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Zhang F, Wu R, Liu Y, Dai S, Xue X, Gong X, Li Y. Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Rhubarb Anthraquinones in Normal and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:111-121. [PMID: 38112917 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rhubarb anthraquinones contain five main components, that is, rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion, which demonstrate good therapeutic effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, research on its pharmacokinetics in NAFLD remains lacking. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic differences of rhubarb anthraquinones in normal and NAFLD rats. METHODS This study developed an NAFLD rat model by high-fat diet feeding for 6 weeks. Normal and NAFLD groups were orally administered different rhubarb anthraquinones doses (37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg). The concentration of the rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet. RESULTS The results revealed significant differences in pharmacokinetic behavior between normal and NAFLD rats. Compared with normal rats, NAFLD rats demonstrated significantly increased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0 → ∞) of rhubarb anthraquinones (P < 0.05), as well as significantly prolonged time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), terminal elimination half-life (t1/2), and mean residence time (MRT) of rhubarb anthraquinones (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of rhubarb anthraquinones between the physiological and NAFLD states of rats. Rhubarb anthraquinone demonstrated a longer retention time and slower absorption rate in NAFLD rats and exhibited higher bioavailability and peak concentration. This finding provides important information for guiding the clinical use of rhubarb anthraquinones under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaohong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Alemán MN, Sánchez SS, Honoré SM. Daily Intake of Smallanthus sonchifolius (Yacon) Roots Reduces the Progression of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver in Rats Fed a High Fructose Diet. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:521-528. [PMID: 36048356 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-01009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-fructose diet is associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through chronic inflammation. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential benefit of daily consumption of Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) roots, rich in fructooligosaccharides (FOS), on the progression to liver fibrosis, in a rat model of NAFLD induced by a high-fructose diet. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard diet (CD, n = 6) or a standard diet plus 10% fructose solution (FD; n = 18). After 20 weeks, FD rats were randomly separated into the following groups (n = 6, each): FD; FD treated with yacon flour (340 mg FOS/body weight; FD + Y) and FD treated with fenofibrate (30 mg/kg body weight; FD + F), for 16 weeks. Daily intake of yacon flour significantly reduced body weight gain, plasma lipid levels, transaminase activities, and improved systemic insulin response in FD rats. In the liver, yacon treatment decreased fructose-induced steatosis and inflammation, and reduced total collagen deposition (64%). Also, yacon decreased TGF-β1 mRNA expression (78%), followed by decreased nuclear localization of p-Smad2/3 in liver tissue. Yacon significantly reduced the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Col1α1, and Col3α1 mRNAs (85, 44, and 47%, respectively), inhibiting the activation of resident hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). These results suggested that yacon roots have the potential to ameliorate liver damage caused by long-term consumption of a high-fructose diet, being a promising nutritional strategy in NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Nicolás Alemán
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri" Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sara Serafina Sánchez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Honoré
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Chacabuco 461, T4000ILI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri" Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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El-Kady RR, Ali AK, El Wakeel LM, Sabri NA, Shawki MA. Nicotinamide supplementation in diabetic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: randomized controlled trial. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221077958. [PMID: 35222903 PMCID: PMC8874180 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221077958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nicotinamide has been reported to protect against liver steatosis and metabolic imbalances in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in animal models. Objectives: The objective was to investigate the efficacy and safety of nicotinamide supplementation in diabetic NAFLD patients. Design: This is a prospective randomized controlled open label study. Methods: Seventy diabetic NAFLD patients were randomly assigned either to the nicotinamide group (n = 35) who received nicotinamide 1000 mg once daily for 12 weeks in addition to their antidiabetic therapy or the control group (n = 35) who received their antidiabetic therapy only. The primary outcome was improvement in steatosis score, while secondary outcomes included assessment of liver stiffness, liver enzymes, lipid profile, insulin resistance, serum malondialdehyde, serum adiponectin, and patients’ quality of life (QOL). Results: Only 61 patients completed the study; 31 in the nicotinamide group and 30 in the control group. Comparisons between groups and within groups revealed nonsignificant changes in steatosis and fibrosis scores. However, significant reduction was observed in liver enzymes with a median decrease in alanine transaminase of 26.6% versus 0.74% in nicotinamide and control groups, respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, the nicotinamide group showed significantly lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p value = 0.004), total cholesterol (p value = 0.006), and insulin resistance marker (p value = 0.005) compared with control. Serum triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and adiponectin levels were all comparable between the two groups. Regarding QOL, a significant improvement was detected in the total scores and the activity and fatigue domains scores. Conclusion: Nicotinamide at a dose of 1000 mg daily was tolerable, improved metabolic abnormalities and QOL of diabetic NAFLD patients with no effect on liver fibrosis or steatosis. Trial Registration: The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov and given the ID number: ‘NCT03850886’. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03850886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha R. El-Kady
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amani K. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamia M. El Wakeel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa A. Sabri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - May A. Shawki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Sfikas G, Psallas M, Koumaras C, Imprialos K, Perdikakis E, Doumas M, Giouleme O, Karagiannis A, Athyros VG. Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment with 3 Different Statins of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Military Personnel. Do Genetics Play a Role? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 19:572-581. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666201015152921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its severe form, non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH), are major health problems worldwide. Genetics may play a role in
the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH.
