Understanding the Monoclonal Antibody Involvement in Targeting the Activation of Tumor Suppressor Genes

Nanomedicine as potential cancer therapy via targeting dysregulated transcription factors

Cancer as a disease possess quite complicated pathophysiological implications and is among the prominent causes of morbidity and mortality on global scales. Anti-cancer chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy are some of the present-day conventional treatment options. However, these therapeutic paradigms own several retreats, including lack of specificity, non-targeted toxicological implications, inefficient drug delivery to targeted cells, and emergence of cancer resistance, ultimately causing ineffective cancer management. Owing to the advanced and better biophysical characteristic features and potentiality for the tailoring and customizations and in several fashions, nanotechnology can entirely transubstantiate the cancer identification and its managements. Additionally, nanotechnology also renders several answers to present-day mainstream limitations springing-up in anti-cancer therapeutics. Nanocarriers, owing to their outstanding physicochemical features including but not limited to their particle size, surface morphological features viz. shape etc., have been employed in nanomedicinal platforms for targeting various transcription factors leading to worthy pharmacological outcomes. This transcription targeting activates the wide array of cellular and molecular events like antioxidant enzyme-induction, apoptotic cell death, cell-cycle arrest etc. These outcomes are obtained after the activation or inactivation of several transcription factors and cellular pathways. Further, nanoformulations have been precisely calibrated and functionalized with peculiar targeting groups for improving their efficiency to deliver the drug-payload to specified and targeted cancerous cells and tissues. This review undertakes an extensive, across-the-board and all-inclusive approach consisting of various studies encompassing different types of tailored and customized nanoformulations and nanomaterials designed for targeting the transcription factors implicated in the process of carcinogenesis, tumor-maturation, growth and metastasis. Various transcription factors viz. nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB), signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT), Cmyc and Twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1) along with several types of nanoparticles targeting these transcription factors have been summarized here. A section has also been dedicated to the different types of nanoparticles targeting the hypoxia inducing factors. Efforts have been made to summarize several other transcription factors implicated in various stages of cancer development, growth, progression and invasion, and their targeting with different kinds of nanomedicinal agents.

Research on the synthesis of nanoparticles of betulinic acid and their targeting antitumor activity

Betulinic acid (BA), a natural pentacyclic lupine-type triterpene, has shown its prominent efficiency on the selective antitumor activity. However, its poor water solubility and bioavailability have limited its application. Herein, targeting nanoparticles were prepared to improve BA-based liposome (BL)'s restricted chemotherapeutic efficacy. Multi-layers membranes from the cancer cells were added as highly penetrative targeting ligands to functionalize the BA-based liposomes. In vitro experiments including the MTT assay and the fluorescence imaging of live/dead staining were adopted to prove its great inhibition in the growth of tumor cells. And it manifests that the antitumor efficacy of BL coated with cell membranes (BLCM) achieves nearly 4.3 times as that of BL under the same conditions in the MTT experiments. In addition, the fluorescence imaging stained with DAPI-FITC was applied to prove the targeting positioning effects on the BLCM. In a nutshell, the nanomedicine has good targeting antitumor efficacy and has great potential in being applied for the personalized cancer clinical treatment.

Effects of Fatty Acids on Hematological Neoplasms: A Mini Review

Hematological neoplasias are the fourth cause of death in the world. All of them are responsible of bad quality of life, due to heavy therapies administration and a lot of side effects correlated to. It arises a new concept of "multitherapy", in which fatty acids availment is used to contrast and reduce toxic effects and ameliorate chemotherapeutic agents asset. In Vitro studies have confirmed that fatty acids, in particular ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to help canonical therapies to contrast cancer cell expansion and proliferation. In clinical trials it is also almost clear that fatty acids are useful to build new personalized therapies for a better condition of life. In this review we have summarized most recent studies on cancer cell lines and clinical trials on patients with fatty acids supplementation in diet therapies. We have found that fatty acids could be useful to contrast side effects during chemotherapeutic drugs therapies; they are also able to block cancer cell metabolic pathways for proliferation and contrast adverse effects, even when they are used in combination with traditional therapies or innovative, like monoclonal antibodies or CAR-T therapy. These aspects are crucial for better health condition of patients.