1
|
Liu L, Shi Y, Lai Q, Huang Y, Jiang X, Liu Q, Huang Y, Xia Y, Xu D, Jiang Z, Tu W. Construction of a Signature Model to Predict the Radioactive Iodine Response of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:865909. [PMID: 35634509 PMCID: PMC9132198 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.865909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for about 90% of thyroid cancer. There are approximately 20%-30% of PTC patients showing disease persistence/recurrence and resistance to radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. For these PTC patients with RAI refractoriness, the prognosis is poor. In this study, we aimed to establish a comprehensive prognostic model covering multiple signatures to increase the predictive accuracy for progression-free survival (PFS) of PTC patients with RAI treatment. The expression profiles of mRNAs and miRNAs as well as the clinical information of PTC patients were extracted from TCGA and GEO databases. A series of bioinformatics methods were successfully applied to filtrate a two-RNA model (IPCEF1 and hsa-mir-486-5p) associated with the prognosis of RAI-therapy. Finally, the RNA-based risk score was calculated based on the Cox coefficient of the individual RNA, which achieved good performances by the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (tROC) curve and PFS analyses. Furthermore, the predictive power of the nomogram, integrated with the risk score and clinical parameters (age at diagnosis and tumor stage), was assessed by tROC curves. Collectively, our study demonstrated high precision in predicting the RAI response of PTC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Lai
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxiao Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongkun Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenling Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
LI Y, WEN X, WU J, XIANG D, QUAN J. Expression and correlation of cycde-2 protein and nuclear factor kB in serum of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.125521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing LI
- Chongqing Jiangjin District Central Hospital, China
| | - Xing WEN
- Chongqing Jiangjin District Central Hospital, China
| | - Jie WU
- The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, China
| | - Debing XIANG
- Chongqing Jiangjin District Central Hospital, China
| | - Jin QUAN
- Chongqing Jiangjin District Central Hospital, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
New Insights into the Link between Melanoma and Thyroid Cancer: Role of Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020367. [PMID: 33578751 PMCID: PMC7916461 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major public health concern, mainly because of the incompletely understood dynamics of molecular mechanisms for progression and resistance to treatments. The link between melanoma and thyroid cancer (TC) has been noted in numerous patients. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins is a common mechanism in melanoma and TC that promotes tumorigenesis and tumor aggressiveness. However, this mechanism remains poorly understood. Papillary TC (PTC) patients have a 1.8-fold higher risk for developing cutaneous malignant melanoma than healthy patients. Our group and others showed that patients with melanoma have a 2.15 to 2.3-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with PTC. The BRAF V600E mutation has been reported as a biological marker for aggressiveness and a potential genetic link between malignant melanoma and TC. The main mechanistic factor in the connection between these two cancer types is the alteration of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway activation and translocation. The mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking associated with RAS, RAF, and Wnt signaling pathways in melanoma and TC are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the roles of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53, p27, forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO), and NF-KB within the nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular compartments and their association with tumor aggressiveness. A meticulous English-language literature analysis was performed using the PubMed Central database. Search parameters included articles published up to 2021 with keyword search terms melanoma and thyroid cancer, BRAF mutation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport in cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ieni A, Vita R, Cardia R, Giuffré G, Benvenga S, Tuccari G. BRAF Status in Papillary Microcarcinomas of the Thyroid Gland: a Brief Review. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:665-672. [PMID: 31625469 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190717161359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is defined by the World Health Organization as papillary cancer measuring 10 mm or less in diameter. Generally, PTMC shows an indolent clinical behavior with a good prognosis, although a minority of PTMC is characterized by an aggressive course. However, efforts to identify this aggressive subset of PTMC after surgery remain inconclusive. Several oncogenic pathways have been identified in thyroid cancer and have been applied translationally to improve prognosis and clinical management. In particular, the BRAFV600E mutation was found more frequently in large, aggressive, recurrent and advanced tumors. We aimed at reviewing studies on BRAFV600E mutation as a prognostic factor in PTMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giuffré
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen X, Zhong Z, Song M, Yuan J, Huang Z, Du J, Liu Y, Wu Z. Predictive factors of contralateral occult carcinoma in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study. Gland Surg 2020; 9:872-878. [PMID: 32953595 PMCID: PMC7475348 DOI: 10.21037/gs-19-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surgical approach toward unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been in controversy. One of the concerns is the existence of contralateral occult carcinoma, which could cause relapse and even lead to re-operation if not dealt with. This study aims to find out risk factors related to contralateral occult PTC, in order to facilitate in surgical approach decision for PTC. METHODS A total of 921 PTC patients who underwent total/near-total thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection (CND) with/without lateral lymph node dissection (LND) from January 2014 to Sept 2017 in Guangdong General Hospital were assessed retrospectively. The relations between contralateral occult PTC and clinicopathologic characteristics of PTC were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The incidence of contralateral occult carcinoma in patients with PTC was 16.7% (154 of 921 cases). Univariate analysis showed that multifocality of the primary carcinoma (P=0.000), lymph node metastasis (P=0.001), pathologic tumor size (P=0.014) and contralateral benign nodule (P=0.000) were significantly associated with the increased incidence of contralateral occult PTC. No significant correlations were found between contralateral carcinoma and other variables such as gender (P=0.338), age (P=0.283), BRAF mutation (P=0.187) or extrathyroidal extension (P=0.423). