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Yu W, Li X, Sun Q, Yi S, Zhang G, Chen L, Li Z, Li J, Luo L. Metabolomics and network pharmacology reveal the mechanism of Castanopsis honey against Streptococcus pyogenes. Food Chem 2024; 441:138388. [PMID: 38219368 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is one of the most virulent and infectious bacteria, severely threatening health and lives of people worldwide. Honey has been proven to have effective capability against GAS, but the underlying metabolites and mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the Castanopsis honey (CH) showed significant antibacterial ability compared to other seven kinds of honey and artificial honey. Furthermore, the antibacterial metabolites and their targets in CH were screened by combined method of metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking. The results suggested that the activities of two antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and tyrosyl tRNA synthetase identified as the primary targets, were significantly inhibited by CH, which significantly increased the level of oxidative stress in GAS. The results revealed a possibly novel mechanism regulating the oxidative stress and inhibits the growth in bacteria, providing strong experimental evidence to support the further development of CH as a novel antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, (School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Qifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shengxiang Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Gaowei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Lili Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Zhuozhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, (School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Junru Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Liping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, (School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031 China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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2
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Zhu J, Xie R, Gao R, Zhao Y, Yodsanit N, Zhu M, Burger JC, Ye M, Tong Y, Gong S. Multimodal nanoimmunotherapy engages neutrophils to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus infections. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01648-8. [PMID: 38632494 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus necessitates alternative therapeutic approaches. Neutrophils play a crucial role in the fight against S. aureus but suffer from deficiencies in function leading to increased infection. Here we report a nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy aimed at potentiating neutrophils to eliminate S. aureus. The nanoparticles consist of naftifine, haemoglobin (Hb) and a red blood cell membrane coating. Naftifine disrupts staphyloxanthin biosynthesis, Hb reduces bacterial hydrogen sulfide levels and the red blood cell membrane modifies bacterial lipid composition. Collectively, the nanoparticles can sensitize S. aureus to host oxidant killing. Furthermore, in the infectious microenvironment, Hb triggers lipid peroxidation in S. aureus, promoting neutrophil chemotaxis. Oxygen supplied by Hb can also significantly enhance the bactericidal capability of the recruited neutrophils by restoring neutrophil respiratory burst via hypoxia relief. This multimodal nanoimmunotherapy demonstrates excellent therapeutic efficacy in treating antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus persisters, biofilms and S. aureus-induced infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ruosen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nisakorn Yodsanit
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacobus C Burger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yao Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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3
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Elbouzidi A, Taibi M, Laaraj S, Loukili EH, Haddou M, El Hachlafi N, Naceiri Mrabti H, Baraich A, Bellaouchi R, Asehraou A, Bourhia M, Nafidi HA, Bin Jardan YA, Chaabane K, Addi M. Chemical profiling of volatile compounds of the essential oil of grey-leaved rockrose ( Cistus albidus L.) and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity in vitro and in silico. Front Chem 2024; 12:1334028. [PMID: 38435667 PMCID: PMC10905769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1334028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cistus albidus: L., also known as Grey-leaved rockrose and locally addressed as šṭab or tûzzâla lbîḍa, is a plant species with a well-established reputation for its health-promoting properties and traditional use for the treatment of various diseases. This research delves into exploring the essential oil extracted from the aerial components of Cistus albidus (referred to as CAEO), aiming to comprehend its properties concerning antioxidation, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial efficacy, and cytotoxicity. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of CAEO's chemical composition was performed through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, four complementary assays were conducted to assess its antioxidant potential, including DPPH scavenging, β-carotene bleaching, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant capacity assays. The investigation delved into the anti-inflammatory properties via the 5-lipoxygenase assay and the antimicrobial effects of CAEO against various bacterial and fungal strains. Additionally, the research investigated the cytotoxic effects of CAEO on two human breast cancer subtypes, namely, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Chemical analysis revealed camphene as the major compound, comprising 39.21% of the composition, followed by α-pinene (19.01%), bornyl acetate (18.32%), tricyclene (6.86%), and melonal (5.44%). Notably, CAEO exhibited robust antioxidant activity, as demonstrated by the low IC50 values in DPPH (153.92 ± 4.30 μg/mL) and β-carotene (95.25 ± 3.75 μg/mL) assays, indicating its ability to counteract oxidative damage. The ABTS assay and