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Salvagno M, Geraldini F, Coppalini G, Robba C, Gouvea Bogossian E, Annoni F, Vitali E, Sterchele ED, Balestra C, Taccone FS. The Impact of Inotropes and Vasopressors on Cerebral Oxygenation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:117. [PMID: 38391692 PMCID: PMC10886736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are critical neurological conditions that necessitate specialized care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Managing cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) is of primary importance in these patients. To maintain targeted MAP and CPP, vasopressors and/or inotropes are commonly used. However, their effects on cerebral oxygenation are not fully understood. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to date review regarding the current uses and pathophysiological issues related to the use of vasopressors and inotropes in TBI and SAH patients. According to our findings, despite achieving similar hemodynamic parameters and CPP, the effects of various vasopressors and inotropes on cerebral oxygenation, local CBF and metabolism are heterogeneous. Therefore, a more accurate understanding of the cerebral activity of these medications is crucial for optimizing patient management in the ICU setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Salvagno
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Federico Geraldini
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Coppalini
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Diagnostiche e Integrate, Università di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Gouvea Bogossian
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filippo Annoni
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Vitali
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elda Diletta Sterchele
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Department Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Motor Sciences Department, Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Qami AE, Jismy B, El Hakmaoui A, Akssira M, Abarbri M. Cu/Pd‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐(1,2,3‐Triazolyl)methyl‐3‐alkynylImidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridines Involving Sequential SN Reaction/[3+2] Cycloaddition/Sonogashira Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkarim El Qami
- Department of chemistry Université de Tours. Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E) EA 6299 Avenue Monge, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
- Department of chemistry Université Hassan II de Casablanca Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et de Chimie Bioorganique, URAC 22 BP Casablanca, 146 28800 Mohammedia Morocco
| | - Badr Jismy
- Department of chemistry Université de Tours. Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E) EA 6299 Avenue Monge, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
| | - Ahmed El Hakmaoui
- Department of chemistry Université Hassan II de Casablanca Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et de Chimie Bioorganique, URAC 22 BP Casablanca, 146 28800 Mohammedia Morocco
| | - Mohamed Akssira
- Department of chemistry Université Hassan II de Casablanca Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et de Chimie Bioorganique, URAC 22 BP Casablanca, 146 28800 Mohammedia Morocco
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Department of chemistry Université de Tours. Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E) EA 6299 Avenue Monge, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
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Comparing the effects of milrinone and olprinone in patients with congestive heart failure. Heart Vessels 2019; 35:776-785. [PMID: 31865433 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) inhibitors are widely used among patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, no studies have compared the cardiovascular outcomes between different PDE3 inhibitors in CHF management. In this report, we retrospectively compared the clinical benefits of two PDE3 inhibitors, milrinone and olprinone, to determine which better controls the progression of CHF. A total of 288 hospitalized patients who received PDE3 inhibitors [(milrinone; n = 77 and olprinone; n = 211, respectively)] for CHF were retrospectively enrolled. The primary endpoint was defined as having a major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) or cardiac death by day 60. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox proportional models were used to compare the outcomes for patients treated with milrinone and olprinone. We found no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. In patients treated with milrinone, a greater incidence of a MACCE or cardiac death was observed (log rank; P = 0.005 and P = 0.01, respectively). Milrinone-treated patients with ischemic heart disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD) at stage ≥ 4 presented with greater incidence of MACCE (log rank; P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Similarly, these patients were significantly more likely to succumb to cardiac death (log rank; P < 0.001 and P = 0.02). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models demonstrated that milrinone treatment was an independent predictor of MACCE [hazard ratio (HR) 3.17; 95% CI 1.64-6.10] and cardiac death (HR 2.64; 95% CI 1.42-4.91). Oral administration of a β-blocker at discharge occurred more often in the olprinone-treated patients than in the milrinone-treated patients (63% vs. 29%, P = 0.004). We compared the outcomes of milrinone and olprinone treatment in patients with CHF. Those treated with milrinone were more likely to succumb to a MACCE or cardiac death within 60 days of treatment, which was especially true for patients with ischemic heart disease or CKD.
