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Krieg PF, Sonner JK, Kurelic R, Engler JB, Scharenberg MF, Bauer S, Nikolaev VO, Friese MA. GPR52 regulates cAMP in T cells but is dispensable for encephalitogenic responses. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1113348. [PMID: 36761164 PMCID: PMC9902724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1113348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) regulate 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in T cells. cAMP as ubiquitous second messenger is crucial for adequate physiology of T cells by mediating effector T cell (Teff) function as well as regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated immunosuppression. Several GPCRs have been identified to be crucial for Teff and Treg function. However, the role of the orphan, constitutively active Gs-coupled GPCR GPR52 is unknown. Here we show that GPR52 regulates cAMP levels in T cells but does not affect T cell function. We found that stimulation of transfected HEK cells or primary T cells with a GPR52 agonist results in a rise of intracellular cAMP. However, neither Gpr52 deficiency nor pharmacological modulation of GPR52 by antagonists or agonists affected T cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation or Treg-mediated immunosuppression. Moreover, Gpr52 deletion did not modify the clinical disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our results demonstrate that a modulation of cAMP levels in T cells does not inevitably result in altered T cell function. While we could not identify an obvious role of GPR52 in in vitro T cell assays and in vivo CNS autoimmunity, it might regulate T cell function in a different context or affect the function of other GPR52-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. Krieg
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana K. Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Kurelic
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlena F. Scharenberg
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Bauer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Manuel A. Friese,
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Uncariphyllin A-J, indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla as antagonists of dopamine D2 and Mu opioid receptors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yin A, Guan X, Zhang JV, Niu J. Focusing on the role of secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors in placental development and preeclampsia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:959239. [PMID: 36187484 PMCID: PMC9515905 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.959239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia, a clinical syndrome mainly characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, with a worldwide incidence of 3–8% and high maternal mortality, is a risk factor highly associated with maternal and offspring cardiovascular disease. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia are complicated and have not been fully elucidated. Obesity, immunological diseases and endocrine metabolic diseases are high-risk factors for the development of preeclampsia. Effective methods to treat preeclampsia are lacking, and termination of pregnancy remains the only curative treatment for preeclampsia. The pathogenesis of preeclampsia include poor placentation, uteroplacental malperfusion, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, dysregulated immune tolerance, vascular inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction. The notion that placenta is the core factor in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still prevailing. G protein-coupled receptors, the largest family of membrane proteins in eukaryotes and the largest drug target family to date, exhibit diversity in structure and function. Among them, the secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors are essential drug targets for human diseases, such as endocrine diseases and cardiometabolic diseases. Given the great value of the secretin/adhesion (Class B) G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of cardiovascular system function and the drug target exploration, we summarize the role of these receptors in placental development and preeclampsia, and outlined the relevant pathological mechanisms, thereby providing potential drug targets for preeclampsia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqi Yin
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaonian Guan
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian V. Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jian V. Zhang, ; Jianmin Niu,
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jian V. Zhang, ; Jianmin Niu,
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Zhang B, Li S, Shui W. Post-Translational Modifications of G Protein–Coupled Receptors Revealed by Proteomics and Structural Biology. Front Chem 2022; 10:843502. [PMID: 35355784 PMCID: PMC8960047 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.843502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a protein superfamily comprising >800 members that regulate numerous cellular and physiologic responses. GPCRs represent the largest class of therapeutic targets with implications in various diseases. Although advances in GPCR structural and pharmacological research have significantly improved our knowledge of GPCR signaling mechanisms, mapping diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) of GPCR proteins and understanding their regulatory roles have received much less attention. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become the most popular technology for profiling protein PTMs in a systematic manner. Herein we provide an overview of PTM types, locations, crosstalk and dynamic regulation for different GPCRs that are characterized using proteomic and/or biochemical approaches. Our main focus is on glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and palmitoylation that are known to modulate receptor folding, biosynthesis, trafficking, dimerization and signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the locations of specific PTM sites in the structure of a given GPCR and its signaling complex to highlight the importance of PTM regulation in the molecular basis of GPCRs, which may shed new light on structure-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenqing Shui,
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Drug-Targeted Genomes: Mutability of Ion Channels and GPCRs. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030594. [PMID: 35327396 PMCID: PMC8945769 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are not uncommon and can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Given previously reported multiple factors associated with high mutation rates, we sorted the relative mutability of multiple human genes by (i) proximity to telomeres and/or (ii) high adenine and thymine (A+T) content. We extracted genomic information using the genome data viewer and examined the mutability of 118 ion channel and 143 GPCR genes based on their association with factors (i) and (ii). We then assessed these two factors with 31 genes encoding ion channels or GPCRs that are targeted by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Out of the 118 ion channel genes studied, 80 met either factor (i) or (ii), resulting in a 68% match. In contrast, a 78% match was found for the 143 GPCR genes. We also found that the GPCR genes (n = 20) targeted by FDA-approved drugs have a relatively lower mutability than those genes encoding ion channels (n = 11), where targeted genes encoding GPCRs were shorter in length. The result of this study suggests that the use of matching rate analysis on factor-druggable genome is feasible to systematically compare the relative mutability of GPCRs and ion channels. The analysis on chromosomes by two factors identified a unique characteristic of GPCRs, which have a significant relationship between their nucleotide sizes and proximity to telomeres, unlike most genetic loci susceptible to human diseases.
