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Chen X, Chen X, Lai Y. Development and emerging trends of drug resistance mutations in HIV: a bibliometric analysis based on CiteSpace. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1374582. [PMID: 38812690 PMCID: PMC11133539 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1374582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy has led to AIDS being a chronic disease. Nevertheless, the presence of constantly emerging drug resistance mutations poses a challenge to clinical treatment. A systematic analysis to summarize the advancements and uncharted territory of drug resistance mutations is urgently needed and may provide new clues for solving this problem. Methods We gathered 3,694 publications on drug resistance mutations from the Web of Science Core Collection with CiteSpace software and performed an analysis to visualize the results and predict future new directions and emerging trends. Betweenness centrality, count, and burst value were taken as standards. Results The number of papers on HIV medication resistance mutations during the last 10 years shows a wave-like trend. In terms of nation, organization, and author, the United States (1449), University of London (193), and Mark A. Wainberg (66) are the most significant contributors. The most frequently cited article is "Drug resistance mutations for surveillance of transmitted HIV-1 drug-resistance: 2009 update." Hot topics in this field include "next-generation sequencing," "tenofovir alafenamide," "children," "regimens," "accumulation," "dolutegravir," "rilpivirine," "sex," "pretreatment drug resistance," and "open label." Research on drug resistance in teenagers, novel mutation detection techniques, and drug development is ongoing, and numerous publications have indicated the presence of mutations related to current medications. Therefore, testing must be performed regularly for patients who have used medications for a long period. Additionally, by choosing medications with a longer half-life, patients can take fewer doses of their prescription, increasing patient compliance. Conclusion This study involved a bibliometric visualization analysis of the literature on drug resistance mutations, providing insight into the field's evolution and emerging patterns and offering academics a resource to better understand HIV drug resistance mutations and contribute to the field's advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuannan Chen
- Acupunture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Queiroz MAF, de Oliveira AQT, Moura TCF, Brito WRDS, Santana EGM, de Lima LLP, Lopes FT, Bichara CDA, Amoras EDSG, Ishak R, Vallinoto IMVC, Vallinoto ACR. The Expression Levels of TREX1 and IFN-α Are Associated with Immune Reconstitution in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Viruses 2024; 16:499. [PMID: 38675842 PMCID: PMC11054413 DOI: 10.3390/v16040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
TREX1 acts in the initial prevention of an autoimmune response, but it may contribute to the permissiveness of retrovirus infections. This study investigated the association between the levels of TREX1 gene expression with the polymorphisms TREX1 rs3135941 (T/C) and TREX1 rs3135945 (G/A), and the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve individuals and after 1 year of treatment. Blood samples from 119 individuals with HIV-1 were subjected to genotyping of polymorphisms and quantification of TREX1 gene expression and HIV-1 viral load by qPCR. The concentration of IFN-α and the number of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively; ANA was investigated by immunofluorescence. A control group of 167 seronegative individuals was used for the comparison of genotypic frequencies. The frequency of the polymorphisms were not associated with HIV infection or with variations in the expression of TREX1 and IFN-α (p > 0.05). ART-naïve individuals exhibited higher TREX1 expression and lower IFN-α expression. After 1 year of ART, TREX1 levels were reduced, while IFN-α and CD4+ T lymphocytes were elevated (p < 0.05). Some individuals on ART presented ANA. These results suggest that ART-mediated restoration of immune competence is associated with a reduction in TREX1 expression, which may induce the development of ANA, regardless of the polymorphism investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Allysson Quintino Tenório de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Tuane Carolina Ferreira Moura
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Emmanuelle Giuliana Mendes Santana
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Lorena Leticia Peixoto de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos David Araújo Bichara
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.Q.T.d.O.); (T.C.F.M.); (W.R.d.S.B.); (E.G.M.S.); (L.L.P.d.L.); (F.T.L.); (C.D.A.B.); (E.d.S.G.A.); (R.I.); (I.M.V.C.V.); (A.C.R.V.)
