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Chen S, Wei B, Fu Y. A Study of the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Michelia macclurei Dandy Heartwood: New Sources of Natural Antioxidants, Enzyme Inhibitors and Bacterial Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097972. [PMID: 37175683 PMCID: PMC10177984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The wood of Michelia macclurei Dandy (MD) is an excellent material that is widely used in the furniture, handicraft, and construction industries. However, less research has been conducted on the chemical composition and biological activity of heartwood, which is the main valuable part of the wood. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of the heartwood of Michelia macclurei Dandy (MDHW) and to confirm the active ingredients. Triple quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the volatile components of MDHW, while ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the non-volatile components (UPLC-MS). The total reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, and an antimicrobial test of 4 gram bacteria were used to describe the in vitro bioactivities. The GC-MS analysis showed that the volatile components of MDHW were mainly fatty compounds and terpenoids, with sesquiterpenes and their derivatives dominating the terpene composition. β-elemene was the main terpene component in the steam distillation (11.88%) and ultrasonic extraction (8.2%) methods. A total of 67 compounds, comprising 45 alkaloids, 9 flavonoids, 6 lignans, and others, were found by UPLC-MS analysis. The primary structural kinds of the non-volatile components were 35 isoquinoline alkaloids. Alkaloids were the predominant active constituent in all MDHW extracts, including crude extracts, alkaloid fractions, and non-alkaloid fractions. These extracts all demonstrate some biological effects in terms of antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and bacterial inhibition. The findings of this study show that MDHW is abundant in chemical structure types, has great bioactivity assessment, and has the potential to be used to create natural antioxidants, products that postpone Alzheimer's disease and lower blood sugar levels and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Chen
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bochen Wei
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yunlin Fu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Schepetkin IA, Nurmaganbetov ZS, Fazylov SD, Nurkenov OA, Khlebnikov AI, Seilkhanov TM, Kishkentaeva AS, Shults EE, Quinn MT. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase by Novel Lupinine Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:3357. [PMID: 37110594 PMCID: PMC10146204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment due in part to a severe loss of cholinergic neurons in specific brain areas. AD is the most common type of dementia in the aging population. Although several acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are currently available, their performance sometimes yields unexpected results. Thus, research is ongoing to find potentially therapeutic AChE inhibitory agents, both from natural and synthetic sources. Here, we synthesized 13 new lupinine triazole derivatives and evaluated them, along with 50 commercial lupinine-based esters of different carboxylic acids, for AChE inhibitory activity. The triazole derivative 15 [1S,9aR)-1-((4-(4-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)octahydro-2H-quinolizine)] exhibited the most potent AChE inhibitory activity among all 63 lupinine derivatives, and kinetic analysis demonstrated that compound 15 was a mixed-type AChE inhibitor. Molecular docking studies were performed to visualize interaction between this triazole derivative and AChE. In addition, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) model developed using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of 11 SwissADME descriptors from the 50 lupinine esters revealed 5 key physicochemical features that allowed us to distinguish active versus non-active compounds. Thus, this SAR model could be applied for design of more potent lupinine ester-based AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Zhangeldy S. Nurmaganbetov
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan; (Z.S.N.); (S.D.F.); (O.A.N.); (A.S.K.)
- School of Pharmacy, Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda 100012, Kazakhstan
| | - Serik D. Fazylov
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan; (Z.S.N.); (S.D.F.); (O.A.N.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Oralgazy A. Nurkenov
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan; (Z.S.N.); (S.D.F.); (O.A.N.); (A.S.K.)
