1
|
Kondoh N, Mizuno-Kamiya M. The Role of Immune Modulatory Cytokines in the Tumor Microenvironments of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122884. [PMID: 35740551 PMCID: PMC9221278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant phenotypes of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are regulated by the pro- and anti-tumoral activities of immune modulatory cytokines associated with tumor microenvironments (TMEs). We first present the immune modulatory effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro- and anti- (pro-/anti-) inflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory cytokines upon HNSCC phenotypes. We then report our evaluation of the functions of cytokines and chemokines that mediate the crosstalk between tumors and stromal cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In HNSCCs, the status of lymph node metastasis is an important hallmark of a worse prognosis. Several chemokines mediate lymph node metastases in HNSCC patients. There are therapeutic approaches, using antitumoral cytokines or immunotherapies, that target cytokines, chemokines, or signal molecules essential for the immune evasion of HNSCCs. Finally, modulation by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in HNSCC phenotypes and the prognostic significance of serum cytokine levels in HNSCC patients are discussed. Abstract HNSCCs are the major progressive malignancy of the upper digestive and respiratory organs. Malignant phenotypes of HNSCCs are regulated by the pro- and anti-tumoral activities of the immune modulatory cytokines associated with TMEs, i.e., a representative pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, plays a role as an anti-tumor regulator against HNSCCs; however, IFN-γ also drives programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1 expression to promote cancer stem cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 promotes the cytotoxic activity of T cells and natural killer cells; however, endogenous IL-2 can promote regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in the protection of HNSCCs. In this report, we first classified and mentioned the immune modulatory aspects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory cytokines upon HNSCC phenotypes. In the TME of HNSCCs, pro-tumoral immune modulation is mediated by stromal cells, including CAFs, MDSCs, pDCs, and TAMs. Therefore, we evaluated the functions of cytokines and chemokines that mediate the crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells. In HNSCCs, the status of lymph node metastasis is an important hallmark of a worse prognosis. We therefore evaluated the possibility of chemokines mediating lymph node metastases in HNSCC patients. We also mention therapeutic approaches using anti-tumoral cytokines or immunotherapies that target cytokines, chemokines, or signal molecules essential for the immune evasion of HNSCCs. We finally discuss modulation by HPV infection upon HNSCC phenotypes, as well as the prognostic significance of serum cytokine levels in HNSCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kondoh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho 501-0296, Gifu, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-329-1416; Fax: +81-58-329-1417
| | - Masako Mizuno-Kamiya
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Business Administration, Asahi University School of Business Administration, Mizuho 501-0296, Gifu, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Güran M, Neophytou PI, Şanlıtürk G, Demirdöv DK, Al-sharakhi M, Hikal Y, Haidar M, Kunt KS, Selevany H, Gürkan C. A survey on prevalence, risk factors and knowledge for oral human papillomavirus infections among university students. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This study analyses the prevalence, risk factors and knowledge levels for oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in healthy university students. Materials & methods: A questionnaire was distributed to 452 participants. Also, oral-rinsed samples were collected for molecular screening and genotyping studies by using validated protocols. Results: The prevalence of HPV was 0.7% (HPV type 72var [0.5%; n = 2] and HPV type 13 [0.2%; n = 1]). Male circumcision and age of first sexual experience were the significant factors associated with oral HPV positivity. Several factors found to be predictors for HPV positivity including not being vaccinated. Conclusion: Here, the prevalence of oral HPV infection was low among a healthy sample pool. Further studies are suggested to clarify relations between the infection and risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mümtaz Güran
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | | | - Gizem Şanlıtürk
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
- Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | - Damla Kanlıada Demirdöv
- Turkish Cypriot DNA Laboratory, Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus Turkish Cypriot Member Office, Nicosia, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | - Maram Al-sharakhi
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | - Yousra Hikal
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | - Mariam Haidar
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | - Kezban Sıla Kunt
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | - Hajer Selevany
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| | - Cemal Gürkan
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
- Turkish Cypriot DNA Laboratory, Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus Turkish Cypriot Member Office, Nicosia, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, 99440, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagaraju GP, Kamal MA. Challenges in the Discovery of Novel Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Treatment (Part IV). Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:165-166. [PMID: 32608350 DOI: 10.2174/138920022103200604143047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
| |
Collapse
|