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Yrigollen CM, Sweha S, Durbin-Johnson B, Zhou L, Berry-Kravis E, Fernandez-Carvajal I, Faradz SMH, Amiri K, Shaheen H, Polli R, Murillo-Bonilla L, Silva Arevalo GDJ, Cogram P, Murgia A, Tassone F. Distribution of AGG interruption patterns within nine world populations. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:153-61. [PMID: 25606365 PMCID: PMC4298645 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CGG trinucleotide repeat within the FMR1 gene is associated with multiple clinical disorders, including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, and fragile X syndrome. Differences in the distribution and prevalence of CGG repeat length and of AGG interruption patterns have been reported among different populations and ethnicities. In this study we characterized the AGG interruption patterns within 3,065 normal CGG repeat alleles from nine world populations including Australia, Chile, United Arab Emirates, Guatemala, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Spain, and United States. Additionally, we compared these populations with those previously reported, and summarized the similarities and differences. We observed significant differences in AGG interruption patterns. Frequencies of longer alleles, longer uninterrupted CGG repeat segments and alleles with greater than 2 AGG interruptions varied between cohorts. The prevalence of fragile X syndrome and FMR1 associated disorders in various populations is thought to be affected by the total length of the CGG repeat and may also be influenced by the AGG distribution pattern. Thus, the results of this study may be important in considering the risk of fragile X-related conditions in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Sweha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabel Fernandez-Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades genéticas y cribado neonatal, Departamento de Genetica Molecular de la Enfermedad, Instituto de Biologìa y Genética Molecular Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sultana MH Faradz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Khaled Amiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Huda Shaheen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roberta Polli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gabriel de Jesus Silva Arevalo
- Genetic and Neurometabolic Clinic, Obras Sociales Santo Hermano Pedro, Antigua Guatemala. Center by Biomedical Research, Medicine school San Carlos University, Guatemala Central America
| | - Patricia Cogram
- Biomedicine Division, Fraunhofer Chile Research Foundation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alessandra Murgia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Flora Tassone, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2102, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. E-mail:
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Fatima T, Zaidi SAH, Sarfraz N, Perween S, Khurshid F, Imtiaz F. Frequency of FMR1 gene mutation and CGG repeat polymorphism in intellectually disabled children in Pakistan. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1151-61. [PMID: 24478267 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is considered the most common heritable form of X-linked intellectual disability (ID). The syndrome is caused by silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (Xq27.3) due to hypermethylation. This mutation results in absence or deficit of its protein product, the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) that affects synaptic plasticity in neurons, hence leads to brain dysfunction. The syndrome is widely distributed throughout the world. This study reported for the first time the frequency of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene mutations in intellectually disabled children in Pakistan. We recruited 333 intellectually disabled children and 250 normal children with age ranging from 5 to 18 years for this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and full mutations were identified by methylation sensitive PCR using primers corresponding to modified methylated and unmethylated DNA. Southern blot was used for confirmation of the results. The frequency of fragile X syndrome with full mutation was found as 4.8%. It was 6.5% in males as opposed to 0.9% in females; 29 CGG repeats were found as the most common allele; 31.5% in the intellectually disabled and 34% in control subjects. In Pakistan intellectual disability is considered as a social stigma for the individuals and their families. Due to lack of knowledge and cultural background people make such patients and families isolated. This study will increase public awareness about the intellectual disability and importance of prenatal screening and genetic counseling for vulnerable families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Barasoain M, Barrenetxea G, Huerta I, Télez M, Carrillo A, Pérez C, Criado B, Arrieta I. Study of FMR1 gene association with ovarian dysfunction in a sample from the Basque Country. Gene 2013; 521:145-9. [PMID: 23537988 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as cessation of menses before the age of 40. The most significant single gene associated with POF is the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1). In the present work we screened women with fertility problems from the Basque Country in order to determine, whether in these women, FMR1 CGG repeat size in the intermediate and premutation range was associated with their pathology, and whether intermediate and premutation carriers had endocrine signs of diminished ovarian function, using the most established measure of ovarian reserve, the gonadotropin FSH. A patient sample of 41 women with ovarian insufficiency and a control sample of 32 women with no fertility problems from the Basque Country were examined. The patient sample was classified into three categories according to the results of the retrospective assessment of their ovarian function. In group 2 of patients, women with irregular cycles, reduced fecundity and FSH levels ≥ 10IU/l, there is a significant increase in the number of intermediate and premutation FMR1 alleles (35-54 CGG repeats). In group 3 of patients, women with amenorrhea for at least four consecutive months and FSH levels ≥ 10IU/l, a significant increase in the number of intermediate FMR1 alleles (35-54 CGG repeats) was found in patients compared with controls. In this group all the patients had a serum concentration > 40 IU/l. The results suggest that in the analysed Basque sample the FMR1 gene has a role in the aetiology of POF. However, elevated FSH levels are more related to the menstrual cycle pattern than to the CGG repeat size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Barasoain
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Abstract
During the last few years, several studies have reported an excess of intermediate FMR1 alleles in patients with cognitive and/or behavioural phenotypes. Here, we report the frequency of intermediate alleles (IAs) in three pathologies, intellectual disabilities (IDs), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism, from different Spanish regions. We found 142 IAs among 9015 patients with ID (1.6%), 4 among the 415 ADHD patients (0.96%) and 4 among the 300 autistic patients (1.3%), similar to the frequency reported in our control population. No evidence was found of an excess of IA at the FRAXA locus in any of the study populations, although geographical variability was detected. Moreover, the analysis of 100 transmissions of IAs showed that 95% of these alleles were stable. Only 3% expanded within the same range and 2% expanded to a full mutation in two generations. No evidence of an association between IAs and behavioural or cognitive phenotypes was found, suggesting that IAs are not clearly implicated in these pathologies.
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