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that contralateral benign nodule (P=0.000), multifocality (P=0.000) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.009) were independent predictors of bilateral PTC of patients whose pre-operation ultrasound (US) show a unilateral carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Lymph node metastasis, contralateral benign nodule and multifocality are independent predictors of contralateral occult PTC. For unilateral PTC patients with one or more of these factors, total/near-total thyroidectomy should be considered when making surgical approach decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Muye Song
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiru Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jialin Du
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular Profiling of Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:85-88. [PMID: 32495172 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular features of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer are closely related to the clinical behavior of the tumor and the prognosis of the disease. BRAF-V600E mutations in patients with a follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer have not been identified; however, the majority of patients had T3-4N0M0 stage of the disease. Changes in the expression of transcription and growth factors and AKT/m-TOR signaling pathway components were detected. In addition, hyperexpression of m-TOR and 4EBP1 kinases and CAIX enzyme was shown compared to the classical variant of papillary thyroid cancer, where an increase in the nuclear factor NF-κB p65 and c-RAF kinase expression was observed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Whole Genome Sequencing of Familial Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer Identifies Germline Alterations in MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100605. [PMID: 31614935 PMCID: PMC6843654 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of familial inheritance in non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) has accumulated over the last few decades. However, known variants account for a very small percentage of the genetic burden. Here, we focused on the identification of common pathways and networks enriched in NMTC families to better understand its pathogenesis with the final aim of identifying one novel high/moderate-penetrance germline predisposition variant segregating with the disease in each studied family. We performed whole genome sequencing on 23 affected and 3 unaffected family members from five NMTC-prone families and prioritized the identified variants using our Familial Cancer Variant Prioritization Pipeline (FCVPPv2). In total, 31 coding variants and 39 variants located in upstream, downstream, 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions passed FCVPPv2 filtering. Altogether, 210 genes affected by variants that passed the first three steps of the FCVPPv2 were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. These genes were enriched in tumorigenic signaling pathways mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein coupled receptors, implicating a central role of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling in familial NMTC. Our approach can facilitate the identification and functional validation of causal variants in each family as well as the screening and genetic counseling of other individuals at risk of developing NMTC.
Collapse
|
8
|
Marotta V, Russo G, Gambardella C, Grasso M, La Sala D, Chiofalo MG, D'Anna R, Puzziello A, Docimo G, Masone S, Barbato F, Colao A, Faggiano A, Grumetto L. Human exposure to bisphenol AF and diethylhexylphthalate increases susceptibility to develop differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:885-894. [PMID: 30609493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants represent potential threats to the human health, being ubiquitous in the environment and exerting toxicity even at low doses. This study aims at investigating the role of fifteen multiclass organic pollutants, assumed as markers of environmental pollution, most of which exerting endocrine-disrupting activity, in thyroid cancer development. The increasing incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) may be related to the rising production and environmental dissemination of pollutants. Fifty-five patients, twenty-seven with diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules and twenty-eight suffering from differentiated thyroid cancer, were enrolled and the concentration levels of seven bisphenols, two phthalates (i.e. di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its main metabolite, mono-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate) (MEHP)), two chlorobenzenes, (1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene), and 3 phenol derivatives (2-chlorophenol, 4- nonylphenol, and triclosan) were determined in their serum by using a validated analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet tandem fluorescence detection. A significant relationship was found between malignancy and the detection in the serum of both bisphenol AF and DEHP. Indeed, their presence confers a more than fourteen times higher risk of developing differentiated thyroid cancer. Relationship between these two pollutants and the risk of malignancy was dose-independent and not mediated by higher thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Even if a conclusive evidence cannot still be drawn and larger prospective studies are needed, the exposure to low doses of environmental endocrine-disrupting contaminants can be considered consistent with the development of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marotta
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gambardella
- Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Marica Grasso
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico La Sala
