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Yang J, Qiu X, Zhou M, Wang D. Crocetin attenuating Urinary tract Infection and adherence of uropathogenic E. coli in NRK-52E cells via an inflammatory pathway. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13998. [PMID: 34792197 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Urinary tract infections (UTI) are commonly treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, but treatment has limitation due to causes of nephrotoxicity in uroepithelial cells. Recently, the researcher focuses their research on alternative therapy for the treatment of UTI. This study evaluated the anti-infectious effect of crocetin against adherence of pathogenic [2-14 C]-acetate labeled Escherichia coli (MTCC-729) to rat proximal renal tubular cells (NRK-52E cells) and explores the possible mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro cytotoxicity and radio acetate labeled tests were performed on NRK-52E cells. The rats were divided into five different groups as follows: normal control (NC), disease control (DC), and various doses of crocetin (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) treated group rats. White blood cells in blood, urine, and bacterial colony counts were estimated at regular intervals. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), were also estimated. In the current study, we estimated the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) in the renal and bladder tissues. RESULTS Crocetin significantly (p < .05) inhibited the adherence of E. Coli in NRK-52E cells. Crocetin suppresses the lipid peroxidation (LPO) 42% in cells treated with H2 O2 cells without crocetin. The white blood cells (WBC) count in blood and urine were augmented and crocetin treatment significantly (p < .05) reduced the WBC in urine and blood. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, MCP-1, IL-10, and IL-8, significantly (p < .05) increased in the DC group and crocetin significantly (p < .05) reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dose-dependent treatment of crocetin significantly reduced the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the renal and bladder tissues. CONCLUSION Crocetin considerably reduced the bacterial adherence to NRK-52E cells, attenuated the H2 O2 induced toxicity in NRK-52E cells and also improved the renal tubular function, and reduced the inflammatory response via altering the inflammatory and antioxidant markers. PRACTICAL APPLICATION As we all know that urinary tract infection is the most common disease worldwide. In this study, we scrutinized the protective effect of crocetin against urinary tract infection. Crocetin treatment considerably reduced the zone of inhibition and improved radioactivity. Crocetin significantly reduced the levels of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Crocetin can be used as a protective drug in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, China
| | - Xin Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, Baoji Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji, China
| | - Meilan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Zheng H, Zhang Y, He J, Yang Z, Zhang R, Li L, Luo Z, Ye Y, Sun Q. Hydroxychloroquine Inhibits Macrophage Activation and Attenuates Renal Fibrosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645100. [PMID: 33936063 PMCID: PMC8079743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is associated with high morbidity, remains a worldwide health concern, while effective therapies remain limited. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which mainly targets toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) and TLR-9, is associated with a lower risk of incident CKD. Taking into account that TLR-9 is involved in the development of renal fibrosis and serves as a potential therapy target for CKD, we investigated whether HCQ could attenuate CKD via TLR-9 signal pathway. The effects of HCQ on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis were further explored using a mouse model of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were isolated to explore the effects of HCQ in vitro. Judicious use of HCQ efficiently inhibited the activation of macrophages and MAPK signaling pathways, thereby attenuating renal fibrosis in vivo. In an in vitro model, results showed that HCQ promoted apoptosis of macrophages and inhibited activation of macrophages, especially M2 macrophages, in a dose-dependent manner. Because TLR-7 is not involved in the development of CKD post-injury, a TLR-9 knockout mouse was used to explore the mechanisms of HCQ. The effects of HCQ on renal fibrosis and macrophages decreased after depletion of TLR-9 in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, this study indicated that proper use of HCQ could be a new strategy for anti-fibrotic therapy and that TLR-9 could be a potential therapeutic target for CKD following acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Zheng
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan He
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Luo
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongrong Ye
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiquan Sun
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li Y, Mao Y, Yu N, Xu X, Li M, Jiang Z, Wu C, Xu K, Chang K, Wang S, Mao H, Hu C. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) TRAF6 up-regulates IFN1 expression by activating IRF5. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103475. [PMID: 31437525 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) can be activated by tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Upon activation, IRF5 translocates into the nucleus, where it binds to IFN promoter and up-regulates IFN expression. However, there are few reports on the molecular mechanism by which TRAF6 up-regulates IFN expression in fish. In this study, we explored how Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) TRAF6 initiated innate immunity by activating IRF5. We found that CiTRAF6, CiIRF5 and CiIFN1 were all significantly up-regulated in LPS-stimulated CIK cells and the expression of CiTRAF6 was earlier than the expressions of CiIRF5 and CiIFN1. These findings suggested that CiIFN1 expression might be induced by CiTRAF6 in fish. CiIFN1 expression, CiIFN1 promoter activity and CO cells viability were all significantly up-regulated in the overexpression experiments, but they were significantly down-regulated in the gene silencing experiments. This indicated that CiTRAF6, along with CiIRF5, regulated CiIFN1 expression. The localization analysis found that both CiTRAF6 and CiIRF5 located in the cytoplasm. Following LPS stimulation, CiIRF5 was observed to translocate to the nucleus. GST-pull down and co-IP experiments revealed that CiTRAF6 interacted with CiIRF5. The colocalization analysis also showed that CiTRAF6 bound with CiIRF5 in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of CiTRAF6 increased the endogenous CiIRF5, promoted its ubiquitination and nuclear translocation. In conclusion, CiTRAF6 bound to CiIRF5 in the cytoplasm, and then activated CiIRF5, resulting in up-regulating the expression of CiIFN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Li
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yuexin Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ningli Yu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zeyin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Chuxin Wu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kang Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shanghong Wang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Poyang Lake Key Laboratory of Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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