the total antioxidant capacity assay also confirmed the potent antioxidant potential with IC50 values of 120.51 ± 3.33 TE μmol/mL and 458.25 ± 3.67 µg AAE/mg, respectively. In terms of anti-inflammatory activity, CAEO displayed a substantial lipoxygenase inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL. Its antimicrobial properties were broad-spectrum, although some resistance was observed in the case of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. CAEO exhibited significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on tumor cell lines in vitro. Additionally, computational analyses were carried out to appraise the physicochemical characteristics, drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetic properties of CAEO's constituent molecules, while the toxicity was assessed using the Protox II web server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Elbouzidi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF), Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Taibi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
- Centre de l’Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Salah Laaraj
- Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Tadla, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Mounir Haddou
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - Hanae Naceiri Mrabti
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Baraich
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Reda Bellaouchi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources Valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Agadir, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Chaabane
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Addi
- Laboratoire d’Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
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Yi J, Liu C, Yang P, Wu ZC, Du CJ, Shen N. Exogenous glutathione reverses meropenem resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1327230. [PMID: 38174220 PMCID: PMC10762803 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1327230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infection has been increasing rapidly worldwide and, poses a significant risk to human health. Effective methods are urgently needed to address treatment failures related to antibiotic resistance. Recent research has reported that some drugs in combination with antibiotics have displayed synergistic killing of resistant bacteria. Here, we investigated whether glutathione (GSH) can synergize with meropenem, and enhance its effectiveness against CRKP. Methods: Synergistic activity was assessed by checkerboard and time-killing assays. The mechanism of these combinations was assessed by total ROS and membrane permeability assays. The bacterial metabolites were assessed by LC‒MS/MS. Results: The FICIs of GSH and meropenem were approximately 0.5 and the combined treatment with GSH and meropenem resulted in a more than 2log10 CFU/mL reduction in bacteria compared to the individual treatments. These findings indicated the synergistic effect of the two drugs. Moreover, the meropenem MIC of CRKP was reduced to less than 4 mg/L when combined with 6 mg/mL GSH, indicating that GSH could significantly reverse resistance to meropenem in bacteria. The production of ROS in bacteria was determined by flow cytometry. After adding GSH, the ROS in the GSH group and the combined group was significantly higher than that in the control and meropenem groups, but there was no significant difference between the combined and GSH groups. The metabolic disturbance caused by GSH alone and in combination with meropenem was significant intracellularly and extracellularly, especially in terms of glycerophospholipid metabolism, indicating that the synergistic effect of the combined use of GSH and meropenem was relevant to glycerophospholipid metabolism. In addition, we measured the cell membrane permeability. The cell membrane permeability of the combination group was significantly higher than that of the blank control or monotreatment groups. This confirmed that the GSH can serve as a meropenem enhancers by disturbing glycerophospholipid metabolism and increasing cell membrane permeability. Conclusion: GSH and meropenem display a synergistic effect, wherein GSH increases the sensitivity of CRKP to meropenem. The synergy and susceptibility effects are thought to related to the increased membrane permeability resulting from the perturbations in glycerophospholipid metabolism, presenting a novel avenue for CRKP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yi
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center of Infectious Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-chao Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center of Infectious Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-jing Du
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center of Infectious Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Center of Infectious Disease, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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Ratia C, Ballén V, Gabasa Y, Soengas RG, Velasco-de Andrés M, Iglesias MJ, Cheng Q, Lozano F, Arnér ESJ, López-Ortiz F, Soto SM. Novel gold(III)-dithiocarbamate complex targeting bacterial thioredoxin reductase: antimicrobial activity, synergy, toxicity, and mechanistic insights. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1198473. [PMID: 37333656 PMCID: PMC10272563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1198473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance is a pressing global concern that has led to the search for new antibacterial agents with novel targets or non-traditional approaches. Recently, organogold compounds have emerged as a promising class of antibacterial agents. In this study, we present and characterize a (C^S)-cyclometallated Au(III) dithiocarbamate complex as a potential drug candidate. Methods and results The Au(III) complex was found to be stable in the presence of effective biological reductants, and showed potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against a wide range of multidrug-resistant strains, particularly gram-positive strains, and gram-negative strains when used in combination with a permeabilizing antibiotic. No resistant mutants were detected after exposing bacterial cultures to strong selective pressure, indicating that the complex may have a low propensity for resistance development. Mechanistic studies indicate that the Au(III) complex exerts its antibacterial activity through a multimodal mechanism of action. Ultrastructural membrane damage and rapid bacterial uptake suggest direct interactions with the bacterial membrane, while transcriptomic analysis identified altered pathways related to energy metabolism and membrane stability including enzymes of the TCA cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis. Enzymatic studies further revealed a strong reversible inhibition of the bacterial thioredoxin reductase. Importantly, the Au(III) complex demonstrated low cytotoxicity at therapeutic concentrations in mammalian cell lines, and showed no acute in vivo toxicity in mice at the doses tested, with no signs of organ toxicity. Discussion Overall, these findings highlight the potential of the Au(III)-dithiocarbamate scaffold as a basis for developing novel antimicrobial agents, given its potent antibacterial activity, synergy, redox stability, inability to produce resistant mutants, low toxicity to mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo, and non-conventional mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ratia
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Ballén
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yaiza Gabasa
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel G. Soengas
- Área de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - María José Iglesias
- Área de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Lozano
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elias S. J. Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Selenoprotein Research and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fernando López-Ortiz
- Área de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Sara M. Soto
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Zhang Q, Zhou H, Jiang P, Xiao X. Metal-based nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents: A novel driveway to accelerate the aggravation of antibiotic resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131658. [PMID: 37209560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of antibiotic tolerance directly affect human health and result in socioeconomic loss. Nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics and have been blended with various medical applications. However, with increasing evidence that metal-based nanomaterials may induce antibiotic tolerance, there is an urgent need to scrutinize how nanomaterial-induced microbial adaption affects the evolution and spread of antibiotic tolerance. Accordingly, within this investigation, we summarized the principal factors influencing the resistance development exposed to metal-based nanomaterials, including physicochemical properties, exposure scenario, as well as bacterial response. Furthermore, the mechanisms of metal-based nanomaterial-induced antibiotic resistance development were comprehensively elucidated from acquired resistance by horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), intrinsic resistance by genetic mutation or upregulated resistance-related gene expression, and adaptive resistance by global evolution. Overall, our review raises concerns about the safety of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents, which will facilitate assistance in the safe development of antibiotic-free antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Huixian Zhou
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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7
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Chen X, Sun S, Huang S, Yang H, Ye Q, Lv L, Liang Y, Shan J, Xu J, Liu W, Ma T. Gold(I) selenium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes as potent antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria via inhibiting thioredoxin reductase. Redox Biol 2023; 60:102621. [PMID: 36758467 PMCID: PMC9939723 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria have become a global threat to human life and health, and novel antibiotics are urgently needed. The thioredoxin (Trx) system can be used as an antibacterial target to combat MDR bacteria. Here, we found that two active gold(I) selenium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes H7 and H8 show more promising antibacterial effects against MDR bacteria than auranofin. Both H7 and H8 irreversibly inhibit the bacterial TrxR activity via targeting the redox-active motif, abolishing the capacity of TrxR to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) and finally leading to oxidative stress. The increased cellular superoxide radical levels impact a variety of functions necessary for bacterial survival, such as cellular redox balance, cell membrane integrity, amino acid metabolism, and lipid peroxidation. In vivo data present much better antibacterial activity of H7 and H8 than auranofin, promoting the wound healing and prolonging the survival time of Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) induced peritonitis. Most notably in this study, we revealed the influence of gold(I) complexes on both the Trx system and the cellular metabolic states to better understand their killing mechanism and to support further antibacterial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Ye
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lin Lv
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanshan Liang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
| | - Wukun Liu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Tonghui Ma
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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8