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Chiofalo
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy
| | - Raffaella D'Anna
- Struttura Complessa Chirurgia Oncologica della Tiroide, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Puzziello
- AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D'Aragona, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Docimo
- Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Barbato
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vita R, Ieni A, Tuccari G, Benvenga S. The increasing prevalence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in papillary microcarcinoma. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018; 19:301-309. [PMID: 30456477 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-018-9474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the incidence of some malignancy has decreased over the recent years, this is not the case of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), whose incidence has increased worldwide. Most PTMC are found incidentally after histological examination of specimens from surgery for benign thyroid disease. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, whose incidence has also increased, coexists in about one in three PTMC patients. Three different mechanisms have been proposed to clarify the association between chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and PTMC, namely tumor development/growth by: (i) TSH stimulation, (ii) expression of certain proto-oncogenes, (iii) chemokines and other molecules produced by the lymphocytic infiltrate. Whether Hashimoto's thyroiditis protects against lymph node metastasis is debated. Overall, autommune thyroiditis seems to contribute to the favorable prognosis of PTMC. Major limitations of the studies so far performed include: (i) retrospective design, (ii) limited statistical power, (iii) high risk of selection bias, (iv) and predominant Asian ethnicity of patients. Full genetic profiling of both diseases and identification of environmental factors capable to trigger them, as well as well-powered prospective studies on different ethnical groups, may help understand their causal association and why their frequencies are continuing raising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi"-Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age "Gaetano Barresi"-Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.
- Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital, A.O.U. Policlinico G. Martino, Viale Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao L, Zhang X, Cui S. Matrine inhibits TPC-1 human thyroid cancer cells via the miR-21/PTEN/Akt pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2965-2970. [PMID: 30127885 PMCID: PMC6096072 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the primary type of thyroid cancer and the most widespread endocrine malignancy. Matrine is a traditional Chinese medicine and has been demonstrated as a promising alternative drug for the treatment of TPC-1 human PTC. In the present study, the therapeutic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of matrine on TPC-1 cells were investigated. Treatment with matrine at the concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml inhibited TPC-1 cell proliferation by up to 95.8% (for 20 mg/ml matrine). Flow cytometry indicated that treatment with 10 mg/ml matrine induced up to 61.8% apoptosis of the TPC-1 cells and the cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 phase following treatment with matrine (2, 5 and 10 mg/ml) for 48 h. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that the expression of microRNA (miR)-21 was downregulated and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA levels increased up to 1.66-fold following treatment with matrine, and RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt) mRNA levels were downregulated 0.34-fold following treatment with 5 mg/ml matrine, compared with the normal control group. Western blot analysis indicated that matrine at 2 and 5 mg/ml increased levels of the miR-21 target PTEN and decreased the levels of phosphorylated (p)Akt. Furthermore, miR-21 mimic transfection decreased the expression levels of PTEN and increased the levels of pAkt. These results suggested that the miR-21/PTEN/Akt pathway may be one of the mechanisms by which matrine induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in TPC-1 thyroid cancer cells. Matrine is an alternative potential drug for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Shusen Cui
- Department of Hand Surgery, Jilin University China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li D, Wang Q, Li N, Zhang S. miR‑205 targets YAP1 and inhibits proliferation and invasion in thyroid cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1674-1681. [PMID: 29845281 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‑205 (miR‑205) has been reported to be downregulated, and serves critical roles in the pathogenesis and progression of several types of cancer, including breast, prostate and lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of miR‑205 in thyroid cancer remains unclear. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the expression of miR‑205 was reduced in thyroid cancer tissues compared with non‑cancer tissues. In addition, miR‑205‑knockdown models in the BHT‑101 cell line and ectopic expression models in the 8505‑C cell line were used to measure the biological functions of miR‑205. The results indicated that miR‑205 inhibited certain aspects of thyroid cancer, including cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, Yes‑associated protein 1 (YAP1) was identified as a target gene of miR‑205 and its expression was negatively correlated with that of miR‑205 in thyroid cancer tissues. Depletion of YAP1 partially reduced the anti‑miR‑205‑induced cell growth and invasion. The results of the present study suggested that the tumor suppressive functions of miR‑205 via targeting YAP1 could be a novel target for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Shuilong Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Zhang Y, Xiao S, Kong P, Cheng C, Shi R, Wang F, Zhang L, Wang J, Jia Z, Wu S, Liu Y, Guo J, Cheng X, Cui Y, Liu J. Mps1 is associated with the BRAF V600E mutation but does not rely on the classic RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9978-9986. [PMID: 29805692 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, the B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF)V600E mutation has been identified in multiple malignant tumors. BRAFV600E has been revealed to contribute to tumorigenesis by the activation of phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and their downstream Monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1), leading to chromosome euploidy and tumor development. In the present study, the presence of phospho-MAPK and Mps1 in 161 thyroid carcinoma cases with complete clinical parameters was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and the BRAF mutation was detected by polymerase chain reaction-direct sequencing. It was revealed that BRAFV600E was present in ~34% of thyroid cancer cases and was associated with age, clinical tumor stage and lymph node stage. However, the association of BRAFV600E with overall survival was not statistically significant. The expression of Mps1 was significantly increased in tumor tissues with BRAFV600E, however, this did not affect the expression of phospho-MAPK in thyroid carcinomas. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that BRAFV600E may regulate the expression of Mps1 in MAP kinase independent ways in thyroid carcinoma. Therefore, Mps1 expression is associated with BRAFV600E while the upstream signaling of phospho-MAPK has no relevance. The specific mechanisms of BRAFV600E and the unknown pathway associated with Mps1 exhibit potential for further study, and provide a theoretical basis for the molecular treatment of thyroid carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yike Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, P.R. China
| | - Pengzhou Kong
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Cheng
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Ruyi Shi
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwu Jia
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Cheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Cui
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Janjua N, Wreesmann VB. Aggressive differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 44:367-377. [PMID: 29169931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer is characteristically associated with an innocuous clinical course, but a minority of cases may manifest surprisingly aggressive behaviour. Such aggressive DTC are directly responsible for the majority of thyroid cancer related deaths. Moreover, they contribute indirectly to increased DTC-related morbidity, because our inability to differentiate these tumours from innocuous DTC at an early stage fuels a significant degree of DTC overtreatment around the globe. In the present paper we describe how improved understanding of the clinicopathological thyroid tumour progression model and optimization of clinical staging systems continues to improve our ability to diagnose and treat aggressive DTC. Early recognition of aggressive DTC allows instillation of an aggressive management strategy which is based upon surgical-oncologic completeness, and minimization of treatment-related sequelae through continued development of reconstructive options and focussed delivery of adjuvant treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Janjua
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK.
| | - Volkert B Wreesmann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Portsmouth Hospitals Trust, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alzahrani AS, Murugan AK, Qasem E, Alswailem M, Al-Hindi H, Shi Y. Single Point Mutations in Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2017; 27:189-196. [PMID: 27824297 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is rare in children. Previous studies have suggested that it has different clinicopathologic features and mutation profiles compared with adult DTC. However, those studies focused on a single or limited number of gene mutations. This study comprehensively investigated a large series of pediatric DTC for single point mutations in BRAF, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, and TERT. It also analyzed associations between clinicopathologic features and the BRAFV600E mutation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-nine consecutive cases seen in children and adolescents (≤18 years) during 1998-2015 were identified. Rare variants of DTC were excluded, and the study focused on 72 (91.1%) classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and seven (8.9%) follicular variant PTC. These included 68 (86.1%) females and 11 (13.9%) males, with a median age of 15.5 years (range 8-18 years). The clinical and histopathological data were obtained from medical records. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, and was PCR-amplified and directly sequenced. RESULTS Mutations detected included BRAFV600E in 19/72 (26.4%) classical PTC samples, and in none of seven follicular variant PTC. Other mutations included: 1/78 (1.3%) successfully amplified tumor samples with TERT C228T; 2/79 (2.5%) NRAS 61 (c.181C>A and c.182A>G); 1/73 (1.4%) PIK3CA exon 9 (c.1589A>G and c.1598C>T in one tumor); 1/79 (1.3%) PIK3CA exon 20 (c.2951G>A); and 1/74 (1.4%) PTEN exon 5 (c.295G>A). No mutation was found in HRAS, KRAS, NRAS12, PTEN exons 6, 7, and 8, and TERT C250T. No significant association was found between BRAFV600E mutation and sex, extrathyroidal invasion, tumor multifocality, vascular invasion, lymph node or distant metastases, and persistent/recurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric DTC, the prevalence of the BRAFV600E mutation is significantly less common compared with adult DTC, and there is no association between this mutation and the histopathological features and outcome of PTC. PIK3CA, PTEN, NRAS 61, and TERT C228T mutations are rare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alzahrani
- 1 Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 2 Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
- 2 Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam Qasem
- 2 Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshael Alswailem
- 2 Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hindi Al-Hindi
- 3 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yufei Shi
- 4 Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee MY, Ku BM, Kim HS, Lee JY, Lim SH, Sun JM, Lee SH, Park K, Oh YL, Hong M, Jeong HS, Son YI, Baek CH, Ahn MJ. Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Implications in High-Recurrence Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2016; 49:906-914. [PMID: 28052655 PMCID: PMC5654158 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) frequently involve genetic alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic alterations and further explore the relationships between these genetic alterations and clinicopathological characteristics in a high-recurrence risk (node positive, N1) PTC group.
