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Doraghi F, Morshedsolouk MH, Zahedi NA, Larijani B, Mahdavi M. Phthalimides: developments in synthesis and functionalization. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22809-22827. [PMID: 39035712 PMCID: PMC11259108 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03859b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthalimides, an important class of biologically active N-heterocycles, are not only found in pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrochemicals, polymers, and dyes, but also serve as building blocks in organic transformations. Many synthetic methods, including metal catalysis and metal-free systems, have been developed to prepare functionalized phthalimides. In this review, we describe the developments in the synthesis and functionalization of phthalimides over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Doraghi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morshedsolouk
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Nawrooz Ali Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ghazni University Ghazni Afghanistan
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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2
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Barik S, Ranganathappa SS, Biju AT. N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed atroposelective synthesis of N-Aryl phthalimides and maleimides via activation of carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5755. [PMID: 38982037 PMCID: PMC11233592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, N-aryl phthalimides are synthesized by the condensation of phthalic anhydride and aniline derivatives, usually proceeding under harsh conditions. The alternative mild and organocatalytic strategies for their synthesis are underdeveloped. Herein, we demonstrate the organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of N-aryl phthalimides via the traditional N-CC=O disconnection under mild conditions. The in-situ acid activation of phthalamic acid and subsequent N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed atroposelective amidation allowed the synthesis of well-decorated N-aryl phthalimides in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies reveal the addition of NHC to the in situ generated isoimides, thus introducing a unique mode of generating acylazoliums. Interestingly, both enantiomers of the product can be accessed from the same phthalic anhydride and aniline using the same NHC pre-catalyst. Moreover, this strategy has been extended to the atroposelective synthesis of N-aryl maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Barik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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3
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Pinto AF, Nunes JS, Severino Martins JE, Leal AC, Silva CCVC, da Silva AJFS, da Cruz Olímpio DS, da Silva ETN, Campos TA, Lima Leite AC. Thiazole, Isatin and Phthalimide Derivatives Tested in vivo against Cancer Models: A Literature Review of the Last Six Years. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2991-3032. [PMID: 37170994 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230426154055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a disease characterized by the abnormal multiplication of cells and is the second leading cause of death in the world. The search for new effective and safe anticancer compounds is ongoing due to factors such as low selectivity, high toxicity, and multidrug resistance. Thus, heterocyclic compounds derived from isatin, thiazole and phthalimide that have achieved promising in vitro anticancer activity have been tested in vivo and in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE This review focused on the compilation of promising data from thiazole, isatin, and phthalimide derivatives, reported in the literature between 2015 and 2022, with in vivo anticancer activity and clinical trials. METHODS A bibliographic search was carried out in the PUBMED, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER, and CAPES PERIODIC databases, selecting relevant works for each pharmacophoric group with in vivo antitumor activity in the last 6 years. RESULTS In our study, 68 articles that fit the scope were selected and critically analyzed. These articles were organized considering the type of antitumor activity and their year of publication. Some compounds reported here demonstrated potent antitumor activity against several tumor types. CONCLUSION This review allowed us to highlight works that reported promising structures for the treatment of various cancer types and also demonstrated that the privileged structures thiazole, isatin and phthalimide are important in the design of new syntheses and molecular optimization of compounds with antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ferreira Pinto
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Janine Siqueira Nunes
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Severino Martins
- Regulatory Affairs Advisory, Empresa Brasileira de Hemoderivados e Biotecnologia (HEMOBRAS), CEP 51021-410, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Amanda Calazans Leal
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carla Cauanny Vieira Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Anderson José Firmino Santos da Silva
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Daiane Santiago da Cruz Olímpio
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Elineide Tayse Noberto da Silva
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiers Araújo Campos
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Laboratory of Planning in Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
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4
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Barbarossa A, Ceramella J, Carocci A, Iacopetta D, Rosato A, Limongelli F, Carrieri A, Bonofiglio D, Sinicropi MS. Benzothiazole-Phthalimide Hybrids as Anti-Breast Cancer and Antimicrobial Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1651. [PMID: 38136685 PMCID: PMC10740580 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The benzothiazole nucleus is a major heterocyclic scaffold whose therapeutic potential has been thoroughly explored due to its structural simplicity and ease of synthesis. In fact, several benzothiazole derivatives have been synthesized over time, demonstrating numerous pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Herein, we propose a new series of benzothiazole-phthalimide hybrids obtained by linking the phthalimide moiety to differently substituted benzothiazole nuclei through the N atom. These compounds have been screened for their anticancer properties against two human breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we delved into the mechanism of action of the most active hybrid, compound 3h, by assessing its capability to damage the nuclear DNA, trigger the apoptotic process in the high metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells, and prevent cellular migration. Moreover, in view of the documented antimicrobial activities of the two scaffolds involved, we explored the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the studied compounds by means of the broth microdilution method. Among the studied compounds, 3h showed the highest antimicrobial activity, both against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains belonging to the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and against fungal strains of the Candida species with MICs values ranging from 16 to 32 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Barbarossa
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.B.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.B.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (A.R.); (F.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.B.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.B.); (M.S.S.)
