathway and modulatory effects on the expression of key proteins involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA damage. In summary, LinA is a novel NFAT1-MDM2 inhibitor and may be developed as a preventive and therapeutic agent against human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | | | | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
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31
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Wang W, Nijampatnam B, Velu SE, Zhang R. Discovery and development of synthetic tricyclic pyrroloquinone (TPQ) alkaloid analogs for human cancer therapy. Front Chem Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-016-1562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Qin JJ, Wang W, Voruganti S, Wang H, Zhang WD, Zhang R. Identification of a new class of natural product MDM2 inhibitor: In vitro and in vivo anti-breast cancer activities and target validation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2623-40. [PMID: 25739118 PMCID: PMC4413606 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDM2 oncogene has been suggested as a molecular target for treating human cancers, including breast cancer. Most MDM2 inhibitors under development are targeting the MDM2-p53 binding, and have little or no effects on cancers without functional p53, such as advanced breast cancer. The present study was designed to develop a new class of MDM2 inhibitors that exhibit anticancer activity in MDM2-dependent and p53-independent manners. The selective MDM2 inhibitors were discovered by a computational structure-based screening, yielding a lead compound, termed JapA. We further found that JapA inhibited cell growth, decreased cell proliferation, and induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells through an MDM2-dependent mechanism, regardless of p53 status. It also inhibited the tumor growth and lung metastasis in breast cancer xenograft models without causing any host toxicity. Furthermore, JapA directly bound to MDM2 protein and reduced MDM2 levels in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by promoting MDM2 protein degradation and inhibiting MDM2 transcription, which is distinct from the existing MDM2 inhibitors. In conclusion, JapA represents a new class of MDM2 inhibitor that exerts its anticancer activity through directly down-regulating MDM2, and might be developed as a novel cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sukesh Voruganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Yu JX, Voruganti S, Li DD, Qin JJ, Nag S, Xu S, Velu SE, Wang W, Zhang R. Development and validation of an HPLC-MS/MS analytical method for quantitative analysis of TCBA-TPQ, a novel anticancer makaluvamine analog, and application in a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:554-60. [PMID: 26233847 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have recently designed and synthesized several novel iminoquinone anticancer agents that have entered preclinical development for the treatment of human cancers. Herein we developed and validated a quantitative HPLC-MS/MS analytical method for one of the lead novel anticancer makaluvamine analog, TCBA-TPQ, and conducted a pharmacokinetic study in laboratory rats. Our results indicated that the HPLC-MS/MS method was precise, accurate, and specific. Using this method, we carried out in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the pharmacological properties of TCBA-TPQ and plasma pharmacokinetics in rats. Our results provide a basis for future preclinical and clinical development of this promising anticancer marine analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Center for Drug Evaluation, China Food and Drug Administration, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Sukesh Voruganti
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Center for Drug Evaluation, China Food and Drug Administration, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Subhasree Nag
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Xu
- China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- China National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Lima CF, Costa M, Proença M, Pereira-Wilson C. Novel structurally similar chromene derivatives with opposing effects on p53 and apoptosis mechanisms in colorectal HCT116 cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 72:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Nag S, Qin JJ, Voruganti S, Wang MH, Sharma H, Patil S, Buolamwini JK, Wang W, Zhang R. Development and validation of a rapid HPLC method for quantitation of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent, and an initial pharmacokinetic study in mice. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:654-63. [PMID: 25294254 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in targeting the MDM2 oncogene for cancer therapy. SP-141, a novel designed small molecule MDM2 inhibitor, exerts excellent in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. To facilitate the preclinical development of this candidate anticancer agent, we have developed an HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of SP-141. The method was validated to be precise, accurate, and specific, with a linear range of 16.2-32,400 ng/mL in plasma, 16.2-6480 ng/mL in homogenates of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, muscle and tumor, and 32.4-6480 ng/mL in spleen homogenates. The lower limit of quantification was 16.2 ng/mL in plasma and all the tissue homogenates, except for spleen homogenates, where it was 32.4 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-assay precisions (coefficient of variation) were between 0.86 and 13.39%, and accuracies (relative errors) ranged from -8.50 to 13.92%. The relative recoveries were 85.6-113.38%. SP-141 was stable in mouse plasma, modestly plasma bound and metabolized by S9 microsomal enzymes. We performed an initial pharmacokinetic study in tumor-bearing nude mice, demonstrating that SP-141 has a short half-life in plasma and wide tissue distribution. In summary, this HPLC method can be used in future preclinical and clinical investigations of SP-141.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