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Kertys M, Kosutova P, Mokra D, Mokry J. Development of rapid and high‐throughput LC–MS/MS method for quantification of olprinone in rabbit plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4620. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kertys
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Petra Kosutova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Daniela Mokra
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava Slovakia
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Yan K, Yang D, Wei W, Lu S, Li G, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Wang H. Copper-catalyzed domino synthesis of benzo[b]thiophene/imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by sequential Ullmann-type coupling and intramolecular C(sp2)–H thiolation. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of benzo[b]thiophene/imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines has been developed via copper-catalyzed double C–S bond formation using K2S as a sulfur source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelu Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Daoshan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Shenglei Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Caixia Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- P. R. China
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Yu J, Jin Y, Zhang H, Yang X, Fu H. Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative CH Functionalization of Substituted Pyridines: Synthesis of Imidazopyridine Derivatives. Chemistry 2013; 19:16804-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jipan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62781695
| | - Yunhe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62781695
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62781695
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62781695
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62781695
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Guangdong Province), Graduate School of Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057 (P.R. China)
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Wang H, Zhang B, Sun X, Sun Y, Shi M. Method Development and Validation of Olprinone in Human Plasma by HPLC Coupled with ESI-MS-MS: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:400-5. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Mokra D, Drgova A, Pullmann R, Calkovska A. Selective phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor olprinone attenuates meconium-induced oxidative lung injury. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:216-22. [PMID: 22387424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since inflammation and oxidation play a key role in the pathophysiology of neonatal meconium aspiration syndrome, various anti-inflammatory drugs have been tested in the treatment. This study evaluated whether the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 inhibitor olprinone can alleviate meconium-induced inflammation and oxidative lung injury. Oxygen-ventilated rabbits intratracheally received 4 ml/kg of meconium (25 mg/ml) or saline. Thirty minutes after meconium/saline instillation, meconium-instilled animals were treated by intravenous olprinone (0.2 mg/kg) or were left without treatment. All animals were oxygen-ventilated for an additional 5 h. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of the left lungs was performed and differential leukocyte count in the sediment was estimated. The right lungs were used to determine lung edema by wet/dry weight ratio, as well as to detect oxidative damage to the lungs. In the lung tissue homogenate, total antioxidant status (TAS) was determined. In isolated lung mitochondria, the thiol group content, conjugated dienes, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), dityrosine, lysine-lipid peroxidation products, and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) were estimated. To evaluate the effects of meconium instillation and olprinone treatment on the systemic level, TBARS and TAS were determined in the blood plasma, as well. Meconium instillation increased the relative numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in the BAL fluid, increased edema formation and concentrations of oxidation markers, and decreased TAS. Treatment with olprinone reduced the numbers of polymorphonuclears in the BAL fluid, decreased the formation of most oxidation markers in the lungs, reduced lung edema and prevented a decrease in TAS in the lung homogenate compared to non-treated animals. In the blood plasma, olprinone decreased TBARS and increased TAS compared to the non-treated group. Conclusion, the selective PDE3 inhibitor olprinone has shown potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in the meconium-induced oxidative lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mokra
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and Martin University Hospital, Mala Hora 4, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia.
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Effect of olprinone, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, on balance of cerebral oxygen supply and demand during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 57:579-83. [PMID: 21326107 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182135dbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological dysfunction with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be facilitated by inadequate cerebral oxygen balance during CPB. Olprinone, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, augments cerebral blood flow by a direct vasodilator effect on cerebral arteries. We conducted the present randomized study in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB to investigate whether olprinone improved the balance of cerebral oxygen supply and demand during the rewarming period of CPB. After anesthesia, a 5.5 F fiberoptic oximeter catheter was inserted into the right jugular bulb retrogradely for monitoring the jugular venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SjO2), and a probe of transcranial near-infrared spectroscopy was placed over the forehead for monitoring the bilateral regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2). Patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups, and olprinone was administered at 0, 0.2, or 0.4 μg·kg(-1)·min(-1) after establishment of hypothermic CPB. Olprinone significantly prevented the reduction of the SjO2 at 5 and 10 minutes after the start of rewarming, although it did not alter rSO2. Furthermore, there was a minor reduction of the bilateral rSO2 at low doses of olprinone (0.2 μg·kg(-1)·min(-1)). We conclude that olprinone prevents the decrease of the SjO2 at the rewarming period and improves the balance of cerebral oxygen supply and demand during the rewarming period of CPB. In addition, a future extended study may be required to elucidate the effect of low dose of olprinone.