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5
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Fernandes GFS, Lopes JR, Dos Santos JL, Scarim CB. Phthalimide as a versatile pharmacophore scaffold: Unlocking its diverse biological activities. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1346-1375. [PMID: 37492986 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalimide, a pharmacophore exhibiting diverse biological activities, holds a prominent position in medicinal chemistry. In recent decades, numerous derivatives of phthalimide have been synthesized and extensively studied for their therapeutic potential across a wide range of health conditions. This comprehensive review highlights the latest developments in medicinal chemistry, specifically focusing on phthalimide-based compounds that have emerged within the last decade. These compounds showcase promising biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, antiepileptic, antischizophrenia, antiplatelet, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antiparasitic, anthelmintic, antiviral, and antidiabetic properties. The physicochemical profiles of the phthalimide derivatives were carefully analyzed using the online platform pkCSM, revealing the remarkable versatility of this scaffold. Therefore, this review emphasizes the potential of phthalimide as a valuable scaffold for the development of novel therapeutic agents, providing avenues for the exploration and design of new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana R Lopes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cauê B Scarim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Liu C, An T, Yuan W, Dai H, Liang X, Yin Z. Direct synthesis of phthalimides via palladium-catalysed double carbonylation of o-dihaloarenes with nitroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12891-12894. [PMID: 37818727 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The direct carbonylation of readily available nitro compounds is more attractive and straightforward than the use of traditional amines as nucleophiles. Herein, a practical palladium-catalysed double carbonylation of nitroarenes with o-dihaloarenes has been developed for the construction of various N-aryl phthalimides. Key to the success of this transformation is the use of Mo(CO)6, which acts as both a reducing agent and a solid carbonyl source. A wide range of nitroarenes and o-dihaloarenes as well as o-iodobenzoic acids reacted smoothly to give phthalimides in 27-94% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Tongshun An
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Weiheng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Huiying Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaolan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiping Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
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7
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Chen J, Lin X, Liu K, He J, Li X, Zhang C, Deng Y, Luo L, Tao C, Wang Q. CT2-3 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes through regulating PI3K/AKT pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175871. [PMID: 37406849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a kind of chronic autoimmune disease. The existing therapies encountered several challenges. Therefore, continued novel anti-RA drug discovery remains necessary for RA therapy. Recently, our group reported a novel compound named CT2-3, which could be realized as a hybrid of the natural product magnolol and phthalimide and exhibited anti-lung cancer activity. However, the effect of CT2-3 on RA is unclear. Here, we aim to explore the effect and potential mechanism of CT2-3 on the abnormal functions of RA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs). In this study, we identified the important role of the dysregulated cell cycle and apoptosis of RA-FLSs in RA progression. Interestingly, we found that CT2-3 inhibited the proliferation and DNA replication of primary RA-FLSs and immortalized RA-FLSs namely MH7A. In addition, CT2-3 downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin A2, and cyclin B1, resulting in cell cycle arrest of primary RA-FLSs and MH7A cells. Also, CT2-3 downregulated the level of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and increased the level of Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), contributing to apoptosis of primary RA-FLSs and MH7A cells. Furthermore, differential analyses of RNA-sequencing, Western blot, and network pharmacological analysis confirmed that CT2-3 inhibited phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway of primary RA-FLSs and MH7A cells. In conclusion, CT2-3 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in RA-FLSs through modulating PI3K/AKT pathway, which may serve as a potential lead compound for further novel small molecule anti-RA drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xian Lin
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Kangdi Liu
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yongxing Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Cheng Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Institute of Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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da Silva JG, Aires ADL, da Cunha RX, do Monte TVS, Assis SPDO, de Oliveira RN, Souza TGDS, Chagas CA, Silva Neto JDC, de Araújo HDA, Lima VLDM. Anti-Hyperuricemic, Anti-Arthritic, Hemolytic Activity and Therapeutic Safety of Glycoconjugated Triazole-Phthalimides. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2537. [PMID: 37760978 PMCID: PMC10526838 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, the metabolic alteration that leads to gout or gouty arthritis, is increasing worldwide. Glycoconjugated triazole-phthalimides show potent anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperuricemia effect of glycoconjugated triazole-phthalimides. To develop hyperuricemia, groups of mice received orally potassium oxonate (250 mg/kg) for 7 days, and F2, F3 and F4 glycoconjugated triazole-phthalimides (20 mg/kg), allopurinol (300 mg/kg), and 1% carboxymethylcellulose; indomethacin (2 and 4 mg/kg) was the positive control for anti-arthritic effect. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects were evaluated by the comet and micronucleus assays, respectively. The hemolytic action of the compounds was evaluated. Phthalimides F2, F3 and F4 significantly reduced the levels of serum uric acid, creatinine and urea in hyperuricemic animals. In addition, the compounds were efficient in reducing protein denaturation in a dose-dependent manner. In an interesting way, the histopathological analysis of kidneys from groups treated with F2, F3 and F4 showed a glomerular architecture, with the Bowman's capsule and renal tubules having a normal appearance and without inflammatory changes. Also, F2 and F4 showed a small increase in micronuclei, indicating a low mutagenic effect, whilst by comet assay only, we could infer that F4 affected the frequency and damage index, thus indicating a very small genotoxic action. Similarly, the phthalimides showed a low degree of erythrocyte hemolysis (<3%). Our data demonstrate that the new glycoconjugate triazole-phthalimides have potential to treat hyperuricemia and its secondary complications, such as gouty arthritis, with a low to non-significant rate of erythrocytes hemolysis, genotoxicity and mutagenicity making these molecules strong candidates as pharmaceutical agents for treatment requiring uric-acid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guedes da Silva
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina de Garanhuns (FAMEG), Garanhuns 55297-654, PE, Brazil
| | - André de Lima Aires
- Centro de Ciências Médicas—Área Acadêmica de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Rebeca Xavier da Cunha
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Talyta Valéria Siqueira do Monte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Shalom Pôrto de Oliveira Assis
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Ciências Ambientais (NPCIAMB), Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Recife 50050-900, PE, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese de Compostos Bioativos (LSCB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil;
| | - Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fármacos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória (CAV), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (T.G.d.S.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Cristiano Aparecido Chagas
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fármacos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória (CAV), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (T.G.d.S.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Jacinto da Costa Silva Neto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Citológicas e Moleculares (LPCM), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
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9
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Asadi P, Khodamoradi E, Khodarahmi G, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Marvi H, Dehghan Khalili S. Novel N-α-amino acid spacer-conjugated phthalimide-triazine derivatives: synthesis, antimicrobial and molecular docking studies. Amino Acids 2023; 55:337-348. [PMID: 36617370 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To design and develop novel antimicrobial agents, a series of phthalimide-triazine-based derivatives (6a-6e) were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their potential antibacterial activities. The compounds were prepared through reaction of 6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine with phthalimide moiety containing aliphatic amino acid. Structural analysis of the synthesized compounds was carried out by various characterization techniques such as FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR and mass spectroscopy. After the confirmation of the structure, the antibacterial screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against two strains of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis) and two strains of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) bacteria. The results of antimicrobial activity showed that compound 6d was the most active against all the tested strains of microorganisms with the MIC value 1.25 µg/µl. The synthesized compounds were docked into the binding sites of E. coli-DNA gyrase B and S. aureus-DNA gyrase complex to explore their theoretically binding mode and possible interactions of these ligands with these two targets. Docking study showed the importance of both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions as a key interaction with the targets. Based on the obtained results, the hybrid derivatives of triazine and phthalimide could be regarded as efficient candidates for further molecular developments of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Asadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Elahe Khodamoradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghadamali Khodarahmi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Marvi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shiva Dehghan Khalili
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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(µ2-η4-N-(2-Butynyl)phthalimide)(hexacarbonyl)dicobalt. MOLBANK 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/m1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of [Co2(CO)8] with an equimolar amount of the internal alkyne N-(2-butynyl)phthalimide (1-Phthalimido-2-butyne) 1 in heptane solution yields the title compound [Co2(CO)6(µ-phthalimidoCH2C≡CMe)] 2. Compound 2 has been characterized using IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy; the tetrahedrane-type cluster framework has been ascertained using a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study performed at 100 K.