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Wang W, Qin JJ, Voruganti S, Wang MH, Sharma H, Patil S, Zhou J, Wang H, Mukhopadhyay D, Buolamwini JK, Zhang R. Identification of a new class of MDM2 inhibitor that inhibits growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:893-902.e2. [PMID: 25016295 PMCID: PMC4170027 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The oncogene MDM2, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is overexpressed in pancreatic cancers and is therefore a therapeutic target. Current inhibitors of MDM2 target the interaction between MDM2 and P53; these would have no effect on cancer cells that do not express full-length P53, including many pancreatic cancer cells. We searched for a compound that specifically inhibits MDM2 itself. METHODS We performed a virtual screen and structure-based design to identify specific inhibitors of MDM2. We tested the activities of compounds identified on viability, proliferation, and protein levels of HPAC, Panc-1, AsPC-1, and Mia-Paca-2 pancreatic cancer cell lines. We tested whether intraperitoneal injections of one of the compounds identified affected growth of xenograft tumors from Panc-1 cells, or orthotopic tumors from Panc-1 and AsPC-1 cells (injected into pancreata), in nude mice. RESULTS We identified a compound, called SP141, which bound directly to MDM2, promoting its auto-ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. The compound reduced levels of MDM2 in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as their proliferation, with 50% inhibitory concentrations <0.5 μM (0.38-0.50 μM). Increasing concentrations of SP141 induced increasing levels of apoptosis and G2-M-phase arrest of pancreatic cancer cell lines, whether or not they expressed functional P53. Injection of nude mice with SP141 (40 mg/kg/d) inhibited growth of xenograft tumors (by 75% compared with control mice), and led to regression of orthotopic tumors. CONCLUSIONS In a screen for specific inhibitors of MDM2, we identified a compound called SP141 that reduces levels of MDM2 in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as their proliferation and ability to form tumors in nude mice. SP141 is a new class of MDM2 inhibitor that promotes MDM2 auto-ubiquitination and degradation. It might be further developed as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Sukesh Voruganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Horrick Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shivaputra Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research Center, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas.
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Wang W, Qin JJ, Voruganti S, Srivenugopal KS, Nag S, Patil S, Sharma H, Wang MH, Wang H, Buolamwini JK, Zhang R. The pyrido[b]indole MDM2 inhibitor SP-141 exerts potent therapeutic effects in breast cancer models. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5086. [PMID: 25271708 PMCID: PMC6774205 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A requirement for Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene activation has been suggested to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis, including breast cancer. To date, most MDM2 inhibitors have been designed to block the MDM2-p53-binding interphase, and have low or no efficacy against advanced breast cancer with mutant or deficient p53. Here we use a high-throughput screening and computer-aided, structure-based rational drug design, and identify a lead compound, SP-141, which can directly bind to MDM2, inhibit MDM2 expression and induce its autoubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. SP-141 has strong in vitro and in vivo antibreast cancer activity, with no apparent host toxicity. While further investigation is needed, our data indicate that SP-141 is a novel targeted therapeutic agent that may especially benefit patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- 1] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA [2] Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | - Sukesh Voruganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | - Kalkunte S Srivenugopal
- 1] Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | - Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | - Shivaputra Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Horrick Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- 1] Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research Center, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- 1] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA [2] Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
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Nag S, Qin JJ, Patil S, Deokar H, Buolamwini JK, Wang W, Zhang R. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent, and its application to a mouse PK study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:235-240. [PMID: 25195025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent. After a liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane-2-propanol (20:10:1, v/v/v) mixture, the analyte was separated on a Kinetex C18 column (50×2.1mm, 2.6μm) with mobile phases comprising of water (0.1% formic acid, v/v) and acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The test compound (SP-141) and the internal standard (SP-157) were analyzed in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using the mass transitions m/z 325.1 → 282.0. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.648-162ng/mL with coefficients of determination (R(2)) of 0.999 in mouse plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.648ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions (coefficient of variation, %CV) were less than 4.2% and accuracies (relative error, %RE) ranged from -6.1% to 2.1%. The extraction recoveries were between 97.1 and 103.1% and the relative matrix effect was minimal. In addition, SP-141 was found to be stable in the plasma after three freeze-thaw cycles, at 37°C and 4°C for 24h, and at -80°C for 4 weeks. It was also stable in the stock solution at room temperature for 24h and after preparation in the autosampler for 36h. The validated method was successfully applied to an initial pharmacokinetic study of SP-141 in CD-1 mice following intraperitoneal and intravenous administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Shivaputra Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Hemantkumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Dai L, Ren P, Liu M, Imai H, Tan EM, Zhang JY. Using immunomic approach to enhance tumor-associated autoantibody detection