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Zhu P, Wen YG, Chen JM, Zhuang J, Zhou ZL, Zheng SY, Wu RB, Xiao XJ, Lu C, Fan RX, Guo HM, Fan XP. Determination of olprinone in human plasma utilizing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Differential vasodilation response to olprinone in rabbit renal and common carotid arteries. J Anesth 2010; 24:61-6. [PMID: 20175287 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-009-0856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Olprinone, one of the most frequently used phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, exerts its positive inotropic and vasodilation effects by inhibiting the degradation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The vasodilation response to olprinone is not uniform among the different vascular beds. This study was designed to compare the vasorelaxation response to olprinone between renal and common carotid arteries, and investigate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Isometric force measurement, enzyme immunoassay, and western blotting techniques were used to investigate the vasorelaxation action of olprinone in isolated rabbit renal and common carotid arteries. RESULTS Olprinone inhibited the contractile response to phenylephrine (PE) both in the renal and carotid arteries in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 40 +/- 10 and 103 +/- 43 nM, respectively. The IC50 value was lower (P = 0.004) and the maximal inhibition was greater (P = 0.002) in the renal artery compared with the carotid artery. A cell-permeable cAMP analogue, 8-bromo-cAMP, also inhibited the contractile response to PE in the renal and carotid arteries with IC50 values of 581 +/- 150 and 740 +/- 179 microM, respectively; however no differences were observed both in the IC50 value and the maximal inhibition between two arteries. Olprinone (0.1 microM) increased the intracellular cAMP level in the renal arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) but not in the carotid ASMCs. The expression of PDE3A was greater (P = 0.008) in the carotid ASMCs than the renal ASMCs. CONCLUSION The enhanced vasodilator action of olprinone in the renal artery is presumably because of its ability to stimulate the cAMP production, which might be attributable to the heterogeneous expression of PDE3A.
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Ryu HG, Nahm FS, Sohn HM, Jeong EJ, Jung CW. Low central venous pressure with milrinone during living donor hepatectomy. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:877-882. [PMID: 20420642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a low central venous pressure (CVP) has been frequently used in liver resections to reduce blood loss. However, decreased preload carries potential risks such as hemodynamic instability. We hypothesized that a low CVP with milrinone would provide a better surgical environment and hemodynamic stability during living donor hepatectomy. Thirty-eight healthy adult liver donors were randomized to receive either milrinone (milrinone group, n = 19) or normal saline (control group, n = 19) infusion during liver resection. The surgical field was assessed using a four-point scale. Intraoperative vital signs, blood loss, the use of vasopressors and diuretics and postoperative laboratory data were compared between groups. The milrinone group showed a superior surgical field (p < 0.001) and less blood loss (142 +/- 129 mL vs. 378 +/- 167 mL, p < 0.001). Vital signs were well maintained in both groups but the milrinone group required smaller amounts of vasopressors and less-frequent diuretics to maintain a low CVP. The milrinone group also showed a more rapid recovery pattern after surgery. Milrinone-induced low CVP improves the surgical field with less blood loss during living donor hepatectomy and also has favorable effects on intraoperative hemodynamics and postoperative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-G Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - F S Nahm
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H-M Sohn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - E-J Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C-W Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Chemical-genetic profiling of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and -pyrimidines reveals target pathways conserved between yeast and human cells. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000284. [PMID: 19043571 PMCID: PMC2583946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecules have been shown to be potent and selective probes to understand cell physiology. Here, we show that imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines compose a class of compounds that target essential, conserved cellular processes. Using validated chemogenomic assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we discovered that two closely related compounds, an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and -pyrimidine that differ by a single atom, have distinctly different mechanisms of action in vivo. 2-phenyl-3-nitroso-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine was toxic to yeast strains with defects in electron transport and mitochondrial functions and caused mitochondrial fragmentation, suggesting that compound 13 acts by disrupting mitochondria. By contrast, 2-phenyl-3-nitroso-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine acted as a DNA poison, causing damage to the nuclear DNA and inducing mutagenesis. We compared compound 15 to known chemotherapeutics and found resistance required intact DNA repair pathways. Thus, subtle changes in the structure of imidazo-pyridines and -pyrimidines dramatically alter both the intracellular targeting of these compounds and their effects in vivo. Of particular interest, these different modes of action were evident in experiments on human cells, suggesting that chemical–genetic profiles obtained in yeast are recapitulated in cultured cells, indicating that our observations in yeast can: (1) be leveraged to determine mechanism of action in mammalian cells and (2) suggest novel structure–activity relationships. We have shown that chemical–genetic screening allows structure–activity studies of chemical compounds at a very high resolution. In analyzing the effects of closely related imidazo-pyridine and -pyrimidine compounds, we found two compounds that likely act as oxidizing agents, yet target different organelles. The imidazo-pyridine affected mitochondrial functions whereas the imidazo-pyrimidine caused nuclear DNA damage. Remarkably, the only difference between these two compounds is the presence of a nitrogen atom at position 8. Thus, in addition to demonstrating the potential for high resolution in chemical–genetic studies, our work suggests that subtle changes in compound chemistry can be exploited to target different intracellular compartments with very different biological effects. Finally, we show that chemical–genetic profiling in yeast can be used to infer mode of action in mammalian cells. The specificity of compound 15 in eliciting a nuclear DNA damage response in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotes suggests that it will be of great utility in studying the cellular response to nuclear oxidative damage.
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