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Cai H, Guo S, Xu Y, Sun J, Li J, Xia Z, Jiang Y, Xie X, Xu HE. Cryo-EM structures of adenosine receptor A 3AR bound to selective agonists. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3252. [PMID: 38627384 PMCID: PMC11021478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR), a key member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, is a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory and cancerous conditions. The selective A3AR agonists, CF101 and CF102, are clinically significant, yet their recognition mechanisms remained elusive. Here we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structures of the full-length human A3AR bound to CF101 and CF102 with heterotrimeric Gi protein in complex at 3.3-3.2 Å resolution. These agonists reside in the orthosteric pocket, forming conserved interactions via their adenine moieties, while their 3-iodobenzyl groups exhibit distinct orientations. Functional assays reveal the critical role of extracellular loop 3 in A3AR's ligand selectivity and receptor activation. Key mutations, including His3.37, Ser5.42, and Ser6.52, in a unique sub-pocket of A3AR, significantly impact receptor activation. Comparative analysis with the inactive A2AAR structure highlights a conserved receptor activation mechanism. Our findings provide comprehensive insights into the molecular recognition and signaling of A3AR, paving the way for designing subtype-selective adenosine receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shimeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhikan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Targeting the A 3 adenosine receptor to prevent and reverse chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicities in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:11. [PMID: 35093182 PMCID: PMC8800287 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is used to combat solid tumors. However, patients treated with cisplatin often develop cognitive impairments, sensorimotor deficits, and peripheral neuropathy. There is no FDA-approved treatment for these neurotoxicities. We investigated the capacity of a highly selective A3 adenosine receptor (AR) subtype (A3AR) agonist, MRS5980, to prevent and reverse cisplatin-induced neurotoxicities. MRS5980 prevented cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment (decreased executive function and impaired spatial and working memory), sensorimotor deficits, and neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia and spontaneous pain) in both sexes. At the structural level, MRS5980 prevented the cisplatin-induced reduction in markers of synaptic integrity. In-situ hybridization detected Adora3 mRNA in neurons, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. RNAseq analysis identified 164 genes, including genes related to mitochondrial function, of which expression was changed by cisplatin and normalized by MRS5980. Consistently, MRS5980 prevented cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased signs of oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the A3AR agonist upregulates genes related to repair pathways including NOTCH1 signaling and chromatin modification in the cortex of cisplatin-treated mice. Importantly, A3AR agonist administration after completion of cisplatin treatment resolved cognitive impairment, neuropathy and sensorimotor deficits. Our results highlight the efficacy of a selective A3AR agonist to prevent and reverse cisplatin-induced neurotoxicities via preventing brain mitochondrial damage and activating repair pathways. An A3AR agonist is already in cancer, clinical trials and our results demonstrate management of neurotoxic side effects of chemotherapy as an additional therapeutic benefit.
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Mazziotta C, Rotondo JC, Lanzillotti C, Campione G, Martini F, Tognon M. Cancer biology and molecular genetics of A 3 adenosine receptor. Oncogene 2022; 41:301-308. [PMID: 34750517 PMCID: PMC8755539 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is a cell membrane protein, which has been found to be overexpressed in a large number of cancer types. This receptor plays an important role in cancer by interacting with adenosine. Specifically, A3AR has a dual nature in different pathophysiological conditions, as it is expressed according to tissue type and stimulated by an adenosine dose-dependent manner. A3AR activation leads to tumor growth, cell proliferation and survival in some cases, while triggering cytostatic and apoptotic pathways in others. This review aims to describe the most relevant aspects of A3AR activation and its ligands whereas it summarizes A3AR activities in cancer. Progress in the field of A3AR modulators, with a potential therapeutic role in cancer treatment are reported, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mazziotta
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine-Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine-Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Lanzillotti
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine-Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Campione
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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4
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Hallaj S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Arasteh A, Ghorbani A, Lee D, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Adenosine: The common target between cancer immunotherapy and glaucoma in the eye. Life Sci 2021; 282:119796. [PMID: 34245774 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, an endogenous purine nucleoside, is a well-known actor of the immune system and the inflammatory response both in physiologic and pathologic conditions. By acting upon particular, G-protein coupled adenosine receptors, i.e., A1, A2- a & b, and A3 receptors mediate a variety of intracellular and immunomodulatory actions. Several studies have elucidated Adenosine's effect and its up-and downstream molecules and enzymes on the anti-tumor response against several types of cancers. We have also targeted a couple of molecules to manipulate this pathway and get the immune system's desired response in our previous experiences. Besides, the outgrowth of the studies on ocular Adenosine in recent years has significantly enhanced the knowledge about Adenosine and its role in ocular immunology and the inflammatory response of the eye. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness globally, and the recent application of Adenosine and its derivatives has shown the critical role of the adenosine pathway in its pathophysiology. However, despite a very promising background, the phase III clinical trial of Trabodenoson failed to achieve the non-inferiority goals of the study. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the abovementioned pathway in ophthalmology and ocular immunology; following a brief evaluation of the current immunotherapeutic strategies, we try to elucidate the links between cancer immunotherapy and glaucoma in order to introduce novel therapeutic targets for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Hallaj
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Amin Arasteh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Anahita Ghorbani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daniel Lee