Aim:
To investigate the prevalence of NAFLD/NASH in 5,400 military personnel and evaluate
the effect of treatment with 3 statins on NAFLD/NASH using 2 non-invasive scores [NAFLD Activity
Score (NAS); Fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4)].
Methods:
During the mandatory annual medical check-up, military personnel underwent a clinical
and laboratory evaluation. Participants with NAFLD/NASH were randomized into 4 groups
(n=151 each): diet-exercise, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, or pitavastatin for 1 year (i.e., until the next
routine evaluation).
Results:
From all the participants, 613 had NAFLD/NASH (prevalence 11.3 vs 39.8% in the general
population, p<0.001), and a total of 604 consented to participate in the study. After a year of
treatment, the diet-exercise group showed no significant changes in both scores (NAS 4.98 baseline
vs. 5.62, p=0.07; FIB-4 3.42 vs. 3.52, p=0.7). For the atorvastatin group, both scores were reduced
(NAS 4.97 vs 1.95, p<0.001, FIB-4 3.56 vs 0.83, p<0.001), for rosuvastatin (NAS 5.55 vs
1.81, p<0.001, FIB-4 3.61 vs 0.79, p<0.001), and for pitavastatin (NAS 4.89 vs 1.99, p<0.001,
FIB-4 3.78 vs 0.87, p<0.001).
Conclusions:
Atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin have a beneficial and safe effect in
NAFLD/NASH patients as recorded by the improvement in the NAS (representing NAFLD activity)
and FIB-4 (representing liver fibrosis) scores. Since both those with and without NAFLD/-
NASH shared several baseline characteristics, genetics may play a role in the pathogenesis of
NAFLD/NASH and its treatment with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Sfikas
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Psallas
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalambos Koumaras
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Imprialos
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Perdikakis
- Department of Ultrasonography, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Doumas
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Giouleme
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Asterios Karagiannis
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios G. Athyros
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippocration Hospital, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ooi GJ, Meikle PJ, Huynh K, Earnest A, Roberts SK, Kemp W, Parker BL, Brown W, Burton P, Watt MJ. Hepatic lipidomic remodeling in severe obesity manifests with steatosis and does not evolve with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2021; 75:524-535. [PMID: 33887358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Obesity often leads to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can progress from simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The accumulation of certain lipid subtypes is linked with worsening metabolic and liver disease, however, specific changes during progression from No-NAFL to NAFL then NASH are unresolved. Herein, we characterise the liver, adipose tissue and plasma lipidome of worsening NAFLD in obesity, and evaluate the utility of plasma lipids as biomarkers of NAFLD. METHODS Venous blood, liver, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained from 181 patients undergoing bariatric surgery. NAFLD severity was assessed histologically. Lipidomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The liver lipidome showed substantial changes with increasing steatosis, with increased triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and sphingolipids including ceramide, dihydroceramide, hexosyl-ceramide and GM3 ganglioside species. These lipid species were also increased in plasma with increasing hepatic steatosis and showed strong correlations with liver lipids. Adipose tissue lipidomes showed no correlation with NAFLD. There were no significant changes in liver lipids with NASH compared to NAFL. The addition of plasma lipid variables to routine markers yielded significant improvements in diagnostic accuracy for NASH (AUROC 0.667 vs. 0.785, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION Overall, these data provide a detailed description of the lipidomic changes with worsening NAFLD, showing significant changes with steatosis but no additional changes with NASH. Alterations in the liver lipidome are paralleled by similar changes in plasma. Further investigation is warranted into the potential utility of plasma lipids as non-invasive biomarkers of NAFLD in obesity. LAY SUMMARY Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterised by distinct changes in the liver lipidome with steatosis. The development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) does not result in further changes in the lipidome. Lipids within body fat do not appear to influence the lipid profile of the liver or blood. Changes in liver lipids are paralleled by changes in blood lipids. This has potential to be developed into a non-invasive biomarker for NAFLD. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER ACTRN12615000875505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine J Ooi
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Arul Earnest
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - William Kemp
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wendy Brown
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Paul Burton
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Empagliflozin therapy and insulin resistance-associated disorders: effects and promises beyond a diabetic state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:e57-e78. [PMID: 34027215 PMCID: PMC8117073 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2021.105314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Empagliflozin is a SGLT2 inhibitor that has shown remarkable cardiovascular and renal activities in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Preclinical and clinical studies of empagliflozin in T2D population have demonstrated significant improvements in body weight, waist circumference, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure – effects beyond its antihyperglycaemic control. Moreover, several studies suggested that this drug possesses significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress properties. This paper explores extensively the main preclinical and clinical evidence of empagliflozin administration in insulin resistance-related disorders beyond a diabetic state. It also discusses its future perspectives, as a therapeutic approach, in this high cardiovascular-risk population.
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Imprialos KP, Stavropoulos K, Doumas M, Athyros VG. The Impact of Ranolazine Treatment on Liver Tests in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Angiology 2021; 73:5-6. [PMID: 33827290 DOI: 10.1177/00033197211005597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos P Imprialos
- Second Prop. Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stavropoulos
- Second Prop. Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Doumas
- Second Prop. Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilios G Athyros
- Second Prop. Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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