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Chen H, Lu Q, An H, Li J, Shen S, Zheng X, Chen W, Wang L, Li J, Du Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Baumann M, Tacke M, Zou L, Wang J. The synergistic activity of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen against Escherichia coli infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1080281. [PMID: 36588729 PMCID: PMC9797518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1080281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli ranks as the number one clinical isolate in the past years in China according to The China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET), and its multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic strains account for over 160 million cases of dysentery and one million deaths per year. Here, our work demonstrates that E. coli is highly sensitive to the synergistic combination of SBC3 [1,3-Dibenzyl-4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-2-ylidene silver (I) acetate] and Ebselen, which shows no synergistic toxicity on mammalian cells. The proposed mechanism for the synergistic antibacterial effect of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen is based on directly inhibiting E. coli thioredoxin reductase and rapidly depleting glutathione, resulting in the increase of reactive oxygen species that cause bacterial cell death. Furthermore, the bactericidal efficacy of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen has been confirmed in mild and acute peritonitis mice. In addition, the five most difficult to treat Gram-negative bacteria (including E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are also highly sensitive to a synergistic combination of SBC3 and Ebselen. Thus, SBC3 in combination with Ebselen has potential as a treatment for clinically important Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue An
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Shuchu Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Youqin Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Marcus Baumann
- The School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthias Tacke
- The School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
| | - Lili Zou
- The Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
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9
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Dong C, Chen W, Zou L, Liu B, Deng K, Guo D, Wang P, Chen H, Wang H, Wang J. The Assessment on Synergistic Activity of Ebselen and Silver Ion Against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963901. [PMID: 35958130 PMCID: PMC9363147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne zoonotic bacterium that is pathogenic to guinea pigs, rabbits, and mice. It also causes pseudotuberculosis in humans. However, it still lacked the scientific basis for control. Here, we found out that Ebselen (EbSe) exhibited synergistic antibacterial activity with silver nitrate (Ag+) against Y. pseudotuberculosis YpIII strain with high efficacy in vitro using UV-visible light absorption spectrum, 5,5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), laser scanning confocal microscope, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting assays. The depletion of total glutathione (GSH) amount and inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity in thiol-dependent redox system revealed the destructiveness of EbSe-Ag+-caused intracellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, a YpIII-caused mice gastroenteritis model was constructed. EbSe-Ag+ significantly reduced bacterial loads with low toxicity. It also down-regulated the expression levels of interferon (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, up-regulated the expression level of IL-10 on-site. All the in vivo results demonstrated the antibacterial activity and immune-modulatory property of EbSe-Ag+. Collectively, these results provided academic fundament for further analysis and development of EbSe-Ag+ as the antibacterial agents for pseudotuberculosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Dong
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lili Zou
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Zou,
| | - Binbin Liu
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Kaihong Deng
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Dingrui Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Affiliated Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Helen Wang,
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Jun Wang,
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10
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Xu Z, Ma X, Chen X, Liu W. Repurposing of the gold drug auranofin and a review of its derivatives as antibacterial therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1961-1973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Liu X, Wu Y, Mao C, Shen J, Zhu K. Host-acting antibacterial compounds combat cytosolic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:761-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Wu S, Liu X, Li Z, Lu Z, Jiang N, Yang H, Yao H. Te-Cefotaxime Nanocomposites with Restored Antibiotic Susceptibility and LED Light Activated Photothermal Effect for Rapid MRSA Eradication. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1571-1581. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a huge threat to public health. Restoring the susceptibility of ineffective antibiotics by inorganic nanomaterials and combining of photothermal and antibiotic synergistic therapy could be...
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13
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Abstract
Abstract
Ebselen is a well-known synthetic compound mimicking glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyses some vital reactions that protect against oxidative damage. Based on a large number of in vivo and in vitro studies, various mechanisms have been proposed to explain its actions on multiple targets. It targets thiol-related compounds, including cysteine, glutathione, and thiol proteins (e.g., thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase). Owing to this, ebselen is a unique multifunctional agent with important effects on inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell differentiation, immune regulation and neurodegenerative disease, with anti-microbial, detoxifying and anti-tumour activity. This review summarises the current understanding of the multiple biological processes and molecules targeted by ebselen, and its pharmacological applications.