Materials and Methods
Tumor tissue blocks were obtained from 240 surgically resected patients with histologically confirmed stage III/IV (pT3/4 or N1) PTCs. We screened gene fusions using NanoString’s nCounter technology and mutational analysis was performed by direct DNA sequencing. Data describing the clinicopathological characteristics and clinical courses were retrospectively collected.
Results
Of the 240 PTC patients, 207 (86.3%) had at least one genetic alteration, including BRAF mutation in 190 patients (79.2%), PIK3CA mutation in 25 patients (10.4%), NTRK1/3 fusion in six patients (2.5%), and RET fusion in 24 patients (10.0%). Concomitant presence of more than two genetic alterations was seen in 36 patients (15%). PTCs harboring BRAF mutation were associated with RET wild-type expression (p=0.001). RET fusion genes have been found to occur with significantly higher frequency in N1b stage patients (p=0.003) or groups of patients aged 45 years or older (p=0.031); however, no significant correlation was found between other genetic alterations. There was no trend toward favorable recurrence-free survival or overall survival among patients lacking genetic alterations. Conclusion
In the selected high-recurrence risk PTC group, most patients had more than one genetic alteration. However, these known alterations could not entirely account for clinicopathological features of high-recurrence risk PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Mi Ku
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Su Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Mineui Hong
- Department of Pathology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Sin Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ik Son
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Hwan Baek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ieni A, Barresi V, Cardia R, Licata L, Di Bari F, Benvenga S, Tuccari G. The micropapillary/hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A review of series described in the literature compared to a series from one southern Italy pathology institution. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:521-527. [PMID: 27896649 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a good prognosis with a 10-yr survival greater than 90%. Recently, a micro-papillary pattern with hobnail appearance (MPHC) in PTC has been indicated as associated with poor prognosis, but this suggestion is based only on a few cases from geographical areas different from ours. Two-hundred ninety-nine consecutive PTC cases were collected between the years of 1992 and 2014 at our institution. The corresponding histologic sections (at least 6 for each case) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and reviewed independently by two pathologists to reach a consensus on the identification and quantification of the MPHC. As done in other cohorts, parallel serial sections were stained with antisera for thyroglobulin, epithelial membrane antigen, thyroid-transcription-factor-1 and Ki 67. BRAF gene mutation at codon 600 and RET/PTC1 gene rearrangements were searched. A comparative statistical analysis was done between the present series and previously published series. Of the 295 PTC, 124 (42.5%) were follicular, 104 (35%) classic, 34 (11.5%) sclerosing, 15 (5%) tall cells, 10 (3.4%) Warthin-like, and 8 (2.7%) MPHC. Four MHPC cases (50%) harbored the BRAF V600E variant, while one was positive for RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Our rate of MPHC-PTC (2.7%) is 2X to 8X greater than those reported previously for cohorts from North America + North Italy, Korea and Mexico. MPHC prognosis appears to be better compared to other cohorts, probably due to not only to the lower rate of the vascular invasion, but also to the smaller size of the MPHC-PTC nodule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125, Messina, Italy.