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11
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Silva Júnior JGD, Araújo HDAD, Rocha IGD, Silva Neto JCD, Oliveira RN, Assis SPD, Lima VLDM. Antihyperlipidemic activity of glycoconjugated phthalimides in mice submitted to a model of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200119. [PMID: 36094678 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are factors that trigger several negative metabolic complications. Hyperlipidemia is the starting point for the development of comorbidities of the cardiovascular system, such as atherosclerosis. The search for compounds that reduce high levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides has been widely reported in several publications in the literature. Phthalimide derivatives have been extensively researched with various biological actions. In this study we evaluated the antihyperlipidemic ability of three phthalimide derivatives (FGT-2, FGT-3 and FGT-4) on a model of obesity and insulin resistance in mice. The animals were submitted to a hyperlipid diet for 60 days. On the thirtieth day they were treated with phthalimides (20 mg/kg). The positive control group was treated with Simvastatin (20 mg/kg) and the negative control received only the carboxymethylcellulose vehicle. Biochemical and histological analyzes of all groups were analyzed. The animals treated with phthalimidic derivatives had a reduction in total cholesterol, low density and very low density lipoproteins (LDL-c and VLDL-c), triglycerides and fasting glycemia when compared to the negative control group. The treated animals also showed good results when analyzing the atherogenic indexes Castelli i and II and the ratio Triglycerides/HDL-c. In the oral glucose tolerance test and in the insulin tolerance test, animals treated with phthalimides were more sensitive to the action of the hormone regulating carbohydrate uptake. In the evaluation of the transaminases (AST/ALT), the animals of the group treated with phthalimides presented a lower elevation than the other groups of the experiment, the same observed with the uric acid evaluation. Histological analyzes were performed on liver, kidney, heart and pancreas samples. The groups treated with the compounds FGT-2 and FGT3 presented discrete alterations in the liver and kidney. FGT-4 did not present histological alterations for both tissues and the three phthalimide derivatives did not cause alterations in the other organs. These results suggest that the phthalimides tested can act as antihyperlipidemic agents and have a pleiotropic action, by acting also reducing glycemia in insulin resistance model mimicking diabetes mellitus type 2. These compounds may appear as a new approach in the treatment of obesity and complications, which are multifaceted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guedes da Silva Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife - PE,, 50670-901, Recife, BRAZIL
| | - Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, BRAZIL
| | - Ismael Gomes da Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, BRAZIL
| | - Jacinto Costa da Silva Neto
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, BRAZIL
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Ciências Moleculares, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, Recife, BRAZIL
| | - Shalom Porto de Assis
- Universidade Católica de Pernambuco: Universidade Catolica de Pernambuco, Departamento de Química, Rua do Príncipe, 526 - Boa Vista, Recife, BRAZIL
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, BRAZIL
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12
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Chen J, Lin X, He J, Liu J, He J, Tao C, Wang Q. Novel isatin-based hybrids as potential anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug candidates: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106063. [PMID: 35930922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Askarzadeh M, Azizian H, Adib M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mojtabavi S, Faramarzi MA, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Larijani B, Hamedifar H, Mahdavi M. Design, synthesis, in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition, docking, and molecular dynamics of new phthalimide-benzenesulfonamide hybrids for targeting type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10569. [PMID: 35732907 PMCID: PMC9217978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a new series of 14 novel phthalimide-benzenesulfonamide derivatives 4a-n were synthesized, and their inhibitory activity against yeast α-glucosidase was screened. The obtained results indicated that most of the newly synthesized compounds showed prominent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Among them, 4-phenylpiperazin derivative 4m exhibited the strongest inhibition with the IC50 value of 52.2 ± 0.1 µM. Enzyme kinetic study of compound 4m proved that its inhibition mode was competitive and Ki value of this compound was calculated to be 52.7 µM. In silico induced fit docking and molecular dynamics studies were performed to further investigate the interaction, orientation, and conformation of the target compounds over the active site of α-glucosidase. Obtained date of these studies demonstrated that our new compounds interacted as well with the α-glucosidase active site with the acceptable binding energies. Furthermore, in silico druglikeness/ADME/Toxicity studies of compound 4m were performed and predicted that this compound is druglikeness and has good ADME and toxicity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Askarzadeh
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Adib
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mojtabavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Hamedifar