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66.075-110, PA, Brazil
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Shi J, Ying G, Zheng R, Zhang Z. Clinical significance and management of low-level HIV viremia in the era of integrase strand transfer inhibitors. HIV Med 2024; 25:361-369. [PMID: 37990782 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV (PLWH) and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a goal of achieving and maintaining viral suppression; however, the existence of PLWH that show events of low-level viremia (LLV) between 50 and 1000 copies/mL and with different virological consequences have been observed. Moreover, some reports indicate that LLV status can lead to residual immune activation and inflammation, leading to a higher occurrence of non-AIDS-defining events (nADEs) and other adverse clinical outcomes. Until now, however, published data have shown controversial results that hinder understanding of this phenomenon's actual cause(s) and origin(s). Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)-based therapies could lead to lower LLV over time and, therefore, more effective virological control. OBJECTIVES This review aims to assess recent findings to provide a view of the clinical significance and management of low-level HIV viremia in the era of INSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Shi
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Gaoxiang Ying
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Rongrong Zheng
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhongdong Zhang
- Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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Lombardi F, Bruzzesi E, Bouba YR, Di Carlo D, Costabile V, Ranzenigo M, Maggiolo F, Castagna A, Callegaro AP, Zoncada A, Paolucci S, Micheli V, Renica S, Bezencheck A, Rossetti B, Santoro MM. Factors Associated with Low-Level Viremia in People Living with HIV in the Italian Antiviral Response Cohort Analysis Cohort: A Case-Control Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:80-89. [PMID: 37345697 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs), a subset of people living with HIV (PLWH) still experience low-level viremia (LLV, i.e., 50-1,000 copies/mL). The present study compared PLWH experiencing LLV with those maintaining virological suppression (VS) and explored the potential impact of preexisting drug resistance and other factors on LLV. We conducted a retrospective, 1:1 matched case-control study within a cohort of drug-experienced VS subjects from the Italian Antiviral Response Cohort Analysis database, followed in the period 2009-2019. Cases were individuals experiencing LLV, while controls were those who maintained VS. Matching was for calendar year of first ART regimen. Preexisting drug resistance was calculated as cumulative genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) according to regimen administered at the observational period start. To explore the effect of cumulative GSS, treated as a binary variable (≥2 and <2) and other factors on LLV, we performed a logistic regression analysis. Within a main population of 3,455 PLWH, 337 cases were selected. Cases were comparable to the controls for both gender and age. However, cases showed that they had experienced a longer time since HIV diagnosis, a higher number of drugs previously administered, lower baseline CD4+ T cell count and a higher zenith viral load (VL). By multivariate analysis, we found that higher zenith VL [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) 1.30 (1.14-1.48)], a cumulative usage of both PI [aOR (95% CI): 2.03 (1.19-3.48)] and InSTI [aOR (95% CI): 2.23 (1.47-3.38)] and a cumulative GSS <2 [aOR (95% CI) 0.67 (0.46-0.98)], were associated with a higher risk in developing LLV. In current high-efficacy ART era, in drug-experienced PLWH, the predictors of increased risk of LLV were the presence of preexisting drug resistance, higher zenith VL, and previous PI, and InSTI exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- UOC Malattie Infettive, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bruzzesi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Yagai Romeo Bouba
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management (CIRCB), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Domenico Di Carlo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", CRC Pediatric "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentino Costabile
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ranzenigo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Maggiolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Paolucci
- Molecular Virology Unit, Division of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valeria Micheli
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Renica
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Rossetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, AUSL Toscana Sud-Est, Ospedale Misericordia Grosseto, Siena, Italy
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5
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Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has become a heavy burden of disease and an important public health problem in the world. Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective at suppressing the virus in the blood, HIV still remains in two different types of reservoirs-the latently infected cells (represented by CD4+ T cells) and the tissues containing those cells, which may block access to ART, HIV-neutralizing antibodies and latency-reversing agents. The latter is the focus of our review, as blood viral load drops below detectable levels after ART, a deeper and more systematic understanding of the HIV tissue reservoirs is imperative. In this review, we take the lymphoid system (including lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, spleen and bone marrow), nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system (divided into male and female), urinary system as the order, focusing on the particularity and importance of each tissue in HIV infection, the infection target cell types of each tissue, the specific infection situation of each tissue quantified by HIV DNA or HIV RNA and the evidence of compartmentalization and pharmacokinetics. In summary, we found that the present state of HIV in different tissues has both similarities and differences. In the future, the therapeutic principle we need to follow is to respect the discrepancy on the basis of grasping the commonality. The measures taken to completely eliminate the virus in the whole body cannot be generalized. It is necessary to formulate personalized treatment strategies according to the different characteristics of the HIV in the various tissues, so as to realize the prospect of curing AIDS as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangpeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Olakunde BO, Ezeanolue EE. The virological consequences of low-level viraemia. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e1699-e1700. [PMID: 36400076 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babayemi O Olakunde
- Department of Community Prevention and Care Services, National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Nigeria; Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Echezona E Ezeanolue
- Center for Translation and Implementation Research, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; HealthySunrise Foundation, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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