Therapeutic Potential of Endophytic Compounds: A Special Reference to Drug Transporter Inhibitors

Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Gallic Acid Based Chalcone Indl 2 by Inhibiting Efflux Pump Transporters

As a part of novel discovery of drugs from natural resources, present study was undertaken to explore the antibacterial potential of chalcone Indl-2 in combination with different group of antibiotics. MIC of antibiotics was reduced up to eight folds against the different cultures of E. coli by both chalcones. Among the two compounds, the i. e. 1-(3', 4,'5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-Indyl)-prop-2-enone (6, Indl-2), a chalcone derivative of gallic acid (Indl-2) was better along with tetracycline (TET) worked synergistically and was found to inhibit efflux transporters as obvious by ethidium bromide efflux confirmed by ATPase assays and docking studies. In combination, Indl-2 kills the MDREC-KG4 cells, post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of TET was prolonged and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of TET was also decreased. In-vivo studies revealed that Indl-2 reduces the concentration of TNF-α. In acute oral toxicity study, Indl-2 was non-toxic and well tolerated up-to dose of 2000 mg/kg. Perhaps, the study is going to report gallic acid derived chalcone as synergistic agent acting via inhibiting the primary efflux pumps.

A Comparative Review on Current and Future Drug Targets Against Bacteria & Malaria

Long before the discovery of drugs like 'antibiotic and anti-parasitic drugs', the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and parasites remain as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. The phenomenon by which the organism exerts resistance against two or more structurally unrelated drugs is called multidrug resistance (MDR) and its emergence has further complicated the treatment scenario of infectious diseases. Resistance towards the available set of treatment options and poor pipeline of novel drug development puts an alarming situation. A universal goal in the post-genomic era is to identify novel targets/drugs for various life-threatening diseases caused by such pathogens. This review is conceptualized in the backdrop of drug resistance in two major pathogens i.e. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Plasmodium falciparum". In this review, the available targets and key mechanisms of resistance of these pathogens have been discussed in detail. An attempt has also been made to analyze the common drug targets of bacteria and malaria parasite to overcome the current drug resistance scenario. The solution is also hypothesized in terms of a present pipeline of drugs and efforts made by scientific community.