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Harlan TS, Gow RV, Kornstädt A, Alderson PW, Lustig RH. The Metabolic Matrix: Re-engineering ultraprocessed foods to feed the gut, protect the liver, and support the brain. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1098453. [PMID: 37063330 PMCID: PMC10097968 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1098453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraprocessed food is established as a metabolic disruptor acting to increase adiposity, reduce mitochondrial efficiency, drive insulin resistance, alter growth, and contribute to human morbidity and mortality. Consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies are beginning to understand the detrimental impact of the food they market, and have employed substitution strategies to reduce salt, sugar, and fat. However, the harms of ultraprocessed foods are far more complex than any single component, and are not ameliorated by such simple substitutions. Over the past 2 years, the authors have worked with the Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company (KDD) to conduct a comprehensive scientific evaluation of their entire commercial food and beverage portfolio. Assay of the macronutrients, micronutrients, additives, and toxins contained in each of their products was undertaken to determine the precise nature of each product’s ingredients as well as the health impacts of processing. The authors formed a Scientific Advisory Team (SAT) and developed a tiered “Metabolic Matrix” founded in three science-based principles: (1) protect the liver, (2) feed the gut, and (3) support the brain. The Metabolic Matrix categorizes each product and provides the criteria, metrics, and recommendations for improvement or reformulation. Real-time consultation with the KDD Executive and Operations teams was vital to see these procedures through to fruition. This scientific exercise has enabled KDD to lay the groundwork for improving the health, well-being, and sustainability of their entire product line, while maintaining flavor, economic, and fiscal viability. This process is easily transferrable, and we are sharing this effort and its approaches as a proof-of-concept. The key aim of our work is to not only make ultraprocessed food healthier but to urge other food companies to implement similar analysis and reformulation of their product lines to improve the metabolic health and well-being of consumers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Harlan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Timothy S. Harlan,
| | - Rachel V. Gow
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - P. Wolfram Alderson
- Human & Environmental Health Department, Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Robert H. Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Yue Y, Zou L, Tao J, Yin L, Xie Z, Xia Y, Zhang Z, Wang K, Zhu M. Transcriptomics and metabolomics together reveal the underlying mechanism of heroin hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2023; 483:153393. [PMID: 36502556 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Researches on heroin are more about addiction and some infectious diseases it causes, but liver fibrosis caused by heroin abuse and the mechanism of heroin hepatotoxicity in addicts are ignored. To explore the mechanism of heroin hepatotoxicity, mice in heroin group were intraperitoneally injected by heroin (10 mg/kg) once a day for 14 consecutive days, while mice in heroin withdraw group underwent another 7 days without heroin administration after the same treatment as heroin group. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum, as biochemical indexes, were applied to evaluate liver damage. H & E staining and oil red O staining were used to observe the pathological changes of liver. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were applied to detect genes and metabolites in livers. The results of biochemical analysis and pathological examination showed that heroin induced liver damage and lipid loss in mice, and these mice did not return to normal completely after a short-term withdrawal. A total of 511 differential genes and 78 differential metabolites were identified by transcriptomics and metabolomics. These differential genes and metabolites were significantly enriched in pathways like lipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, TCA cycle. And after undergoing 7-day withdrawal of heroin, most of the above differential genes and metabolites did not return to normal. Our study revealed the hepatotoxicity of heroin and that short-term withdrawal of heroin did not fully restore liver function. In addition, transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that lipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism may be potential therapeutic targets of heroin hepatotoxicity, providing a basis for the treatment of heroin addiction patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbiao Yue
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Drug Rehabilitation Center of Kunming Public Security Bureau, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Drug Rehabilitation Center of Kunming Public Security Bureau, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenrong Xie
- The Medical Biobank, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
| | - Kunhua Wang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
| | - Mei Zhu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Soto-Montenegro ML, García-Vázquez V, Lamanna-Rama N, López-Montoya G, Desco M, Ambrosio E. Neuroimaging reveals distinct brain glucose metabolism patterns associated with morphine consumption in Lewis and Fischer 344 rat strains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4643. [PMID: 35301397 PMCID: PMC8931060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerability to addiction may be given by the individual's risk of developing an addiction during their lifetime. A challenge in the neurobiology of drug addiction is understanding why some people become addicted to drugs. Here, we used positron emission tomography (PET) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to evaluate changes in brain glucose metabolism in response to chronic morphine self-administration (MSA) in two rat strains with different vulnerability to drug abuse, Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344). Four groups of animals were trained to self-administer morphine or saline for 15 days. 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-d-glucose (FDG)-PET studies were performed on the last day of MSA (acquisition phase) and after 15 days of withdrawal. PET data were analyzed using SPM12. LEW-animals self-administered more morphine injections per session than F344-animals. We found significant brain metabolic differences between LEW and F344 strains in the cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum. In addition, the different brain metabolic patterns observed after the MSA study between these rat strains indicate differences in the efficiency of neural substrates to translate the drug effects, which could explain the differences in predisposition to morphine abuse between one individual and another. These findings have important implications for the use of these rat strains in translational morphine and opiate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Luisa Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Laboratorio de Imagen, Medicina Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Nicolás Lamanna-Rama
