Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Techniques in the Diagnosis of Amyloidosis

Computational Tools and Methods for the Study of Systemic Amyloidosis at the Clinical and Molecular Level

Amyloidosis diseases are characterized by protein misfolding, which forms insoluble beta-sheet fibrils progressively deposited in tissues. Deposition in the form of amyloid aggregates can occur in various organs, damaging their structure and function. The hallmark of amyloidosis is aberrant interactions leading to protein aggregation and proteotoxicity. Accordingly, amyloidosis-related samples represent a valuable source of information to generate new knowledge useful for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes. In this scenario, we outline the path to apply computational methods and strategies based on the combination of proteomics and systems biology approaches. In addition to algorithms useful for subtyping amyloid deposits or assessing proteome recovery after drug treatment, our chapter provides workflows based on protein-protein interaction and protein co-expression network models. In particular, the main steps to reconstruct and analyze them at both functional and topological levels are described. Our chapter aims to provide tools and instructions to identify and monitor prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic markers and to shed light on the processes, pathways, and functions affected by amyloidogenic proteins.

A review on analytical methods with special reference to electroanalytical methods for the determination of some anticancer drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples

It is widely accepted that cancer, the second leading cause of death, is a morbidity with big impacts on the global health. In the last few years, chemo-therapeutic treatment continually induces alone most lengthy consequents, which is extremely harmful for the physiological and psychological health of the patients. In the present research, we discuss the recent techniques for employed for extraction, and quantitative determination of such compounds in pharmaceutical, and biological specimens. In the frame of this information, this review aims to provide basic principles of chromatography, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs published in the last three years. The review also describes the recent developments regarding enhancing the limit of detection (LOD), the linear dynamic range, and so forth. The results show that the LOD for the chromatographic techniques with the UV detector was obtained equaled over the range 2.0 ng mL^-1-0.2 μg mL^-1, whereas the LOD values for analysis by chromatographic technique with the mass spectrometry (MS) detector was found between 10.0 pg mL^-1-0.002 μg mL^-1. The biological fluids could be directly injected to capillary electrophoresis (CE) in cases where the medicine concentration is at the contents greater than mg L^-1 or g L^-1. Additionally, electrochemical detection of the anticancer drugs has been mainly conducted by the voltammetry techniques with diverse modified electrodes, and lower LODs were estimated between 3.0 ng mL^-1-0.3 μg mL^-1. It is safe to say that the analyses of anticancer drugs can be achieved by employing a plethora of techniques such as electroanalytical, spectroscopy, and chromatography techniques.