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Renou J, Mercey G, Verdelet T, Păunescu E, Gillon E, Arboléas M, Loiodice M, Kliachyna M, Baati R, Nachon F, Jean L, Renard PY. Syntheses and in vitro evaluations of uncharged reactivators for human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:81-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mercey G, Renou J, Verdelet T, Kliachyna M, Baati R, Gillon E, Arboléas M, Loiodice M, Nachon F, Jean L, Renard PY. Phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline–Pyridinaldoxime Conjugates as Efficient Uncharged Reactivators for the Dephosphylation of Inhibited Human Acetylcholinesterase. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10791-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3015519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mercey
- Université de Rouen, COBRA CNRS UMR 6014 and FR 3038, IRCOF, 1
Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France
- INSA de Rouen, Avenue de l’Université, 76800 St. Etienne du Rouvray,
France
- CNRS Délégation Normandie, 14 Rue Alfred Kastler, 14052 Caen Cedex,
France
| | - Julien Renou
- Université de Rouen, COBRA CNRS UMR 6014 and FR 3038, IRCOF, 1
Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France
- INSA de Rouen, Avenue de l’Université, 76800 St. Etienne du Rouvray,
France
- CNRS Délégation Normandie, 14 Rue Alfred Kastler, 14052 Caen Cedex,
France
| | - Tristan Verdelet
- Université de Rouen, COBRA CNRS UMR 6014 and FR 3038, IRCOF, 1
Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France
- INSA de Rouen, Avenue de l’Université, 76800 St. Etienne du Rouvray,
France
- CNRS Délégation Normandie, 14 Rue Alfred Kastler, 14052 Caen Cedex,
France
| | - Maria Kliachyna
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie,
CNRS UMR 7199, BP 24, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie,
CNRS UMR 7199, BP 24, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Emilie Gillon
- Cellule Enzymologie, Département
de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 24, Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan,
BP 87, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Mélanie Arboléas
- Cellule Enzymologie, Département
de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 24, Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan,
BP 87, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Mélanie Loiodice
- Cellule Enzymologie, Département
de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 24, Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan,
BP 87, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Cellule Enzymologie, Département
de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 24, Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan,
BP 87, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université de Rouen, COBRA CNRS UMR 6014 and FR 3038, IRCOF, 1
Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France
- INSA de Rouen, Avenue de l’Université, 76800 St. Etienne du Rouvray,
France
- CNRS Délégation Normandie, 14 Rue Alfred Kastler, 14052 Caen Cedex,
France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Université de Rouen, COBRA CNRS UMR 6014 and FR 3038, IRCOF, 1
Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France
- INSA de Rouen, Avenue de l’Université, 76800 St. Etienne du Rouvray,
France
- CNRS Délégation Normandie, 14 Rue Alfred Kastler, 14052 Caen Cedex,
France
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Mercey G, Verdelet T, Renou J, Kliachyna M, Baati R, Nachon F, Jean L, Renard PY. Reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:756-66. [PMID: 22360473 DOI: 10.1021/ar2002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, the specter of a chemical threat against civilian populations has renewed research interest in chemical warfare agents, their mechanisms of action, and treatments that reverse their effects. In this Account, we focus specifically on organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs). Although some OPNAs are used as pest control, the most toxic chemicals in this class are used as chemical warfare agents in armed conflicts. The acute toxicity of OPNAs results from the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) via the formation of a covalent P-O bond at the serine hydroxyl group in the enzyme active site. AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junctions. The irreversible inhibition of AChE causes the neurotransmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft, leading to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, seizures, respiratory arrest, and death. The current treatment for OPNA poisoning combines an antimuscarinic drug (e.g., atropine), an anticonvulsant drug (e.g., diazepam), and an AChE reactivator of the pyridinium aldoxime family (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, HLö-7). Because of their high nucleophilicity, oximes can displace the phosphyl group from the catalytic serine, thus restoring the enzyme's catalytic activity. During 50 years of research in the reactivator field, researchers have synthesized and tested numerous structural modifications of monopyridinium oximes and bispyridinium oximes. In the past decade, medicinal chemists have focused their research on the more efficient bispyridinium reactivators, but all known reactivators have several drawbacks. First, due to their permanent positive charge, they do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently and do not readily reactivate AChE in the central nervous system. Second, no single oxime is efficient against a wide variety of OPNAs. Third, oximes cannot reactivate "aged" AChE. This Account summarizes recent strategies for the development of AChE reactivators capable of crossing the BBB. The use of nanoparticulate transport and inhibition of P-glycoprotein efflux pumps improves BBB transport of these AChE reactivators. Chemical modifications that increased the lipophilicity of the pyridinium aldoximes, the addition of a fluorine atom and the replacement of a pyridyl ring with a dihydropyridyl moiety, enhances BBB permeability. The glycosylation of pyridine aldoximes facilitates increased BBB penetration via the GLUT-1 transport system. The development of novel uncharged reactivators that can move efficiently across the BBB represents one of the most promising of these new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mercey
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Tristan Verdelet
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julien Renou
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maria Kliachyna
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 24 Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, BP87, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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