in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:127-39. [PMID: 24667685 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the possibility of using a mini-array of multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as an approach to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 14 TAAs were selected to examine autoantibodies in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and HCC by immunoassays. Antibody frequency to any individual TAA in HCC varied from 6.6% to 21.1%. With the successive addition of TAAs to the panel of TAAs, there was a stepwise increase of positive antibody reactions. The sensitivity and specificity of 14 TAAs for immunodiagnosis of HCC was 69.7% and 83.0%, respectively. This TAA mini-array also identified 43.8% of HCC patients who had normal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in serum. In summary, this study further supports the hypothesis that a customized TAA array used for detecting anti-TAA autoantibodies can constitute a promising and powerful tool for immunodiagnosis of HCC and may be especially useful in patients with normal AFP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Haruhiko Imai
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eng M Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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Chen D, Wang W, Qin JJ, Wang MH, Murugesan S, Nadkarni DH, Velu SE, Wang H, Zhang R. Identification of the ZAK-MKK4-JNK-TGFβ signaling pathway as a molecular target for novel synthetic iminoquinone anticancer compound BA-TPQ. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2014; 13:651-60. [PMID: 23607596 DOI: 10.2174/15680096113139990040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identification and validation of molecular targets are considered as key elements in new drug discovery and development. We have recently demonstrated that a novel synthetic iminoquinone analog, termed [7-(benzylamino)- 1,3,4,8-tetrahydropyrrolo [4,3, 2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one] (BA-TPQ), has significant anti-breast cancer activity both in vitro and in vivo, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Herein, we report the molecular studies for BA-TPQ's effects on JNK and its upstream and downstream signaling pathways. The compound up-regulates the JNK protein levels by increasing its phosphorylation and decreasing its polyubiquitination-mediated degradation. It activates ZAK at the MAPKKK level and MKK4 at the MAPKK level. It also up-regulates the TGFβ2 mRNA level, which can be abolished by the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125, but not TGFβ pathway-specific inhibitor SD-208, indicating that both JNK and TGFβ signaling pathways are activated by BA-TPQ and that the JNK pathway activation precedes TGFβ activation. The pro-apoptotic and anti-growth effects of BA-TPQ are significantly blocked by both the JNK and TGFβ pathway inhibitors. In addition, BA-TPQ activates the ZAK-MKK4-JNK pathway in MCF7 cells, but not normal MCF10A cells, demonstrating its cancer-specific activities. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that BA-TPQ activates the ZAK-MKK4-JNK-TGFβ signaling cascade as a molecular target for its anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Zhuo X, Ren J, Li D, Wu Y, Zhou Q. MDM2 SNP309 variation increases cervical cancer risk among Asians. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5331-7. [PMID: 24532430 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
MDM2 T309G polymorphism has been suggested to be a risk factor for a number of cancers. The association of MDM2 T309G genetic variation with cervical cancer risk remains inconclusive. In the present study, we aimed to get a more confidential result by conducting a quantitative meta-analysis. Relevant literature up to October 2013 was searched and screened. Essential information was rigorously extracted for data pooling and analyzing, and then, separate analyses on ethnicity and source of controls were also performed. As a result, four articles including five case-control studies were selected. The overall data failed to show a significant association between MDM2 T309G polymorphism and cervical cancer risk (GG vs TT: odds ratio (OR)=1.31; 95 % confidence interval (CI)=0.55-3.13; dominant model: OR=1.22; 95 % CI=0.65-2.31; recessive model: OR=1.45; 95 % CI=0.79-2.65). However, in the subgroup analysis about ethnicity, increased cancer risk could be shown among Asians (GG vs TT: OR=2.15; 95 % CI=1.03-4.51; recessive model: OR=2.01; 95 % CI=1.32-3.06). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that homozygous GG alleles of MDM2 T309G polymorphism might be a risk factor for cervical cancer among Asians. Further studies are needed get a more definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlu Zhuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, China,
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Nag S, Zhang X, Srivenugopal K, Wang MH, Wang W, Zhang R. Targeting MDM2-p53 interaction for cancer therapy: are we there yet? Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:553-74. [PMID: 24180275 PMCID: PMC6690199 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113206660325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 and/or overexpression of the oncogene MDM2 frequently occur in human cancers, and are associated with poor prognosis, advanced forms of the disease, and chemoresistance. MDM2, the major negative regulator of p53, induces p53 degradation and inactivates its tumor suppressing activity. In turn, p53 regulates MDM2 expression. This MDM2-p53 negative feedback loop has been widely studied and presents an attractive target for cancer therapy, with a few of the inhibitors of this interaction already having advanced into clinical trials. Additionally, there is an increasing interest in understanding MDM2's p53-independent activities in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, which may also have implications for cancer therapy. This review aims to highlight the various roles that the MDM2-p53 interaction plays in cancer, the p53 independent oncogenic activities of MDM2 and the various strategies that may be used to target MDM2 and the MDM2-p53 interaction. We will summarize the major preclinical and clinical evidences of MDM2 inhibitors for human cancer treatment and make suggestions to further improve efficacy and safety of this interesting class of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - K.S. Srivenugopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - M.