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Flavia Di Bari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital, A.O.U. Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital, A.O.U. Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi" - Section of Pathological Anatomy, A.O.U. Polyclinic G.Martino, 98125, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lithwick-Yanai G, Dromi N, Shtabsky A, Morgenstern S, Strenov Y, Feinmesser M, Kravtsov V, Leon ME, Hajdúch M, Ali SZ, VandenBussche CJ, Zhang X, Leider-Trejo L, Zubkov A, Vorobyov S, Kushnir M, Goren Y, Tabak S, Kadosh E, Benjamin H, Schnitzer-Perlman T, Marmor H, Motin M, Lebanony D, Kredo-Russo S, Mitchell H, Noller M, Smith A, Dattner O, Ashkenazi K, Sanden M, Berlin KA, Bar D, Meiri E. Multicentre validation of a microRNA-based assay for diagnosing indeterminate thyroid nodules utilising fine needle aspirate smears. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:500-507. [PMID: 27798083 PMCID: PMC5484037 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The distinction between benign and malignant thyroid nodules has important therapeutic implications. Our objective was to develop an assay that could classify indeterminate thyroid nodules as benign or suspicious, using routinely prepared fine needle aspirate (FNA) cytology smears. METHODS A training set of 375 FNA smears was used to develop the microRNA-based assay, which was validated using a blinded, multicentre, retrospective cohort of 201 smears. Final diagnosis of the validation samples was determined based on corresponding surgical specimens, reviewed by the contributing institute pathologist and two independent pathologists. Validation samples were from adult patients (≥18 years) with nodule size >0.5 cm, and a final diagnosis confirmed by at least one of the two blinded, independent pathologists. The developed assay, RosettaGX Reveal, differentiates benign from malignant thyroid nodules, using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Test performance on the 189 samples that passed quality control: negative predictive value: 91% (95% CI 84% to 96%); sensitivity: 85% (CI 74% to 93%); specificity: 72% (CI 63% to 79%). Performance for cases in which all three reviewing pathologists were in agreement regarding the final diagnosis (n=150): negative predictive value: 99% (CI 94% to 100%); sensitivity: 98% (CI 87% to 100%); specificity: 78% (CI 69% to 85%). CONCLUSIONS A novel assay utilising microRNA expression in cytology smears was developed. The assay distinguishes benign from malignant thyroid nodules using a single FNA stained smear, and does not require fresh tissue or special collection and shipment conditions. This assay offers a valuable tool for the preoperative classification of thyroid samples with indeterminate cytology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nir Dromi
- Rosetta Genomics Ltd, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Shtabsky
- Pathology Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Morgenstern
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pathology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Yulia Strenov
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pathology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Meora Feinmesser
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pathology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Vladimir Kravtsov
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pathology Institute, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Marino E Leon
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Syed Z Ali
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Xinmin Zhang
- Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University at Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leonor Leider-Trejo
- Pathology Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Asia Zubkov
- Pathology Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sergey Vorobyov
- National Centre of Clinical and Morphological Diagnostics, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Yaron Goren
- Rosetta Genomics Ltd, Rehovot, Israel.,Geha Mental Health Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | - Hila Benjamin
- Rosetta Genomics Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexis Smith
- Rosetta Genomics Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Mats Sanden
- Rosetta Genomics Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Eti Meiri
- Rosetta Genomics Ltd, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng J, Li J. WITHDRAWN: Serum miRNA-203 expression, a potential biomarker for recurrence and prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2016:CBM653. [PMID: 27689614 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.
Collapse
|
19
|
Perdas E, Stawski R, Nowak D, Zubrzycka M. The Role of miRNA in Papillary Thyroid Cancer in the Context of miRNA Let-7 Family. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060909. [PMID: 27314338 PMCID: PMC4926443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. RET/PTC rearrangement is the most common genetic modification identified in this category of cancer, increasing proliferation and dedifferentiation by the activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF-MAPK-ERK signaling pathway. Recently, let-7 miRNA was found to reduce RAS levels, acting as a tumor suppressor gene. Circulating miRNA profiles of the let-7 family may be used as novel noninvasive diagnostic, prognostic, treatment and surveillance markers for PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Perdas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
| | - Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
| | - Maria Zubrzycka