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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de Oliveira MCVA, Viana DCF, Silva AA, Pereira MC, Duarte FS, Pitta MGR, Pitta IR, Pitta MGR. Synthesis of novel thiazolidinic-phthalimide derivatives evaluated as new multi-target antiepileptic agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105548. [PMID: 34959174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disease that affects millions of people around the globe and has a multifactorial cause. Inflammation is a process that can be involved in the development of seizures. Thus, the present study proposed the design and synthesis of new candidates for antiepileptic drugs that would also control the inflammatory process. Nine new derivatives of the substituted thiazophthalimide hybrid core were obtained with satisfactory purity ≥99% and yields between 27% and 87%. All compounds showed cell viability values greater than 90% in the culture of PBMC cells from healthy volunteers and, therefore, were not considered cytotoxic. These compounds modulated proinflammatory cytokines IFN-y and IL-17A and can mitigate inflammation. Acute toxicity studies of compound 7i in an animal model indicated that the compound has low toxicity and an LD50 greater than 2 g/kg in healthy adult rats. The same compound did not show positive results for anticonvulsant activity through the PTZ test. However, 7i demonstrates the interaction with the target GABA-A receptor in silico, indicating a possible activity as an agonist of that receptor. Thus, further studies are needed to investigate the anticonvulsant activity, in particular, using models in which the inflammatory process triggers epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia V A de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Douglas C F Viana
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Anderson A Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Michelly C Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Filipe S Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maira G R Pitta
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ivan R Pitta
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marina G R Pitta
- Laboratory of Design and Drug Synthesis (LPSF), Nucleus of Research in Therapeutical Innovation Suely Galdino (NUPIT SG), Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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15
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Synthesis and biological activities of new phthalimide and thiazolidine derivatives. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Oliveira AR, Dos Santos FA, Ferreira LPDL, Pitta MGDR, Silva MVDO, Cardoso MVDO, Pinto AF, Marchand P, de Melo Rêgo MJB, Leite ACL. Synthesis, anticancer activity and mechanism of action of new phthalimido-1,3-thiazole derivatives. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 347:109597. [PMID: 34303695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 22 new compounds were obtained and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and eight different tumor cell lines. All compounds displayed IC50 values above 100 μM when assayed against PBMCs. The cytotoxic assays in tumor cell lines revealed that sub-series of phthalimido-bis-1,3-thiazoles (5a-f) exhibited the best anti-tumor activity profile, presenting viability values below 59 %. As a result, the IC50 value was calculated for compounds 5a-f and 4c, and compounds 5b and 5e were selected for further assays due to their best IC50s. Considering the results presented by the sub-series 5a-f, the importance of the 1,3-thiazole ring in improving the anti-tumor activity was pointed out. Together, the results highlighted the anti-tumor activity of phthalimido-bis-1,3-thiazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsênio Rodrigues Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil; Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et Du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Flaviana Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (LINAT-UFPE), 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pelágia de Lima Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (LINAT-UFPE), 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (LINAT-UFPE), 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Ferreira Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Université de Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et Du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rêgo
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (LINAT-UFPE), 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-520, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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17
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Ihmaid SK, Alraqa SY, Aouad MR, Aljuhani A, Elbadawy HM, Salama SA, Rezki N, Ahmed HEA. Design of molecular hybrids of phthalimide-triazole agents with potent selective MCF-7/HepG2 cytotoxicity: Synthesis, EGFR inhibitory effect, and metabolic stability. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104835. [PMID: 33798850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports an efficient and convenient click chemistry synthesis of a novel series of phthalimide scaffold linked to 1,2,3 triazole ring and terminal lipophilic fragments. Structures of newly synthesized compounds were well characterized by different spectroscopic tools. In vitro MTT cytotoxicity assay was performed comparing the cytotoxic effects of newly synthesized compounds to staurosporine using three different types: human liver cancer cell line (HepG2), Michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7) and human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116). The initial screening showed excellent to moderate anticancer activity for these newly synthesized compounds with high degree of cell line selectivity with micromolar (µM) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against tumor cells. The SAR analysis of these derivatives confirmed the role of molecular fragments including phthalimide, linker, triazole, and terminal tails in correlation to activity. In addition, enzymatic inhibitory assay against wild type EGFR was performed for the most active compounds to get more details about their mechanism of action. In order to further explore their binding affinities, molecular docking simulation was studied against EGFR site. The results obtained from molecular docking study and those obtained from cytotoxic screening were correlated. One of the most prominent analogs is (6f) with terminal disubstituted ring and amide linker showed selective MCF-7 cytotoxicity profile with IC50 0.22 µM and 79 nM to EGFR target. Extensive structure activity relationship (SAR) analyses were also carried out. The pharmacokinetic profile of (6f) was studied showing good metabolic stability and long duration behavior. This design offered a potent selective anticancer phthalimide-triazole leads for further optimization in cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh K Ihmaid
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shaya Yahya Alraqa
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R Aouad
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ateyatallah Aljuhani
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossein M Elbadawy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir A Salama
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia; Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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