-H. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - W. Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - R. Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in anti-tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. It has been described as "the guardian of the genome", because it is essential for conserving genomic stability by preventing mutation, and its mutation and inactivation are highly related to all human cancers. Two important p53 regulators, MDM2 and MDMX, inactivate p53 by directly inhibiting its transcriptional activity and mediating its ubiquitination in a feedback fashion, as their genes are also the transcriptional targets of p53. On account of the importance of the p53-MDM2-MDMX loop in the initiation and development of wild type p53-containing tumors, intensive studies over the past decade have been aiming to identify small molecules or peptides that could specifically target individual protein molecules of this pathway for developing better anti-cancer therapeutics. In this chapter, we review the approaches for screening and discovering efficient and selective MDM2 inhibitors with emphasis on the most advanced synthetic small molecules that interfere with the p53-MDM2 interaction and are currently on Phase I clinical trials. Other therapeutically useful strategies targeting this loop, which potentially improve the prospects of cancer therapy and prevention, will also be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, Louisiana, LA, 70112, USA
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SCHMIDT MARIANNE, SCHOLZ CLAUSJUERGEN, GAVRIL GEORGIANALUMINITA, OTTO CLEMENS, POLEDNIK CHRISTINE, ROLLER JEANETTE, HAGEN RUDOLF. Effect of Galium verum aqueous extract on growth, motility and gene expression in drug-sensitive and -resistant laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:745-60. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Petrini M, Felicetti F, Bottero L, Errico MC, Morsilli O, Boe A, De Feo A, Carè A. HOXB1 restored expression promotes apoptosis and differentiation in the HL60 leukemic cell line. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:101. [PMID: 24148231 PMCID: PMC3874656 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox (HOX) genes deregulation has been largely implicated in the development of human leukemia. Among the HOXB cluster, HOXB1 was silent in a number of analyzed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) primary cells and cell lines, whereas it was expressed in normal terminally differentiated peripheral blood cells. METHODS We evaluated the biological effects and the transcriptome changes determined by the retroviral transduction of HOXB1 in the human promyelocytic cell line HL60. RESULTS Our results suggest that the enforced expression of HOXB1 reduces cell growth proliferation, inducing apoptosis and cell differentiation along the monocytic and granulocytic lineages. Accordingly, gene expression analysis showed the HOXB1-dependent down-regulation of some tumor promoting genes, paralleled by the up-regulation of apoptosis- and differentiation-related genes, thus supporting a tumor suppressor role for HOXB1 in AML. Finally, we indicated HOXB1 promoter hypermethylation as a mechanism responsible for HOXB1 silencing. CONCLUSIONS We propose HOXB1 as an additional member of the HOX family with tumour suppressor properties suggesting a HOXB1/ATRA combination as a possible future therapeutic strategy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Petrini
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Federica Felicetti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Lisabianca Bottero
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Errico
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Ornella Morsilli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boe
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
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Nag S, Qin J, Srivenugopal KS, Wang M, Zhang R. The MDM2-p53 pathway revisited. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:254-71. [PMID: 23885265 PMCID: PMC3721034 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20130030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is a key transcription factor regulating cellular pathways such as DNA repair, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and senescence. It acts as an important defense mechanism against cancer onset and progression, and is negatively regulated by interaction with the oncoprotein MDM2. In human cancers, the TP53 gene is frequently mutated or deleted, or the wild-type p53 function is inhibited by high levels of MDM2, leading to downregulation of tumor suppressive p53 pathways. Thus, the inhibition of MDM2-p53 interaction presents an appealing therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. However, recent studies have revealed the MDM2-p53 interaction to be more complex involving multiple levels of regulation by numerous cellular proteins and epigenetic mechanisms, making it imperative to reexamine this intricate interplay from a holistic viewpoint. This review aims to highlight the multifaceted network of molecules regulating the MDM2-p53 axis to better understand the pathway and exploit it for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Chen L, Tweddle DA. p53, SKP2, and DKK3 as MYCN Target Genes and Their Potential Therapeutic Significance. Front Oncol 2012; 2:173. [PMID: 23226679 PMCID: PMC3508619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood. Despite significant advances, it currently still remains one of the most difficult childhood cancers to cure, with less than 40% of patients with high-risk disease being long-term survivors. MYCN is a proto-oncogene implicated to be directly involved in neuroblastoma development. Amplification of MYCN is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic strategies which can improve the survival rates whilst reducing the toxicity in these patients are therefore required. Here we discuss genes regulated by MYCN in neuroblastoma, with particular reference to p53, SKP2, and DKK3 and strategies that may be employed to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Chen
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University Newcastle, UK
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