| | | | - Tulegen M. Seilkhanov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile NMR Spectroscopy, Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Kokshetau 020000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Anarkul S. Kishkentaeva
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Coal Chemistry, Karaganda 100008, Kazakhstan; (Z.S.N.); (S.D.F.); (O.A.N.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Elvira E. Shults
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
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Senol Deniz FS, Eren G, Orhan IE, Sener B, Ozgen U, Aldaba R, Calis I. Outlining In Vitro and In Silico Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Twenty-Four Natural Products of Various Chemical Classes: Smilagenin, Kokusaginine, and Methyl Rosmarinate as Emboldening Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072024. [PMID: 33916300 PMCID: PMC8037418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition is an important treatment strategy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are involved in the pathology of AD. In the current work, ChE inhibitory potential of twenty-four natural products from different chemical classes (i.e., diosgenin, hecogenin, rockogenin, smilagenin, tigogenin, astrasieversianins II and X, astragalosides I, IV, and VI, cyclocanthosides E and G, macrophyllosaponins A-D, kokusaginin, lamiide, forsythoside B, verbascoside, alyssonoside, ipolamide, methyl rosmarinate, and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide) was examined using ELISA microtiter assay. Among them, only smilagenin and kokusaginine displayed inhibitory action against AChE (IC50 = 43.29 ± 1.38 and 70.24 ± 2.87 µg/mL, respectively). BChE was inhibited by only methyl rosmarinate and kokusaginine (IC50 = 41.46 ± 2.83 and 61.40 ± 3.67 µg/mL, respectively). IC50 values for galantamine as the reference drug were 1.33 ± 0.11 µg/mL for AChE and 52.31 ± 3.04 µg/mL for BChE. Molecular docking experiments showed that the orientation of smilagenin and kokusaginine was mainly driven by the interactions with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) comprising residues of hAChE, while kokusaginine and methyl rosmarinate were able to access deeper into the active gorge in hBChE. Our data indicate that similagenin, kokusaginine, and methyl rosmarinate could be hit compounds for designing novel anti-Alzheimer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Sezer Senol Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (F.S.S.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Gokcen Eren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (F.S.S.D.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; (F.S.S.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Ufuk Ozgen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Randa Aldaba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Turkey; (R.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Ihsan Calis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Turkey; (R.A.); (I.C.)
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Oboh G, Adedayo BC, Adetola MB, Oyeleye IS, Ogunsuyi OB. Characterization and neuroprotective properties of alkaloid extract ofVernonia amygdalinaDelile in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:731-740. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1773845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Bukola Christiana Adedayo
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Mayowa Blessing Adetola
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Idowu Sunday Oyeleye
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit of Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Dual/multitargeted xanthone derivatives for Alzheimer's disease: where do we stand? Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1611-1630. [PMID: 28832188 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the current therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is only symptomatic, being its efficacy limited. Hence, the recent research has been focused in the development of different pharmacological approaches. Here we discuss the potential of xanthone derivatives as new anti-Alzheimer agents. The interference of xanthone derivatives with acetylcholinesterase and other molecular targets and cellular mechanisms associated with AD have been recently systematically reported. Therefore, we report xanthones with anticholinesterase, monoamine oxidase and amyloid β aggregation inhibitory activities as well as antioxidant properties, emphasizing xanthone derivatives with dual/multitarget activity as potential agents to treat AD. We also propose the structural features for these activities that may guide the design of new, more effective xanthone derivatives. [Formula: see text].
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6
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Docking-based comparative intermolecular contacts analysis and in silico screening reveal new potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Pereira VV, Duarte LP, Silva RR, Takahashi JA. New jacaranone glucoside from Jacaranda oxyphylla leaves. Nat Prod Res 2016; 30:2421-8. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1195378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Pereira
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L. P. Duarte
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R. R. Silva
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - J. A. Takahashi
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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8
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Libro R, Giacoppo S, Soundara Rajan T, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Natural Phytochemicals in the Treatment and Prevention of Dementia: An Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:518. [PMID: 27110749 PMCID: PMC6274085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The word dementia describes a class of heterogeneous diseases which etiopathogenetic mechanisms are not well understood. There are different types of dementia, among which, Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are the more common. Currently approved pharmacological treatments for most forms of dementia seem to act only on symptoms without having profound disease-modifying effects. Thus, alternative strategies capable of preventing the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations are urgently required. In particular, the attention of researchers has been focused on phytochemical compounds that have shown antioxidative, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties and that could represent important resources in the discovery of drug candidates against dementia. In this review, we summarize the neuroprotective effects of the main phytochemicals belonging to the polyphenol, isothiocyanate, alkaloid and cannabinoid families in the prevention and treatment of the most common kinds of dementia. We believe that natural phytochemicals may represent a promising sources of alternative medicine, at least in association with therapies approved to date for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaliana Libro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Giacoppo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Thangavelu Soundara Rajan
