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Lin P, Niu Y. Inhibitory selectivity to the AKR1B10 and aldose reductase (AR): insight from molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26709-26718. [PMID: 37681045 PMCID: PMC10480703 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02215c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AKR1B10 is over-expressed in many cancer types and is related to chemotherapy resistance, which makes AKR1B10 a potential anti-cancer target. The high similarity of the protein structure between AKR1B10 and AR makes it difficult to develop highly selective inhibitors against AKR1B10. Understanding the interaction between AKR1B10 and inhibitors is very important for designing selective inhibitors of AKR1B10. In this study, Fidarestat, Zopolrestat, MK184 and MK204 bound to AKR1B10 and AR were used to investigate the selectivity mechanism. The results of MM/PBSA calculations show that van der Waals and electrostatic interaction provide the main contributions of the binding free energy. The hydrogen bonding between residues Y49 and H111 and inhibitors plays a pivotal role in contributing to the high inhibitory activity of AKR1B10 inhibitors. The π-π stacking interaction between residue W112 and inhibitor also plays a key role in the stability of inhibitors and AKR1B10, but W112 should keep its natural conformation to stabilize the inhibitor-AKR1B10 complex. Highly selective AKR1B10 inhibitors should have a bulky moiety like a phenyl group, which can change its binding with ABP in binding with AR and cannot change its binding with AKR1B10. The free energy decomposition shows that residues W21, V48, Y49, K78, W80, H111, R298 and V302 are beneficial to the stability of the inhibitor-AKR1B10. Our work will provide an important in silico basis for researchers to develop highly selective inhibitors of AKR1B10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Weifang University of Science and Technology Weifang 262700 China
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Science Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuzhen Niu
- Weifang University of Science and Technology Weifang 262700 China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology Weifang 262700 China
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Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Lee JJ, Li M, Tanaka Y, Eoh H, Higuchi Y, Saito T. Long-term cell fate and functional maintenance of human hepatocyte through stepwise culture configuration. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22750. [PMID: 36607308 PMCID: PMC9830592 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201292rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatocyte culture system represents by far the most physiologically relevant model for our understanding of liver biology and diseases; however, its versatility has been limited due to the rapid and progressive loss of genuine characteristics, indicating the inadequacy of in vitro milieu for fate maintenance. This study, therefore, is designed to define environmental requirements necessary to sustain the homeostasis of terminally differentiated hepatocytes. Our study reveals that the supplementation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is indispensable in mitigating fate deterioration and promoting adaptation to the in vitro environment, resulting in the restoration of tight cell-cell contact, cellular architecture, and polarity. The morphological recovery was overall accompanied by the restoration of hepatocyte marker gene expression, highlighting the interdependence between the cellular architecture and the maintenance of cell fate. However, beyond the recovery phase culture, DMSO supplementation is deemed detrimental due to the potent inhibitory effect on a multitude of hepatocyte functionalities while its withdrawal results in the loss of cell fate. In search of DMSO substitute, our screening of organic substances led to the identification of dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), which supports the long-term maintenance of proper morphology, marker gene expression, and hepatocytic functions. Moreover, hepatocytes maintained DMSO2 exhibited clinically relevant toxicity in response to prolonged exposure to xenobiotics as well as alcohol. These observations suggest that the stepwise culture configuration consisting of the consecutive supplementation of DMSO and DMSO2 confers the microenvironment essential for the fate and functional maintenance of terminally differentiated human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jae Jin Lee
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- University of Southern California, Norris Medical Library, Bioinformatics Service Program, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yusuke Higuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Corresponding author: Takeshi Saito, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Pathology, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 801A, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9141, Phone: +1-323-442-2260, Fax:+1-323-442-5425,