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 92-215, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park MH, Jo M, Kim YR, Lee CK, Hong JT. Roles of peroxiredoxins in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 163:1-23. [PMID: 27130805 PMCID: PMC7112520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are antioxidant enzymes, known to catalyze peroxide reduction to balance cellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, which are essential for cell signaling and metabolism and act as a regulator of redox signaling. Redox signaling is a critical component of cell signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of cell growth, metabolism, hormone signaling, immune regulation and variety of other physiological functions. Early studies demonstrated that PRDXs regulates cell growth, metabolism and immune regulation and therefore involved in the pathologic regulator or protectant of several cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Oxidative stress and antioxidant systems are important regulators of redox signaling regulated diseases. In addition, thiol-based redox systems through peroxiredoxins have been demonstrated to regulate several redox-dependent process related diseases. In this review article, we will discuss recent findings regarding PRDXs in the development of diseases and further discuss therapeutic approaches targeting PRDXs. Moreover, we will suggest that PRDXs could be targets of several diseases and the therapeutic agents for targeting PRDXs may have potential beneficial effects for the treatment of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Future research should open new avenues for the design of novel therapeutic approaches targeting PRDXs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951
| | - MiRan Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951
| | - Yu Ri Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea, 361-951.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aragon Han P, Kim HS, Cho S, Fazeli R, Najafian A, Khawaja H, McAlexander M, Dy B, Sorensen M, Aronova A, Sebo TJ, Giordano TJ, Fahey TJ, Thompson GB, Gauger PG, Somervell H, Bishop JA, Eshleman JR, Schneider EB, Witwer KW, Umbricht CB, Zeiger MA. Association of BRAF V600E Mutation and MicroRNA Expression with Central Lymph Node Metastases in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Prospective Study from Four Endocrine Surgery Centers. Thyroid 2016; 26:532-42. [PMID: 26950846 PMCID: PMC4827320 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated an association of the BRAF(V600E) mutation and microRNA (miR) expression with aggressive clinicopathologic features in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Analysis of BRAF(V600E) mutations with miR expression data may improve perioperative decision making for patients with PTC, specifically in identifying patients harboring central lymph node metastases (CLNM). METHODS Between January 2012 and June 2013, 237 consecutive patients underwent total thyroidectomy and prophylactic central lymph node dissection (CLND) at four endocrine surgery centers. All tumors were tested for the presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation and miR-21, miR-146b-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-204, miR-221, miR-222, and miR-375 expression. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to examine associations between molecular markers and aggressive clinicopathologic features of PTC. RESULTS Multivariable logistic regression analysis of all clinicopathologic features found miR-146b-3p and miR-146b-5p to be independent predictors of CLNM, while the presence of BRAF(V600E) almost reached significance. Multivariable logistic regression analysis limited to only predictors available preoperatively (molecular markers, age, sex, and tumor size) found miR-146b-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-222, and BRAF(V600E) mutation to predict CLNM independently. While BRAF(V600E) was found to be associated with CLNM (48% mutated in node-positive cases vs. 28% mutated in node-negative cases), its positive and negative predictive values (48% and 72%, respectively) limit its clinical utility as a stand-alone marker. In the subgroup analysis focusing on only classical variant of PTC cases (CVPTC), undergoing prophylactic lymph node dissection, multivariable logistic regression analysis found only miR-146b-5p and miR-222 to be independent predictors of CLNM, while BRAF(V600E) was not significantly associated with CLNM. CONCLUSION In the patients undergoing prophylactic CLNDs, miR-146b-3p, miR-146b-5p, and miR-222 were found to be predictive of CLNM preoperatively. However, there was significant overlap in expression of these miRs in the two outcome groups. The BRAF(V600E) mutation, while being a marker of CLNM when considering only preoperative variables among all histological subtypes, is likely not a useful stand-alone marker clinically because the difference between node-positive and node-negative cases was small. Furthermore, it lost significance when examining only CVPTC. Overall, our results speak to the concept and interpretation of statistical significance versus actual applicability of molecular markers, raising questions about their clinical usefulness as individual prognostic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Aragon Han
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hyun-seok Kim
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Soonweng Cho
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roghayeh Fazeli
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alireza Najafian
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hunain Khawaja
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa McAlexander
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Benzon Dy
- Departments of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Meredith Sorensen
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anna Aronova
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas J. Sebo
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thomas J. Giordano
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas J. Fahey
- Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Paul G. Gauger
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Helina Somervell
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin A. Bishop
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James R. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric B. Schneider
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher B. Umbricht
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martha A. Zeiger
- Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha, activator protein-1, and programmed cell death 4 in diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6519-26. [PMID: 26637226 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the diagnostic values of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha (P85α), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). P85α, AP-1, and PDCD4 expressions were detected in PTC tissues (n = 116) and thyroid papillary hyperplasia (PTH) tissues (n = 90) by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Associations of P85α, AP-1, and PDCD4 expressions with clinicopathological features in PTC were analyzed. Diagnostic values of P85α, AP-1, and PDCD4 in PTC were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. P85α, AP-1, and PDCD4 expression levels in PTC tissues were statistically different from those in PTH tissues (all P < 0.05). In PTC tissues, AP-1 expression was positively associated with P85α expression (r = 0.841, P < 0.01), while negatively associated with PDCD4 expression (r = -0.755, P < 0.01). P85α expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and the degree of differentiation (both P < 0.05); AP-1 and PDCD4 expressions were associated with the degree of differentiation (both P < 0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of P85α were 92.2 and 91.1 %, respectively, with a cutoff value of 2.100 and an area under curve (AUC) of 0.966. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of AP-1 reached 94.4 and 93.3 % with a cutoff value of 1.655 and an AUC of 0.987. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of PDCD4 were 54.4 and 85.6 % with a cutoff value of 2.025 and an AUC of 0.754. P85α, AP-1, and PDCD4 proteins may be related to the tumorigenesis and progression of PTC. Moreover, P85α, AP-1, and PDCD4 proteins may serve as potential diagnostic markers to the biological behavior of PTC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Aragon Han P, Weng CH, Khawaja HT, Nagarajan N, Schneider EB, Umbricht CB, Witwer KW, Zeiger MA. MicroRNA Expression and Association with Clinicopathologic Features in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review. Thyroid 2015; 25:1322-9. [PMID: 26414548 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that microRNAs (miR) may be useful prognostic markers and are associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). This systematic review examined associations between miRs and aggressive clinicopathologic features in PTC. METHODS A literature search was performed within the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for papers published prior to November 24, 2014. The search was performed by combining the concepts "thyroid tumor" with "microRNA" and by using "and" as the Boolean operator. Upon retrieval of candidate studies, full-text publications were reviewed in their entirety and selected if they examined the prognostic significance between miR expression and established aggressive clinicopathologic features of PTC. RESULTS Fifteen studies from 13 unique groups that included 807 patients were reviewed. Most of the studies were retrospective, and none included patients who had undergone routine central lymph node dissection. Expression levels of miRs-21, -34b, -130b, -135b, -146b, -151, -181b, -199b-5p, -221, -222, -451, -623, -1271, -2861, and let-7e showed significant association with at least one aggressive feature, such as large tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, multifocality, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastases, distant metastasis, advanced American Joint Cancer Committee stage, and presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation. Herein we summarize the literature with regard to these associations. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to investigate whether miRs are independent predictors of aggressive clinicopathologic features before it can be recommended that miR expression levels should be incorporated into the management algorithm for patients with PTC. A well-designed prospective study is needed to assess these potential associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Aragon Han
- 1 Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Hsiang Weng
- 1 Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hunain T Khawaja
- 1 Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neeraja Nagarajan
- 2 Johns Hopkins Surgery Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric B Schneider
- 2 Johns Hopkins Surgery Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher B Umbricht
- 1 Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- 3 Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martha A Zeiger
- 1 Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Suresh R, Sethi S, Ali S, Giorgadze T, Sarkar FH. Differential Expression of MicroRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Their Role in Racial Disparity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:145-154. [PMID: 26380656 PMCID: PMC4570618 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play important roles in the diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and they are useful in developing targeted therapies. However, there have been no studies on the existence of racial differences in miRNAs expression that could explain differential overall survival of PTC patients. Expression analysis of miRNAs in major racial groups would be important for optimizing personalized treatment strategies. In the current study, we assessed the differential expression of 8 miRNAs between normal and tumor tissues, and also assessed racial differences between African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA). Methods First, the miRNA expression profiling was performed using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections of tumor containing over 70% tumor cells. Normal and tumor sections of thyroid tissues were studied from AA and CA patients. The miRNA microarray profiling was done using miRBase version 18 (LC Sciences, Houston, TX, USA). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate expression of 8 selected miRNAs. Results Ingenuity pathway analysis showed involvement of target genes, such as Ras and NF-κB. Deregulated miRNAs such as miR-221 and miR-31 were found to be statistically significant between the two races. Using qRT-PCR, we found that miR-21, miR-146b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-31, and miR-3613 were up-regulated while miR-138 and miR-98 were down-regulated in tumors compared to normal tissues. Conclusion Though sample size was small, we found several deregulated miRNAs having racial differences. The differential expression of miRNAs suggest that these miRNAs and their target genes could be useful to gain further mechanistic insight of PTC and their clinical implications, including miRNA replacement therapy or their knockdown strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raagini Suresh
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Seema Sethi
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shadan Ali
- Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tamar Giorgadze
- Weill Cornell Medical College-Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA ; Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|