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería E Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Montoya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Educación Nacional a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioingeniería E Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain. .,Laboratorio de Imagen, Medicina Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Educación Nacional a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain. .,Laboratorio de Imagen, Medicina Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen YL, Xie YJ, Liu ZM, Chen WB, Zhang R, Ye HX, Wang W, Liu XY, Chen HS. Omega-3 fatty acids impair miR-1-3p-dependent Notch3 down-regulation and alleviate sepsis-induced intestinal injury. Mol Med 2022; 28:9. [PMID: 35090386 PMCID: PMC8796544 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a troublesome syndrome that can cause intestinal injury and even high mortality rates. Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are known to protect against intestinal damage. Accordingly, the current study set out to explore if omega-3 FAs could affect sepsis-induced intestinal injury with the involvement of the microRNA (miR)-1-3p/Notch3-Smad axis. Methods First, cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) was performed to establish septic mouse models in C57BL/6J mice, and mouse intestinal epithelial MODE-K cells were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish sepsis cell models. The CLP-induced septic mice or LPS-exposed cells were subjected to treatment with Omega-3 FAs and activin (Smad signaling activator), miR-1-3p inhibitor and over-expressed/short hairpin RNA (oe-/sh)-Notch3 to explore their roles in inflammation, intestinal oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was further performed to verify the regulatory relationship between miR-1-3p and Notch3. Results Omega-3 FAs inhibited CLP-induced intestinal injury and ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury by down-regulating miR-1-3p, as evidenced by decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, in addition to diminished levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, miR-1-3p could down-regulate Notch3, which inactivated the Smad pathway. Conclusion Collectively, our findings indicated that omega-3 FAs elevate the expression of Notch3 by down-regulating miR-1-3p, and then blocking the Smad pathway to alleviate intestinal epithelial inflammation and oxidative stress injury caused by sepsis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00425-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lian Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Jing Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Mi Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Bu Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xing Ye
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai-Sheng Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of South University of Science and Technology, No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Pauluci R, Noto AR, Curado DF, Siqueira-Campos M, Bezerra AG, Galduróz JCF. Omega-3 for the Prevention of Alcohol Use Disorder Relapse: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:826448. [PMID: 35463514 PMCID: PMC9026182 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have sought to identify the possible benefits of the intake of omega-3, an important component of neuronal membranes, for the treatment of alcohol use disorder. AIM The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether omega-3 supplementation is protective against alcohol use disorder relapse after hospital discharge. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out with severe alcohol dependence. Male inpatients were randomized to treatment with omega-3 (n = 59) or placebo (n = 52) for 3 months, participants were assessed after discharge at 1 month (T1), 2 months (T2), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T4) with assessments made using self-report instruments. The primary outcomes were the possible reduction with assessments made using self-report instruments. The primary outcomes were the possible reduction in the number, intensity of relapses, amount of consumption in each relapse and number of days of consumption during relapses; as secondary outcomes were assessed symptoms of anxiety, depression, degree of dependence, compulsion, and craving. RESULTS The groups were similar regarding consumption amount parameters and propensity to relapse; however, an effect of treatment with omega-3 was found on the number of days of drinking at 2 months [B = 0.65 (0.09; 1, 21), p = 0.01] and 3 months [B = 2.6 (1.61; 3.58), p < 0.001] after discharge, favoring the intervention group. The effect was not maintained at follow up of 6 months. No differences were found in psychiatric symptoms and severity of addiction. CONCLUSION Despite the major limitations of the present study, the group that received omega-3 had a lower number of days of consumption of standard doses of alcohol in the evaluations of 60 and 90 days after discharge. More robust studies are needed to confirm or refute these findings. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: n° RBR-48mkgz7 (URL: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-48mkgz7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pauluci
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Regina Noto
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Beltran NM, Ramos J, Galindo KI, Echeverri Alegre JI, Cruz B, Hernandez-Casner C, Serafine KM. Intermittent dietary supplementation with fish oil prevents high fat diet-induced enhanced sensitivity to dopaminergic drugs. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:9-20. [PMID: 33399293 PMCID: PMC7790933 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eating a high fat diet can lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dopamine system dysfunction. For example, rats eating high fat chow are more sensitive than rats eating standard chow to the behavioral effects (e.g., locomotion and yawning) of dopaminergic drugs (e.g., quinpirole and cocaine). Daily dietary supplementation with 20% (w/w) fish oil prevents high fat diet-induced enhanced sensitivity to quinpirole-induced yawning and cocaine-induced locomotion; however, doctors recommend that patients take fish oil just two to three times a week. To test the hypothesis that intermittent (i.e., 2 days per week) dietary supplementation with fish oil prevents high fat diet-induced enhanced sensitivity to quinpirole and cocaine, rats eating standard chow (17% kcal from fat), high fat chow (60% kcal from fat), and rats eating standard or high fat chow with 20% (w/w) intermittent (e.g., 2 days per week) dietary fish oil supplementation were tested once weekly with quinpirole [0.0032-0.32 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] or cocaine (1.0-17.8 mg/kg, i.p.) using a cumulative dosing procedure. Consistent with previous reports, eating high fat chow enhanced sensitivity of rats to the behavioral effects of quinpirole and cocaine. Intermittent dietary supplementation of fish oil prevented high fat chow-induced enhanced sensitivity to dopaminergic drugs in male and female rats. Future experiments will focus on understanding the mechanism(s) by which fish oil produces these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine M Serafine
- Department of Psychology
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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Blanco-Gandía MC, Rodríguez-Arias M. Effects of Palatable Diets on Cognition and Vulnerability to Addiction. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2307-2308. [DOI: 10.2174/138161282620200520082619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Blanco-Gandía
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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