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Wang T, Xu ZH. Natural Compounds with Aldose Reductase (AR) Inhibition: A Class of Medicative Agents for Fatty Liver Disease. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:1929-1944. [PMID: 36655533 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230119101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD), which includes both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD), is a worldwide health concern. The etiology of ALD is long-term alcohol consumption, while NAFLD is defined as an abnormal amount of lipid present in liver cells, which is not caused by alcohol intake and has recently been identified as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and obesity). Inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolic dysregulation are all known to play a role in FLD progression. Alternative and natural therapies are desperately needed to treat this disease since existing pharmaceuticals are mostly ineffective. The aldose reductase (AR)/polyol pathway has recently been shown to play a role in developing FLD by contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fat accumulation. Herein, we review the effects of plantderived compounds capable of inhibiting AR in FLD models. Natural AR inhibitors have been found to improve FLD in part by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and steatosis via the regulation of several critical pathways, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, etc. This review revealed that natural compounds with AR inhibitory effects are a promising class of therapeutic agents for FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hui Xu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Grewal AS, Thapa K, Kanojia N, Sharma N, Singh S. Natural Compounds as Source of Aldose Reductase (AR) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diabetic Complications: A Mini Review. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:1091-1116. [PMID: 33069193 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201016124125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldol reductase (AR) is the polyol pathway's main enzyme that portrays a crucial part in developing 'complications of diabetes' involving cataract, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. These diabetic abnormalities are triggered tremendously via aggregation of sorbitol formation (catalyzed by AR) in the polyol pathway. Consequently, it represents an admirable therapeutic target and vast research was done for the discovery of novel molecules as potential AR inhibitors for diabetic complications. OBJECTIVE This review article has been planned to discuss an outline of diabetic complications, AR and its role in diabetic complications, natural compounds reported as AR inhibitors, and benefits of natural/plant derived AR inhibitors for the management of diabetic abnormalities. RESULTS The goal of AR inhibition remedy is to stabilize the increased flux of blood glucose and sorbitol via the 'polyol pathway' in the affected tissues. A variety of synthetic inhibitors of AR have been established such as tolrestat and sorbinil, but both of these face limitations including low permeability and health problems. Pharmaceutical industries and other scientists were also undertaking work to develop newer, active, and 'safe' AR inhibitors from natural sources. Therefore, several naturally found molecules were documented to possess a potent inhibitory action on AR activity. CONCLUSION Natural inhibitors of AR appeared as harmless pharmacological agents for controlling diabetic complications. The detailed literature throughout this article shows the significance of herbal extracts and phytochemicals as prospective useful AR inhibitors in treating diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Komal Thapa
- Chitkara School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Singh M, Kapoor A, Bhatnagar A. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Aldose Reductase. Metabolites 2021; 11:655. [PMID: 34677370 PMCID: PMC8541668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol. Under normal glucose homeostasis the pathway represents a minor route of glucose metabolism that operates in parallel with glycolysis. However, during hyperglycemia the flux of glucose via the polyol pathway increases significantly, leading to excessive formation of sorbitol. The polyol pathway-driven accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol has been implicated in the development of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Based on the notion that inhibition of AR could prevent these complications a range of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested; however, their clinical efficacy has been found to be marginal at best. Moreover, recent work has shown that AR participates in the detoxification of aldehydes that are derived from lipid peroxidation and their glutathione conjugates. Although in some contexts this antioxidant function of AR helps protect against tissue injury and dysfunction, the metabolic transformation of the glutathione conjugates of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes could also lead to the generation of reactive metabolites that can stimulate mitogenic or inflammatory signaling events. Thus, inhibition of AR could have both salutary and injurious outcomes. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of AR could modify the effects of cardiovascular disease, asthma, neuropathy, sepsis, and cancer; therefore, additional work is required to selectively target AR inhibitors to specific disease states. Despite past challenges, we opine that a more gainful consideration of therapeutic modulation of AR activity awaits clearer identification of the specific role(s) of the AR enzyme in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aniruddh Kapoor
- Internal Medicine—Critical Care, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA;