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14
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Thioredoxin reductase as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105854. [PMID: 34455077 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) belong to the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family enzymes that reduce thioredoxin (Trx). The couple TrxR and Trx is one of the major antioxidant systems that control the redox homeostasis in cells. The thioredoxin system, comprised of TrxR, Trx and NADPH, exerts its activities via a disulfide-dithiol exchange reaction. Inhibition of TrxR is an important clinical goal in all conditions in which the redox state is perturbed. The present review focuses on the most critical aspects of the cellular functions of TrxRs and their inhibition mechanisms by metal ions or chemicals, through direct targeting of TrxRs or their substrates or protein interactors. To update the involvement of overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs in various pathological conditions, human diseases associated with TrxRs genes were critically summarized by publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalogs and literature. The pieces of evidence presented here justify why TrxR is recognized as one of the most critical clinical targets and the growing current interest in developing molecules capable of interfering with the functions of TrxR enzymes.
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15
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Huang L, Ahmed S, Gu Y, Huang J, An B, Wu C, Zhou Y, Cheng G. The Effects of Natural Products and Environmental Conditions on Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144277. [PMID: 34299552 PMCID: PMC8303546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the extensive application of antibiotics in medical and farming practices, the continued diversification and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has attracted serious public concern. With the emergence of AMR and the failure to treat bacterial infections, it has led to an increased interest in searching for novel antibacterial substances such as natural antimicrobial substances, including microbial volatile compounds (MVCs), plant-derived compounds, and antimicrobial peptides. However, increasing observations have revealed that AMR is associated not only with the use of antibacterial substances but also with tolerance to heavy metals existing in nature and being used in agriculture practice. Additionally, bacteria respond to environmental stresses, e.g., nutrients, oxidative stress, envelope stress, by employing various adaptive strategies that contribute to the development of AMR and the survival of bacteria. Therefore, we need to elucidate thoroughly the factors and conditions affecting AMR to take comprehensive measures to control the development of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Yufeng Gu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Junhong Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Boyu An
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Cuirong Wu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
| | - Yujie Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.H.); (Y.G.); (J.H.); (B.A.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Lu J. Therapy Based on the Regulation of Thiol-dependent Redox Systems. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1876-1877. [PMID: 32345191 DOI: 10.2174/092986732712200423125214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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17
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Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. Oxidative Stress-Generating Antimicrobials, a Novel Strategy to Overcome Antibacterial Resistance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050361. [PMID: 32357394 PMCID: PMC7278815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is becoming one of the most important human health issues. Accordingly, the research focused on finding new antibiotherapeutic strategies is again becoming a priority for governments and major funding bodies. The development of treatments based on the generation of oxidative stress with the aim to disrupt the redox defenses of bacterial pathogens is an important strategy that has gained interest in recent years. This approach is allowing the identification of antimicrobials with repurposing potential that could be part of combinatorial chemotherapies designed to treat infections caused by recalcitrant bacterial pathogens. In addition, there have been important advances in the identification of novel plant and bacterial secondary metabolites that may generate oxidative stress as part of their antibacterial mechanism of action. Here, we revised the current status of this emerging field, focusing in particular on novel oxidative stress-generating compounds with the potential to treat infections caused by intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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18
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Mourenza Á, Collado C, Bravo-Santano N, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. The extracellular thioredoxin Etrx3 is required for macrophage infection in Rhodococcus equi. Vet Res 2020; 51:38. [PMID: 32156317 PMCID: PMC7063783 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is an intracellular veterinary pathogen that is becoming resistant to current antibiotherapy. Genes involved in preserving redox homeostasis could be promising targets for the development of novel anti-infectives. Here, we studied the role of an extracellular thioredoxin (Etrx3/REQ_13520) in the resistance to phagocytosis. An etrx3-null mutant strain was unable to survive within macrophages, whereas the complementation with the etrx3 gene restored its intracellular survival rate. In addition, the deletion of etrx3 conferred to R. equi a high susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite. Our results suggest that Etrx3 is essential for the resistance of R. equi to specific oxidative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Mourenza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Cristina Collado
- Department of Molecular Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of León, León, Spain
| | | | - José A Gil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Luís M Mateos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Michal Letek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of León, León, Spain.
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