Current Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pharmacologically Relevant 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted-1H-Imidazole Derivatives

An immunochromatographic strip sensor for rapid and sensitive detection of candesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, and irbesartan in herbal beverages

Sartans, as a class of antihypertensive drugs, pose a threat to human health when illegally added to herbal beverages. It is crucial to detect sartans in herbal beverages. We have developed a highly sensitive monoclonal antibody against candesartan (CAN), olmesartan medoxomil (OLM), and irbesartan (IRB), with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) that were obtained via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) as 0.178 ng mL-1, 0.185 ng mL-1, and 0.262 ng mL-1 against CAN, OLM, and IRB, respectively. Based on this monoclonal antibody, we developed a rapid screening method for CAN, OLM, and IRB in herbal beverage samples using an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) strip. Test for 15 minutes after simple and rapid sample pre-treatment and the results of this method can be obtained through naked eye observation. The detection limits (LODs) of the ICA strip for CAN, OLM, and IRB in herbal beverage samples are lower than 0.15 ng mL-1, and the results of the ICA strip and ic-ELISA are consistent in spiked samples and recovery experiments. Therefore, this method can quickly, efficiently, and reliably achieve high-throughput on-site rapid detection of illegally added CAN, OLM, and IRB in herbal beverages.

Palladium-Catalysed Intermolecular Direct C–H Bond Arylation of Heteroarenes with Reagents Alternative to Aryl Halides: Current State of the Art

Abstract:

Abstract: This unprecedented review with 322 references provides a critical up-to-date picture of the Pd-catalysed intermolecular direct C–H bond arylation of heteroarenes with arylating reagents alternative to aryl halides that include aryl sulfonates (aryl triflates, tosylates, mesylates, and imidazole-1-sulfonates), diaryliodonium salts, [(diacetoxy)iodo]arenes, arenediazonium salts, 1-aryltriazenes, arylhydrazines and N’-arylhydrazides, arenesulfonyl chlorides, sodium arenesulfinates, arenesulfinic acids, and arenesulfonohydrazides. Particular attention has been paid to summarise the preparation of the various arylating reagents and to highlight the practicality, versatility, and limitations of the various developed arylation protocols, also comparing their results with those achieved in analogous Pd-catalysed arylation reactions involving the use of aryl halides as electrophiles. Mechanistic proposals have also been briefly summarised and discussed. However, data concerning Pd-catalysed direct C–H bond arylations involving the C–H bonds of aryl substituents of the examined heteroarene derivatives have not been taken into account.

An Updated Review on the Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Molecular Hybrids and Conjugates Bearing Imidazole Moiety

The rapid growth of serious infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria, especially the nosocomial ESKAPE pathogens, has been acknowledged by Governments and scientists and is one of the world's major health problems. Various strategies have been and are currently investigated and developed to reduce and/or delay the bacterial resistance. One of these strategies regards the design and development of antimicrobial hybrids and conjugates. This unprecedented critical review, in which our continuing interest in the synthesis and evaluation of the bioactivity of imidazole derivatives is testified, aims to summarise and comment on the results obtained from the end of the 1900s until February 2020 in studies conducted by numerous international research groups on the synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial properties of imidazole-based molecular hybrids and conjugates in which the pharmacophoric constituents of these compounds are directly covalently linked or connected through a linker or spacer. In this review, significant attention was paid to summarise the strategies used to overcome the antibiotic resistance of pathogens whose infections are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics. However, it does not include literature data on the synthesis and evaluation of the bioactivity of hybrids and conjugates in which an imidazole moiety is fused with a carbo- or heterocyclic subunit.

Pyrazolylphenanthroimidazole heterocycles: synthesis, biological and molecular docking studies

The synthesis of a series of novel pyrazolylphenanthroimidazoles 6a–6j has been accomplished utilizing a multi-step synthetic protocol, and characterized through physical and spectral techniques.