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Geethangili M, Lin CW, Mersmann HJ, Ding ST. Methyl Brevifolincarboxylate Attenuates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in Hepatocytes through AMPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810062. [PMID: 34576229 PMCID: PMC8469305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases worldwide. This study examined the potential protective effects of a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, methyl brevifolincarboxylate (MBC) on fatty liver injury in vitro. The results showed that MBC at its non-cytotoxic concentrations, reduced lipid droplet accumulation and triglyceride (TG) levels in the oleic acid (OA)-treated human hepatocarcinoma cell line, SK-HEP-1 and murine primary hepatocytes. In OA-treated SK-HEP-1 cells and primary murine hepatocytes, MBC attenuated the mRNA expression levels of the de novo lipogenesis molecules, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (Acc1), fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (Srebp1c). MBC promoted the lipid oxidation factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (Pparα), and its target genes, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (Cpt1) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (Acox1) in both the SK-HEP-1 cells and primary murine hepatocytes. The mRNA results were further supported by the attenuated protein expression of lipogenesis and lipid oxidation molecules in OA-treated SK-HEP-1 cells. The MBC increased the expression of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. On the other hand, MBC treatment dampened the inflammatory mediator's, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-1β secretion, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression (mRNA and protein) through reduced reactive oxygen species production in OA-treated SK-HEP-1 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MBC possessed potential protective effects against NAFLD in vitro by amelioration of lipid metabolism and inflammatory markers through the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Alberti G, Gana JC, Santos JL. Fructose, Omega 3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin E: Involvement in Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113531. [PMID: 33212947 PMCID: PMC7698421 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common form of liver disease in both adults and children, becoming the leading cause for liver transplant in many countries. Its prevalence has increased considerably in recent years, mainly due to the explosive increase in pediatric obesity rates. NAFLD is strongly associated with central obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and it has been considered as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Its complex pathophysiology involves a series of metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, among others. Given the sharp increase in the prevalence of NAFLD and the lack of an appropriate pharmacological approach, it is crucial to consider the prevention/management of the disease based on lifestyle modifications such as the adoption of a healthy nutrition pattern. Herein, we review the literature and discuss the role of three key nutrients involved in pediatric NAFLD: fructose and its participation in metabolism, Omega-3 fatty acids and its anti-inflammatory effects and vitamin E and its action on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigliola Alberti
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 3580000, Chile; (G.A.); (J.C.G.)
| | - Juan Cristóbal Gana
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 3580000, Chile; (G.A.); (J.C.G.)
| | - José L. Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 3580000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-2354-3868
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Hotta N, Kawamura T, Umemura T. Does the breakdown of the detoxification system for aldehydes as a result of aldose reductase upregulation lead to alcohol-induced liver injury in humans and mice? J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1426-1430. [PMID: 32460409 PMCID: PMC7610110 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigishi Hotta
- Department of Endocrine Internal Medicine, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kawamura
- Department of Endocrine Internal Medicine, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Nagoya, Japan.,Preventive Medical Center, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Umemura
- Department of Neurology, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Nagoya, Japan
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The Inhibition of Aldose Reductase Accelerates Liver Regeneration through Regulating Energy Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3076131. [PMID: 32190170 PMCID: PMC7064854 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3076131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Our previous study showed that aldose reductase (AR) played key roles in fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury by regulating inflammatory response and energy metabolism. Here, we aim to investigate the role and mechanism of AR in the regeneration of normal and fatty livers after liver surgery. Methods The association of AR expression with liver regeneration was studied in the rat small-for-size liver transplantation model and the mice major hepatectomy and hepatic IR injury model with or without fatty change. The direct role and mechanism of AR in liver regeneration was explored in the AR knockout mouse model. Results Delayed regeneration was detected in fatty liver after liver surgery in both rat and mouse models. Furthermore, the expression of AR was increased in liver after liver surgery, especially in fatty liver. In a functional study, the knockout of AR promoted liver regeneration at day 2 after major hepatectomy and IR injury. Compared to wild-type groups, the expressions of cyclins were increased in normal and fatty livers of AR knockout mice. AR inhibition increased the expressions of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ in both normal liver and fatty liver groups after major hepatectomy and IR injury. In addition, the knockout of AR promoted the expressions of SDHB, AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC1-α and PPAR- Conclusions The knockout of AR promoted the regeneration of normal and fatty livers through regulating energy metabolism. AR may be a new potential therapeutic target to accelerate liver regeneration after surgery.
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