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Akkapeddi P, Teng KW, Koide S. Monobodies as tool biologics for accelerating target validation and druggable site discovery. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1839-1853. [PMID: 34820623 PMCID: PMC8597423 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increased investment and technological advancement, new drug approvals have not proportionally increased. Low drug approval rates, particularly for new targets, are linked to insufficient target validation at early stages. Thus, there remains a strong need for effective target validation techniques. Here, we review the use of synthetic binding proteins as tools for drug target validation, with focus on the monobody platform among several advanced synthetic binding protein platforms. Monobodies with high affinity and high selectivity can be rapidly developed against challenging targets, such as KRAS mutants, using protein engineering technologies. They have strong tendency to bind to functional sites and thus serve as drug-like molecules, and they can serve as targeting ligands for constructing bio-PROTACs. Genetically encoded monobodies are effective "tool biologics" for validating intracellular targets. They promote crystallization and help reveal the atomic structures of the monobody-target interface, which can inform drug design. Using case studies, we illustrate the potential of the monobody technology in accelerating target validation and small-molecule drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Akkapeddi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Kai Wen Teng
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center New York NY USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA
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Wang P, Felsing DE, Chen H, Stutz SJ, Murphy RE, Cunningham KA, Allen JA, Zhou J. Discovery of Potent and Brain-Penetrant GPR52 Agonist that Suppresses Psychostimulant Behavior. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13951-13972. [PMID: 33198466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is an orphan receptor that is selectively expressed in the striatum and regulates various brain functions through activation of cAMP-dependent pathways. GPR52 has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders including schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Here, a series of novel GPR52 agonists were designed, synthesized, and evaluated based on compound 4. Several potent and efficacious GPR52 agonists (12c, 23a, 23d, 23e, 23f, and 23h) were identified with nanomolar range potency based on a systematic structure-activity relationship exploration. Further studies of 12c indicate enhanced efficacy, excellent target selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties including good brain permeability. In vivo proof-of-concept investigations revealed that 12c displayed antipsychotic-like activity by significantly inhibiting amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor behavior in mice. Collectively, our findings have resulted in an efficacious, brain-penetrant GPR52 agonist as a valuable pharmacological tool for investigating the physiological and therapeutic potential of GPR52 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Daniel E Felsing
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Ryan E Murphy
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - John A Allen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Cai X, Wang H, Wang M, Wang D, Zhang Z, Wei R, Gao X, Zhang R, Wang C, Chen J. A novel phosphorylation site on orexin receptor 1 regulating orexinA-induced GRK2-biased signaling. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109743. [PMID: 32827691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery efforts targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have succeeded in developing multiple medications for treating various human diseases including cancer, metabolic disorders, and inflammatory disorders. These medications are broadly classified as either agonists or antagonists that respectively promote or inhibit receptor activation by endogenous stimuli. However, there has been a growing appreciation that GPCR biased signaling between G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent signaling in particular is a promising method for improving drug efficacy and therapy. Orexin receptor 1 (OX1R), a member of the GPCRs, is an important drug target in the central nervous system. In this study, we identified a novel regulatory phosphorylation site (Ser-262) on OX1R that abolished its capability to interact with GRK2, but did not affect its interaction with G proteins, GRK5, or β-arrestin1/2 activation, indicating that Ser-262 is a key amino acid for OX1R internalization that contributes to induction of GRK2-dependent biased signaling via orexin A. Our findings could potentially lead to the development of new drug targets for the prevention and treatment of insomnia, narcolepsy, and substance abuse, with fewer side effects than existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261042, PR China
| | - Huannan Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276800, PR China
| | - Maochang Wang
- Shouguang Agricultural Development Group Co., Ltd,Shouguang, Shandong, 262700, PR China
| | - Dexiu Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261042, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276800, PR China
| | - Ruotong Wei
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261042, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261042, PR China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, PR China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, PR China; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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