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Zhirnov VV, Velihina YS, Mitiukhin OP, Brovarets VS. Intrinsic drug potential of oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines and oxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:561-581. [PMID: 34148293 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxazole and pyrimidine rings are widely displayed in natural products and synthetic molecules. They are known as the prime skeletons for drug discovery. On the account of structural and chemical diversity, oxazole and pyrimidine-based molecules, as central scaffolds, not only provide different types of interactions with various receptors and enzymes, showing broad biological activities, but also occupy a core position in medicinal chemistry, showing their importance for development and discovery of newer potential therapeutic agents (Curr Top Med Chem, 16, 2016, 3133; Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 8, 2016, 8; BMC Chem, 13, 2019, 44). For a long time, relatively little attention has been paid to their fused rings that are oxazolopyrimidines, whose chemical structure is similar to that of natural purines because probably none of these compounds were found in natural products or their biological activities turned out to be unexpressed (Bull Chem Soc Jpn, 43, 1970, 187). Recently, however, a significant number of studies have been published on the biological properties of oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines, showing their significant activity as agonists and antagonists of signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the cell life cycle, whereas oxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines, on the contrary, represent a poorly studied class of compounds. Limited access to this scaffold has resulted in a corresponding lack of biological research (Eur J Organ Chem, 18, 2018, 2148). Actually, oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine is a versatile scaffold used for the design of bioactive ligands against enzymes and receptors. This review focuses on biological targets and associated pathogenetic mechanisms, as well as pathological disorders that can be modified by well-known oxazolopyrimidines that have been proven to date. Many molecular details of these processes are omitted here, which the interested reader will find in the cited literature. This work also does not cover the methods for the synthesis of the oxazolopyrimidines, which are exhaustively described by De Coen et al. (Eur J Organ Chem, 18, 2018, 2148). The review as well does not discuss the structure-activity relationship, which is described in detail in the original works and deliberately, whenever possible, cites not primary sources, but mostly relevant review articles, so that the reader who wants to delve into a particular problem will immediately receive more complete information. It is expected that the information presented in this review will help readers better understand the purpose of the development of oxazolopyrimidines and the possibility of their development as drugs for the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Zhirnov
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yevheniia S Velihina
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleg P Mitiukhin
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr S Brovarets
- Department of Chemistry of Bioactive Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Bases, Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Lindemann M, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Hinz S, Deuther-Conrad W, Teodoro R, Juhl C, Steinbach J, Brust P, Müller CE, Wenzel B. Synthesis of Novel Fluorinated Xanthine Derivatives with High Adenosine A 2B Receptor Binding Affinity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050485. [PMID: 34069548 PMCID: PMC8161391 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled adenosine A2B receptor is suggested to be involved in various pathological processes accompanied by increased levels of adenosine as found in inflammation, hypoxia, and cancer. Therefore, the adenosine A2B receptor is currently in focus as a novel target for cancer therapy as well as for noninvasive molecular imaging via positron emission tomography (PET). Aiming at the development of a radiotracer labeled with the PET radionuclide fluorine-18 for imaging the adenosine A2B receptor in brain tumors, one of the most potent and selective antagonists, the xanthine derivative PSB-603, was selected as a lead compound. As initial biodistribution studies in mice revealed a negligible brain uptake of [3H]PSB-603 (SUV3min: 0.2), structural modifications were performed to optimize the physicochemical properties regarding blood–brain barrier penetration. Two novel fluorinated derivatives bearing a 2-fluoropyridine (5) moiety and a 4-fluoro-piperidine (6) moiety were synthesized, and their affinity towards the four adenosine receptor subtypes was determined in competition binding assays. Both compounds showed high affinity towards the adenosine A2B receptor (Ki (5) = 9.97 ± 0.86 nM; Ki (6) = 12.3 ± 3.6 nM) with moderate selectivity versus the other adenosine receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lindemann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.-S.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sladjana Dukic-Stefanovic
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.-S.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (B.W.)
- ROTOP Pharmaka GmbH, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (S.H.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.-S.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (B.W.)
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.-S.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (B.W.)
| | | | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.-S.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (B.W.)
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.-S.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (B.W.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (S.H.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (S.D.-S.); (W.D.-C.); (R.T.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (B.W.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, 19392, Amman, Jordan
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8
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A 2B Adenosine Receptor and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205139. [PMID: 31627281 PMCID: PMC6829478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are four subtypes of adenosine receptors (ARs), named A1, A2A, A2B and A3, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Locally produced adenosine is a suppressant in anti-tumor immune surveillance. The A2BAR, coupled to both Gαs and Gαi G proteins, is one of the several GPCRs that are expressed in a significantly higher level in certain cancer tissues, in comparison to adjacent normal tissues. There is growing evidence that the A2BAR plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune suppression. Thus, A2BAR antagonists are novel, potentially attractive anticancer agents. Several antagonists targeting A2BAR are currently in clinical trials for various types of cancers. In this review, we first describe the signaling, agonists, and antagonists of the A2BAR. We further discuss the role of the A2BAR in the progression of various cancers, and the rationale of using A2BAR antagonists in cancer therapy.
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