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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9
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Karasova JZ, Hroch M, Musilek K, Kuca K. Small Quaternary Inhibitors K298 and K524: Cholinesterases Inhibition, Absorption, Brain Distribution, and Toxicity. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Natural Compounds (Small Molecules) as Potential and Real Drugs of Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63281-4.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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11
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Abuhamdah S, Habash M, Taha MO. Elaborate ligand-based modeling coupled with QSAR analysis and in silico screening reveal new potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2013; 27:1075-92. [PMID: 24338032 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-013-9699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been shown to alleviate neurodegenerative diseases prompting several attempts to discover and optimize new AChE inhibitors. In this direction, we explored the pharmacophoric space of 85 AChE inhibitors to identify high quality pharmacophores. Subsequently, we implemented genetic algorithm-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling to select optimal combination of pharmacophoric models and 2D physicochemical descriptors capable of explaining bioactivity variation among training compounds (r2(68)=0.94, F-statistic=125.8, r2 LOO=0.92, r2 PRESS against 17 external test inhibitors = 0.84). Two orthogonal pharmacophores emerged in the QSAR equation suggesting the existence of at least two binding modes accessible to ligands within AChE binding pocket. The successful pharmacophores were comparable with crystallographically resolved AChE binding pocket. We employed the pharmacophoric models and associated QSAR equation to screen the national cancer institute list of compounds. Twenty-four low micromolar AChE inhibitors were identified. The most potent gave IC50 value of 1.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Abuhamdah
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein-Júnior LC, Henriques AT. Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1701-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine, is currently the main pharmacological strategy available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this sense, many alkaloids isolated from natural sources, such as physostigmine, have been long recognized as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Since the approval of galantamine for the treatment of AD patients, the search for new anticholinesterase alkaloids has escalated, leading to promising candidates such as huperzine A. This review aims to summarize recent advances in current knowledge on alkaloids as AChE and BChE inhibitors, highlighting structure–activity relationship (SAR) and docking studies.
Key findings
Natural alkaloids belonging to the steroidal/triterpenoidal, quinolizidine, isoquinoline and indole classes, mainly distributed within Buxaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Lycopodiaceae, are considered important sources of alkaloids with anti-enzymatic properties. Investigations into the possible SARs for some active compounds are based on molecular modelling studies, predicting the mode of interaction of the molecules with amino acid residues in the active site of the enzymes. Following this view, an increasing interest in achieving more potent and effective analogues makes alkaloids good chemical templates for the development of new cholinesterase inhibitors.
Summary
The anticholinesterase activity of alkaloids, together with their structural diversity and physicochemical properties, makes them good candidate agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina dos Santos Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Csuk R, Albert S, Kluge R, Ströhl D. Resveratrol Derived Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:499-503. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Csuk
- Bereich Organische Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale); Germany
| | - Sabrina Albert
- Bereich Organische Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale); Germany
| | - Ralph Kluge
- Bereich Organische Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale); Germany
| | - Dieter Ströhl
- Bereich Organische Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale); Germany
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Pinho BR, Ferreres F, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Nature as a source of metabolites with cholinesterase-inhibitory activity: an approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1681-700. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, being responsible for high healthcare costs and familial hardships. Despite the efforts of researchers, no treatment able to delay or stop AD progress exists. Currently, the available treatments are only symptomatic, cholinesterase inhibitors being the most widely used drugs. Here we describe several natural compounds with anticholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) activity and also some synthetic compounds whose structures are based on those of natural compounds.
Key findings
Galantamine and rivastigmine are two cholinesterase inhibitors used in therapeutics: galantamine is a natural alkaloid that was extracted for the first time from Galanthus nivalis L., while rivastigmine is a synthetic alkaloid, the structure of which is modelled on that of natural physostigmine. Alkaloids include a high number of compounds with anticholinesterases activity at the submicromolar range. Quinones and stilbenes are less well studied regarding cholinesterase inhibition, although some of them, such as sargaquinoic acid or (+)-α-viniferin, show promising activity. Among flavonoids, flavones and isoflavones are the most potent compounds. Xanthones and monoterpenes are generally weak cholinesterase inhibitors.
Summary
Nature is an almost endless source of bioactive compounds. Several natural compounds have anticholinesterase activity and others can be used as leader compounds for the synthesis of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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