Review on Methodologies Used in the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Significance of Phytosynthesis Using Plant Extract as an Emerging Tool

Biomedical applications of cerium vanadate nanoparticles: a review

Cerium vanadate nanoparticles (CeVO4 NPs), which are members of the rare earth orthovanadate nanomaterial family, have generated considerable interest due to their diverse properties and prospective biomedical applications. The current study, which provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and characterization techniques for CeVO4 NPs, emphasizes the sonochemical method as an efficient and straightforward technique for producing CeVO4 NPs with tunable size and shape. This paper investigates the toxicity and biocompatibility of CeVO4 NPs, as well as their antioxidant and catalytic properties, which allow them to modify the redox state of biological systems and degrade organic pollutants. In addition, the most recent developments in the medicinal applications of CeVO4 NPs, such as cancer treatment, antibacterial activity, biosensing, and drug or gene delivery, are emphasized. In addition, the disadvantages of CeVO4 NPs, such as stability, aggregation, biodistribution, and biodegradation, are outlined, and several potential solutions are suggested. The research concludes with data and recommendations for developing and enhancing CeVO4 NPs in the biomedical industry.

Assessment of formulation variables of poor water soluble diacerein for its improved loading and anti-inflammatory activity

Dissolving microneedles have become a popular method for percutaneous administrationof drugs. However, loading poorly soluble drugs into water-based dissolving microneedles remains a challenge. In view of this, we aimed to improve Diacerein (DCN) solubility formulating dissolving microneedles. DCN microsuspension was created by high-speed homogenization with organic solvents or wet milling with Tween 80 as a stabilizer (LD1). They were analyzed for particle size and saturation solubility. Subsequently, the organic solvent-based microneedles were prepared under vacuum, whereas LD1 was mixed with HPMC (8% w/w) and PVP (30% w/w) matrix to concentrate the drug in acral fraction through centrifugation. DCN microsuspension in DMSO had the highest drug solubility with an average particle size of 6 µm, whereas LD1 had a particle size of 3.28 µm showing improved solubility. TD-3 had the highest drug loading and the least amount of drug migration into the blank baseplate. Within 5 min, these microneedles dissolved completely in an agarose-gel block. LD1 was likewise put in the baseplate to generate TD3-B. Within 24 h, 74.39% of the medication was released from TD3-B, with only a small amount remaining in the baseplate. TLC examination indicated the conversion of DCN to Rhein in the skin, whereas DSC and TGA studies revealed amorphous features. DCN microneedles showed no sign of skin irritancy but showed anti-inflammatory response on carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Microneedles remained stable during accelerated stability testing. Wet milling in the presence of a stabilizer can be an effective approach for enhancing DCN solubility for improved drug loading in dissolving microneedles. Improvement in solubility of Diacerein for subsequent loading in Dissolving Microneedle for percutaneous delivery.

Biogenic synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles and their applications

The current advancements in nanotechnology suggest a sustainable development in the green synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) through green approaches. Though challenging, nano phyto technology has versatile methods to achieve desired unique properties like optic, electronic, magnetic, therapeutic, and catalytic efficiencies. Bio-inspired, facile synthesis of bifunctional BMNPs is possible using abundant, readily available natural plant sources, bio-mass wastes and microorganisms. Synergistic effects of two different metals on mixing, bring new insight for the vast applications, which is not achievable in using monometallic NPs. By adopting bio-inspired greener approaches for synthesizing NPs, the risk of environmental toxicity caused by conventional physicochemical methods become negligible. This article hopes to provide the significance of cost-effective, one-step, eco-friendly and facile synthesis of noble/transition bimetallic NPs. This review article endows an overview of the bio-mediated synthesis of bimetallic NPs, classifications of BMNPs, current characterization techniques, possible mechanistic aspects for reducing metal ions, and the stability of formed NPs and bio-medical/industrial applications of fabricated NPs. The review also highlights the prospective future direction to improve reliability, reproducibility of biosynthesis methods, its actual mechanism in research works and extensive application of biogenic bimetallic NPs.